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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Adaptive large neighborhood search for autonomous electric vehicle scheduling in airport baggage transport service</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2544592</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Efficient airport baggage transport plays a vital role in reducing aircraft turnaround time, diminishing potential flight delays, and lowering the operation cost. Although the traditional tug-and-dolly system provides operational flexibility, its scheduling is complex and relies heavily on experts’ experience, leading to a low utilization rate of resources and inefficient transport services. To tackle this problem and improve the sustainability of airport ground handling service, this paper proposes a novel scheduling mode using autonomous electric dollies (AE-Dollies)11Autonomous Electric Dollies (AE-Dollies) for airport baggage transport. The scheduling of AE-Dollies is modeled as a Split-Demand Multi-Trip Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (SD-MT-EVRP), which considers rich requirements in practical scenarios. An improved Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) based solution algorithm is developed, which integrates several specially designed destroy heuristics and a greedy-based charging station relocation algorithm. Extensive computational experiments are conducted, and results show our method is more effective in improving vehicle utilization than the existing method. Moreover, an experimental case study based on Hong Kong International Airport demonstrates the potential use of our method in real-life scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 May 2025 16:54:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2544592</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dolly Steering Controller for Enhancing Low- and High-Speed Performance of High Capacity Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973294</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The adaptation of high capacity vehicles (HCVs) into existing commercial vehicle fleets have been considered a potential solution for reducing emissions, operational costs and infrastructure damages. However, due to increased length and number of articulations, there are challenges associated with HCVs with regard to their manoeuvrability at low-speeds and stability at high-speeds. This paper presents a Virtual Rigid Axle Command Steering control strategy for dolly steering, due to which both low- and high-speed performance of HCVs may be improved significantly compared to their conventional version with non-steered dolly. To demonstrate this, two HCVs, namely, A-double (tractor-semitrailer-dolly-semitrailer) and LHV-D (truck-dolly-semitrailer) are considered in this work.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Jan 2024 09:13:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973294</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Study of Jackknife Stability of Class VIII Vehicles with Multiple Trailers with ABS Disc/Drum Brakes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/760062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the development of a antilock brake system (ABS) model for a double tractor-trailer combination vehicle in order to investigate the jackknife stability of these vehicles with mixed braking configurations between the tractor (disc brakes) and trailers and dolly (pneumatic drum brakes).  Simulation software was used to model the ABS behavior of the vehicle and vehicle dynamics.  Brake-in-turn maneuvers were performed with varying vehicle loads and surface conditions.  Conditions with ABS ON for the entire vehicle (and select-high control algorithm on the trailers and dolly) found that instabilities (i.e., lane excursions and/or jackknifes) were exhibited under conditions when the surface friction coefficient was 0.3.  It was demonstrated that these instabilities could be avoided while using a select-low control algorithm on the trailers and dolly.  Simulation results with the ABS OFF for the tractor showed that a tractor equipped with disc brakes had greater jackknife stability.  However, the vehicle left the intended path at an earlier moment in the maneuver than a vehicle equipped with drum brakes under the same simulated conditions.  A comparison showed that the tractor was the least stable unit with the ABS OFF conditions, while the dolly was the least stable unit with the ABS ON conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Sep 2005 07:13:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/760062</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INNOVATIVE DOLLIES: IMPROVING THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF MULTI-TRAILER VEHICLES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/709285</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A two year research program was conducted by the UMTRI and sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration.  The paper reviews the findings of the program whose goal was to identify and evaluate innovative dollies or coupling mechanisms which could improve the dynamic performance of multi-trailer commercial vehicles when compared to the conventional A-dolly. Some of the performance measures included rearward amplification, dynamic rollover limit, and lower speed offtracking.  The program also conducted a survey of innovative ideas being applied throughout the world, and the concepts identified were screened using computer simulation analysis techniques.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Mar 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/709285</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HISTORIC TERMINAL TAKES A RIDE IN NEWARK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/675152</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 1935 landmark terminal building at New Jersey's Newark International Airport has been split into three pieces and mounted on dollies for a 3,700 ft (1,130 m) trip across airport property as part of a massive airport redevelopment program.  The structure is the largest ever moved on rubber-wheeled dollies. In addition to the size and weight of the building, the move is tricky because of the site's soft meadowland soils, its high water table, and the need to keep the airport operating.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 24 Feb 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/675152</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LONG COMBINATION VEHICLE OPERATIONAL FIELD TEST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/463771</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this operational field test was to evaluate the stability enhancing characteristics, practicality/reliability, maintenance costs, and fleet personnel reactions to antilock braking systems (ABS) and double-drawbar dollies [C-dollies on long combination vehicles (LCVs)].  To do this, a fleet of double- and triple-trailer LCVs in actual commercial service was equipped with ABS and with double-tow-bar dollies and their performance monitored for a period of about one and one-half years.  In that time, the test fleet accumulated approximately 1.4 million miles on trips within the study, and the individual units of the test fleet accumulated over 10.5 million unit-miles.  Monitoring techniques included the tracking of all maintenance work done on the vehicles in the study, measurement of the physical behavior of the vehicles on the road by means of on-board instrumentation systems, and interviews with drivers, mechanics, and fleet managers.  This report provides a detailed description of the test methods and results in the following sections:  Background; Limitations of the Field Study; An Introduction to Terminology; An Overview of the Test Program (the participating fleets, vehicles, ABS equipment, special vehicle wiring, C-dollies and hitches, electronic data systems, duration of the study and mileage accumulations); The Performance of Antilock Braking Systems on Long Combination Vehicles; Maintenance and Operating Costs of ABS on LCVs; The Performance of C-Dollies in the Operations of LCVs; Maintenance and Operating Costs of C-Dollies on LCVs; and The Opinions of Fleet Personnel on ABS and C-Dollies in LCV Operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Aug 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/463771</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN OPERATIONAL FIELD TEST OF LONG COMBINATION VEHICLES USING ABS AND C-DOLLIES--VOLUME I: FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/460149</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability enhancing characteristics, practicality, reliability, maintenance costs and fleet personnel reactions to antilock braking systems (ABSs) and double-drawbar dollies (C-dollies). To do this, a fleet of double- and triple-trailer longer combination vehicles (LCVs) in actual commercial service was equipped with ABSs and with C-dollies and monitored for a period of one and one-half years.  The fleet of test vehicles was distributed among five commercial fleets operating in the northwestern region of the country where the use of LCVs is most prevalent.  The fleet accumulated 1.4 million miles on trips, and the individual units accumulated over 10.5 million unit-miles.  All maintenance work done on the vehicles during the study was monitored, and the physical behavior of the vehicles on the road was measured with on-board instrumentation systems.  Findings include the following:  (1) ABSs can be expected to play a significant, stability-enhancing role in some ten to twenty severe braking events per 100,000 miles (roughly a year for a professional driver); (2) ABSs on LCVs can be powered through the brake-light circuit provided that several important conditions are met; (3) An ABS increases the total maintenance costs of an LCV by about 1% but reduces costs due to flat-spotting of tires; (4) The use of C-dollies on LCVs reduces rearward amplification in normal use; (5) Using C-dollies increases the total maintenance costs of an LCV by 3 to 5%, due mostly to increased tire wear; and (6) Drivers, mechanics and fleet managers favor the use of ABSs and C-dollies in LCV operations, and drivers especially favor C-dollies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Jul 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/460149</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN OPERATIONAL FIELD TEST OF LONG COMBINATION VEHICLES USING ABS AND C-DOLLIES--VOLUME II: APPENDICES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/460150</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability enhancing characteristics, practicality, reliability, maintenance costs and fleet personnel reactions to antilock braking systems (ABSs) and double-drawbar dollies (C-dollies). To do this, a fleet of double- and triple-trailer longer combination vehicles (LCVs) in actual commercial service was equipped with ABSs and with C-dollies and monitored for a period of one and one-half years.  The fleet of test vehicles was distributed among five commercial fleets operating in the northwestern region of the country where the use of LCVs is most prevalent.  The fleet accumulated 1.4 million miles on trips, and the individual units accumulated over 10.5 million unit-miles.  All maintenance work done on the vehicles during the study was monitored, and the physical behavior of the vehicles on the road was measured with on-board instrumentation systems.  Findings include the following:  (1) ABSs can be expected to play a significant, stability-enhancing role in some ten to twenty severe braking events per 100,000 miles (roughly a year for a professional driver); (2) ABSs on LCVs can be powered through the brake-light circuit provided that several important conditions are met; (3) An ABS increases the total maintenance costs of an LCV by about 1% but reduces costs due to flat-spotting of tires; (4) The use of C-dollies on LCVs reduces rearward amplification in normal use; (5) Using C-dollies increases the total maintenance costs of an LCV by 3 to 5%, due mostly to increased tire wear; and (6) Drivers, mechanics and fleet managers favor the use of ABSs and C-dollies in LCV operations, and drivers especially favor C-dollies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Jul 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/460150</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A REPORT ON VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE BRAKING PERFORMANCE OF MEDIUM AND HEAVY TRUCKS. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/459152</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report was prepared by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), U.S. Department of Transportation, in response to Senate Report 102-148 to accompany H.R. 2942: Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 1992.  The report reviews and summarizes current research findings and other agency activities on a number of issues related to heavy vehicle braking performance and dynamic stability and control.  Because a number of these topics are somewhat unrelated, each issue is covered separately.  The report:  Describes the key results and findings of the agency's two year in-service fleet evaluation of 200 antilock brake system (ABS) equipped heavy truck tractors; Compares the performance characteristics of 4 vs. 6 channel ABSs on 6x4 truck tractors; Describes how ABSs and retarders can be compatibly installed on heavy vehicles; Describes the stability enhancing capabilities of C-dollies when used in multiple trailer combination-unit trucks; Describes the effects of imbalances in cargo loading on heavy truck roll stability performance; Describes the role tire performance plays in overall heavy vehicle dynamic stability and control performance; and Outlines agency rulemaking and other activities on topics related to these issues.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 May 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/459152</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF INNOVATIVE CONVERTER DOLLIES: VOLUME I - FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/453641</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An extensive study of the dynamic performance of multitrailer vehicles, and the influence of double-drawbar dollies (C-dollies) on that performance is reported.  Six vehicle configurations (five double-trailer combinations and one triple) are considered.  The performance of the six vehicles is examined using a matrix of seven different converter dollies (an A-dolly and 6 C-dollies) and 15 different vehicle parametric variations (e.g., center-of-gravity, height, tire-cornering stiffness, roll stiffness, etc.).  The performance quality of the vehicles is judged using measures such as rearward amplification, yaw-damping ratio, static rollover stability, offtracking, and dynamic-load-transfer ratio.  The results from over 2800 computer simulation runs are used in a statistical regression analysis to produce simple methods for predicting performance numerics for A-trains based on vehicle parameters easily obtained in the field.  Performance improvement factors for C-dollies are also developed.  Recommendations for minimum performance standards and for C-dolly specifications are also reported.  An economic analysis comparing A-dollies and C-dollies is presented.  This analysis is based on data from a field survey and the literature and includes purchase, start-up, operational, and accident cost considerations.  The report also includes the ancillary performance issue of backing ability. This volume, Volume I, is the Final Technical Report.  Extensive appendices are included in Volume II.  Volume III is a Technical Summary.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/453641</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF INNOVATIVE CONVERTER DOLLIES: VOLUME II - APPENDICES A - H</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/453642</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An extensive study of the dynamic performance of multitrailer vehicles, and the influence of double-drawbar dollies (C-dollies) on that performance is reported.  Six vehicle configurations (five double-trailer combinations and one triple) are considered.  The performance of the six vehicles is examined using a matrix of seven different converter dollies (an A-dolly and 6 C-dollies) and 15 different vehicle parametric variations (e.g., center-of-gravity, height, tire-cornering stiffness, roll stiffness, etc.).  The performance quality of the vehicles is judged using measures such as rearward amplification, yaw-damping ratio, static rollover stability, offtracking, and dynamic-load-transfer ratio.  The results from over 2800 computer simulation runs are used in a statistical regression analysis to produce simple methods for predicting performance numerics for A-trains based on vehicle parameters easily obtained in the field.  Performance improvement factors for C-dollies are also developed.  Recommendations for minimum performance standards and for C-dolly specifications are also reported.  An economic analysis comparing A-dollies and C-dollies is presented.  This analysis is based on data from a field survey and the literature and includes purchase, start-up, operational, and accident cost considerations.  The report also includes the ancillary performance issue of backing ability. This volume, Volume II, contains Appendices A through H. Volume I is the Final Technical Report.  Volume III is a Technical Summary.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/453642</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF INNOVATIVE CONVERTER DOLLIES: VOLUME III - TECHNICAL SUMMARY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/453643</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An extensive study of the dynamic performance of multitrailer vehicles, and the influence of double-drawbar dollies (C-dollies) on that performance is reported.  Six vehicle configurations (five double-trailer combinations and one triple) are considered.  The performance of the six vehicles is examined using a matrix of seven different converter dollies (an A-dolly and 6 C-dollies) and 15 different vehicle parametric variations (e.g., center-of-gravity, height, tire-cornering stiffness, roll stiffness, etc.).  The performance quality of the vehicles is judged using measures such as rearward amplification, yaw-damping ratio, static rollover stability, offtracking, and dynamic-load-transfer ratio.  The results from over 2800 computer simulation runs are used in a statistical regression analysis to produce simple methods for predicting performance numerics for A-trains based on vehicle parameters easily obtained in the field.  Performance improvement factors for C-dollies are also developed.  Recommendations for minimum performance standards and for C-dolly specifications are also reported.  An economic analysis comparing A-dollies and C-dollies is presented.  This analysis is based on data from a field survey and the literature and includes purchase, start-up, operational, and accident cost considerations.  This volume, Volume III, is a Technical Summary.  Volume I contains the Final Technical Report.  Volume II contains Appendices A through H.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/453643</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HEAVY TRUCK CRASH AVOIDANCE RESEARCH SUPPORT; VEHICLE DYNAMICS - A PLAN FOR CONDUCTING AN LCV OPERATIONAL FIELD TEST. INTERIM TECHNICAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/453644</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents a plan for conducting operational tests of longer combination vehicles (LCVs) equipped with antilock braking systems (ABS) and double-drawbar dollies (C-dollies). The document identifies five commercial trucking fleets to participate in the study.  Detailed plans for acquiring the necessary hardware and retrofitting the test vehicles are included.  Plans for operational (maintenance, reliability, etc.) and performance data gathering and analysis are included. An itemized financial plan is presented.  PERT and Gantt charts are appended.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/453644</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IMPROVING THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF MULTI-TRAILER VEHICLES: A STUDY OF INNOVATIVE DOLLIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/283312</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research approach taken was to examine the dynamic performance of a typical commercial vehicle when equipped with each of 4 dolly types (the trapezoidal dolly, the linked-articulation dolly, the self-steering B-dolly, and the controlled-steering B-dolly), and then to compare this performance with that when it is equipped with a conventional A-dolly.  The performance measures of rearward amplification, dynamic rollover threshold (the point of no return where a rollover could take place), and yaw damping (the quality that suppresses unstable yaw response) were used in this comparison.  The findings indicate that B-dollies are dynamically superior to A-dollies and other types of innovative dollies because of the roll coupling between the leading semitrailer and the dolly, and the possibility of steering the dolly wheels to achieve good trailing fidelity of the last trailer.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/283312</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ROAD RESISTANCE OF LARGE TRANSPORT TRUCKS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/116208</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A ROAD TEST PROCEDURE, USING COASTDOWN TESTS AT VARIOUS LOADS, HAS BEEN DEVELOPED FOR MEASURING SEPARATELY THE AIR DRAG AND TIRE DRAG FORCE OF A TRUCK. THE RAYON CORD TIRES TESTED SHOWED A DRAG FORCE OF 8.2 LB PER 1,000-LB LOAD, AS MEASURED BY THESE COASTDOWN TESTS, AND A DRAG FORCE OF 8.25 LB PER 1,000-LB LOAD AS MEASURED BY TIRE DOLLY TOWING TESTS, INDICATING THAT THE COASTDOWN PROCEDURE YIELDS ESSENTIALLY CORRECT RESULTS. AIR DRAG COEFFICIENTS MEASURED BY THE COASTDOWN TEST PROCEDURE FOR THE FOUR DIFFERENT TRUCK- TRAILER COMBINATIONS TESTED VARIED BETWEEN 0.8 AND 1.2, BEING RELATIVELY CONSTANT FOR ANY ONE TRUCK AND TRAILER. THESE DRAG COEFFICIENTS ARE OF THE SAME ORDER OR MAGNITUDE AS THOSE MEASURED FOR TRUCK MODELS IN WIND TUNNEL TESTS BY FLYNN AND KYROPOULOS. BECAUSE THE AIR DRAG COEFFICIENTS OF FULL-SCALE TRUCKS HAVE NOT PREVIOUSLY BEEN MEASURED, OTHER COMPARISONS OF THE FOREGOING RESULTS CANNOT BE MADE. TO FILL IN THIS GAP, TESTS ARE CURRENTLY UNDER WAY TO MEASURE THE AIR DRAG COEFFICIENTS OF FULL-SCALE TRUCKS USING A RAILWAY FLAT CAR TRAIN AS A MOVING TEST BED. /AUTHOR/ REFERENCES' TRUCK AERODYNAMICS, H. FLYNN AND P. KYROPOULOS, SAE PREPRINT 284A, JANUARY 1961.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Oct 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/116208</guid>
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