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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Dependence models and Gamma process for single-defect deterioration of a rock-armored groyne under ship-wave attack</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2695177</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Infrastructures are facing growing challenges due to their aging process while climate change and evolution of traffic and shipping fleets are increasing the uncertainty of loadings in the future. This study proposes a method to assess the survivability of structures with gradual deterioration under changing loading scenarios based on field data. The methodology is applied to the armor deterioration of a rock-armored groyne under ship-wave attack. First, we generate synthetic timeseries of damage by coupling a Poisson distribution to determine the number of passing ships per day, a vine-copula to quantify the multivariate joint distribution of the loading variables that define the primary wave height and a Bernoulli process and a bivariate copula to translate the primary wave height into the increment of damage. Afterwards, these damage curves are used to quantify a Gamma process. Thus, it is possible to conditionalize the joint distribution of the loading variables to generate the damage curves under different loading scenarios and evaluate the effects of these scenarios on the structure’s survivability. We exemplify the use of the methodology to assess the armor deterioration of a rock-armored groyne under ship-wave attack with and without a limitation in the speed velocity in the waterway.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2695177</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Prediction of Flow and Bank Erosion in the Sacramento River</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2273764</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Results of two-dimensional (depth averaged) and three dimensional computations of a 1750m reach of the Sacramento River are compared with velocity data obtained in a large-scale, distorted physical model of the same reach. The aim was to predict the level of modeling required to predict the occurrence of bank erosion observed in the field. Further results are presented which show the outcome of deploying 5 groins to inhibit bank erosion upstream of a bridge abutment. The simulations are also compared with experimental data to assess the performance of alternative shear formulae. Truncation errors are estimated using two alternative techniques. The results suggest that the occurrence and mitigation of bank erosion in large natural river systems can be predicted to an acceptable degree of accuracy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2024 11:29:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2273764</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Sea Level Rise Resilient Design for the Royal Hawaiian Groin, Waikiki, Hawaii</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2023488</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Royal Hawaiian groin is located on Waikiki Beach, Hawaii, and anchors 1,730 linear ft (527 m) of critical beach in the heart of Waikiki. The groin was originally constructed in 1927, and by 2012 was in very obvious need of replacement. Rock rubble mound breakwater and groin construction has been traditionally used in Hawaii, and is aesthetically the desired construction methodology for coastal structures. Oceanographic design parameters were based on a potential direct hurricane strike and likely future sea level rise. The groin design is a hybrid structure; the base is composed of armor stone, and the crest is made of cast-in-place fiber-reinforced concrete. The groin is also adaptable to sea level rise by permitting a relatively easy increase in the concrete crest cap elevation without the need for heavy equipment to dismantle and reconstruct the groin. Construction in normally densely crowded Waikiki was going to be difficult; however, when construction started in May 2020 Hawaii was in COVID-19 lockdown, the hotels were closed, and Waikiki was empty, with no one to be impacted by closed beach access or construction noise.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 2022 16:58:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2023488</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fort Tilden Historical Bulkhead Assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1410685</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The overall purpose of the Fort Tilden project is to understand the potential impacts from future storms on existing natural and cultural resources, infrastructure, and safety of surrounding communities, and to use this as a guide for siting and designing future coastal protection measures. One existing protection measure that was exposed from the storm is the existing timber bulkhead. This paper assesses the bulkhead and groin system functions by utilizing a shoreline structure assessment and determines what coastal protection measures, if any, the bulkhead is providing currently or in the future. Beyond the condition assessment, a range of treatment options and initial costs were generated as an initial step in evaluation and recommendation of treatment for the bulkhead in the Fort Tilden Beach Environmental Assessment. This alternative analysis was performed to ascertain what defense measures are necessary to achieve the desired natural and cultural resource protection conditions for the site.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jul 2016 09:52:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1410685</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Influence of Long Waves on Ship Motions in a Lagoon Harbour</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1388053</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A physical model study of a vessel moored inside a lagoon harbour was undertaken in order to optimize a breakwater layout that best reduces the penetration of long wave energy inside the lagoon. The longer the breakwater at the entrance: the smaller the surge motion inside the lagoon. A combination of a short breakwater at the entrance channel and a pair of groynes in front and in the rear of the vessel also led to an efficient reduction of the surge motion. However, cost estimates and evaluation of vessel manoeuvrability are required to make an optimal choice of the breakwater layout. The use of a deterministic approach in wave generation led to a quicker testing procedure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2016 09:47:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1388053</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Shoreline Change at Oregon Inlet Terminal Groin</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1391593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Oregon Inlet Terminal Groin was completed in 1991. The groin was built to provide protection to the bridge crossing the inlet. A detailed monitoring program has analyzed shoreline position with the use of aerial photographs collected every two months. To date, no adverse impacts of the groin have been found on the shoreline within a 6 mile distance downdrift of the groin.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jan 2016 09:01:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1391593</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nourished Beach Control Between Balis and Arenys Harbours (Spain)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1388567</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A description of the monitoring works carried out in the Maresme beaches between Arenys de Mar and Balis Harbour after the completion of the regeneration works consisting on the demolition of the existing groins and the execution of an artificial nourishment is presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jan 2016 09:01:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1388567</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Calculations of Nonsubmerged Groin Flow in a Shallow Open Channel by Large-Eddy Simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1285949</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rigid structures, such as groins or spur dikes, are constructed along riverbanks for various purposes, which pose computational challenges for unsteady flow in engineering mechanics. This paper presents a study of turbulent flow past a series of groins in a shallow, open channel by large-eddy simulation (LES). A direct-forcing immersed boundary method (IBM) was implemented to approximate complex boundaries around groins with round heads. The time-averaged velocities and turbulence intensities at the water surface obtained by an experiment using particle image velocimetry (PIV) were employed to validate the LES model, finding a satisfactory agreement between laboratory data and model results. Subsequently, the numerical model was employed to investigate the impact of groin parameters (i.e., head shape, aspect ratio L/D, and length L) on the flow properties. Model results showed that a rectangular-headed groin generates higher turbulence intensities and larger vortices than a round-headed groin. On the other hand, the groin aspect ratio (L/D) affects the strength of turbulence intensities, vorticity in the mixing layer, and flow patterns in the groin field. Consistent with previous studies, the groin length (L) significantly affected the turbulent intensities and the vorticity but had little influence on the streamline in the recirculation zone. Eddies were produced at the groin tips and transported downstream. The shape of the vortex group varied as the vortices were transported downstream by the flow. Coherent structures were visualized by Q-criterion around the groin tips.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jan 2014 14:29:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1285949</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of Coastal Engineering in Coastal Zone Management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/789917</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traditional hard structures are often effective in dealing with the effects of nature on the shoreline.  Groins, revetments, breakwaters and other structures have been constructed for the purposes of shoreline control and they are effective in many applications.  There are situations or locations in the coastal zone where these traditional solutions are not feasible for economic, political or other reasons.  In this case, prudent coastal zone management may employ alternative “soft engineering solutions” effectively.  Soft engineering uses sand, vegetation, cobbles, and small structures to reduce the magnitude of erosion forces or to relocate coastal forces away from the coastline.  This is in contrast to structural solutions where the objective is to abate the forces of erosion and scour in place.  Examples of soft engineering include beach nourishment, sand scrapping, relocation of natural inlets, groundwater control, regional sediment management and sand berms.  Successful examples of each type of soft engineering are provided in the chapter.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Sep 2006 15:49:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/789917</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design Aspects of Groins and Jetties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/789916</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Design guidance is presented in regard to the planform and elevation of coastal structures intended to augment beach stability.  These structures include groins, T-head or fishtail groins, headlands, nearshore, breakwaters, terminal structures and jetties.  Brief discussion is presented as to sites where such structures may, and may not, be warranted.  A design protocol for structurally-stabilized shore protection projects prescribes that the structures’ geometry and orientation be “tuned” to the incident wave field and the computed alongshore transport potential, where the structure-induced shoreline is approximately predicted by simple empirical means.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Sep 2006 15:49:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/789916</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>National Shoreline Erosion Control Development and Demonstration Program Status (Section 227)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/760034</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an update on the National Shoreline Erosion Control Development and Demonstration Program (Section 227 Program).  The primary purpose of this U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) research and development program is to evaluate innovative shoreline erosion abatement technologies demonstrated at prototype scale and assess value added relative to more traditional methods of shoreline erosion control and sediment management strategies.  To date, 13 demonstration projects are included in the program.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Sep 2005 07:10:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/760034</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Economical Rock Groynes--Reducing Life Cycle Costs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/760029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rock groynes (or groins) are regularly used in coastal engineering to control the morphological development of beaches to provide protection against coastal erosion.  Established design guidance provides a good degree of confidence in predictions of performance of many coastal structures, but it is widely perceived that simple design rules can be overly prescriptive, particularly for nearshore structures in shallow water depths.  Strict adherence to design guidance has required many structures to be built using multiple rock sizes, imported rock and carefully prepared formations.  Some innovative groyne schemes within the UK have, however, used locally available rock with simplified cross-sections placed on unprepared foundations, apparently without significant reduction to the overall performance of the scheme.  This paper presents finding from a short research project, relating to the design and assessment of low cost rock structures for beach patrol and coast protection.  Practical experience from structures around the UK was reviewed, with particular emphasis on those that depart from conventional design rules.  The paper demonstrates that lower cost rock groynes provide opportunities for reduced life cycle costs and may be particularly appropriate in situations where conventional structures would be uneconomic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Sep 2005 07:10:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/760029</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ft. Pierce Federal Shore Protection Project: Shoreline Stabilization Design Using T-Head Groins</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/760040</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Completed in May 1999, the second beach renourishment of the Ft. Pierce federal Shore Protection Project extended south approximately 1.3 miles beginning immediately south of the Ft. Pierce Inlet south jetty.  Confronted with the loss of design beach in less than two years following the 1999 project, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Jacksonville District, tasked Taylor Engineering (2002) to conduct an engineering and least-cost analysis to improve the project performance in the northern 2,200-ft project segment between R-34 and R-36.  The evaluation considered several combinations of alternatives, including reducing the renourishment interval, placing additional feeder beach fill, and/or constructing shore protection structures, to maintain the design beach until the end of the authorized life (2002).  The final recommended design featured six T-head groins and a nearshore breakwater to stabilize the northernmost 2,200-ft project segment, in combination with the beach renourishment every four years along the entire project beach.  This paper summarizes the design methodology with specific attention to T-head groins.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Sep 2005 07:10:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/760040</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Composite T-Head Groins for Erosion Control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/760041</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Beach restoration with periodic renourishment has proven to be an effective solution in some locations.  However, considering project size, location, erosion rates and the availability of a suitable sand source, some erosion problems may be more cost effectively addressed with erosion control structures.  Additionally, depletion of sand resources for nourishment has resulted in an increased level of interest in structural erosion control alternatives.  The most difficult aspect of erosion control structure design is avoiding downdrift impacts.  Conceptually, an optimum solution might consist of a low maintenance erosion control structure, which interacts with the littoral system to perch a stabilized beach and maintain longshore sediment transport.  Such a design has been applied since 1997 at four locations along the southwest coast of Florida. The composite T-groin design developed by Humiston and Moore Engineers uses the combined function of a nearshore breakwater and a low profile shore-perpendicular groin.  Sheetpile are utilized in the core of the structure to establish a barrier to control sand losses through the breakwater segment, with a precise crest elevation to allow a desired level of overtopping.  This establishes the shape of the salient formation.  Weir sections are included in the design to limit the extent of the salient formation and promote lateral sand bypassing in the lee of the breakwater, or T-head segment.  Two permanent installations have been completed and monitored for over three years in southwest Florida.  One of the most important documented findings of the monitoring collected thus far is that the design allows for sand bypassing to eliminate adverse downdrift impacts.  Additionally, post storm surveys have shown that storm waves overtopping the low profile structures redistribute sand from the salients to adjacent beaches.  This appears to be beneficial to adjacent beaches by increasing the sand supply under conditions which are otherwise conducive to erosion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Sep 2005 07:10:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/760041</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design of Timber Groynes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/760028</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The performance and durability of timber groynes (or groins) is highly dependent on the design and detailing of the structure.  Using knowledge and experience developed over generations and effective functional design can be achieved which may ultimately result in lower whole life cycle costs and provide environmental advantages over alternative materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Sep 2005 07:10:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/760028</guid>
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