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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>WATER INTRUSION PROBLEMS IN TRANSIT TUNNELS. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/273901</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents the findings of five case studies in which an in-depth analysis was made of tunnel water intrusion problems in transit tunnels.  Water intrusion parameters of transit systems in Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, New York and Washington, DC, relating to geologic, hydraulic, design, construction and leakage problems which may be associated with tunnel water intrusion are examined. Special emphasis is placed on grouting applications to leaking and the recommended practices derived from past and current experiences.  The report attempts to systematically analyze tunnel leakage problems and potential causes across several diverse transit systems.  The results suggest that choices of remedies and maintenance control may relate to design and construction considerations, particularly those associated with original concrete processes and applications.  Cost factors and comparisons, while systematically pursued, produced fewer insights than were expected.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 28 Aug 2004 04:14:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/273901</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HOW TO CONTROL GROUNDWATER IN TUNNELLING PROJECTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271562</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Inadequate control and management of groundwater can affect the construction progress of a tunnel considerably.  Large unexpected quantities of water may endanger lives and machinery and bring work to a halt.  Small flows can decrease productivity, result in soil loss and subsequent surface settlements, or face instability.  From the initial design, through construction to the maintenance of the finished tunnel, a variety of methods are used.  Some of these need a large inventory of specialised plant and equipment, as reviewed in the paper, to carry out such remedial measures as grouting, freezing and dewatering. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271562</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>STABILISING WET GROUND FOR CONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121737</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS PAPER PROVIDES INFORMATION ON OPERATIONAL TECHNIQUES AND APPROPRIATE IMPLEMENTS AND TOOLS AVAILABLE TO THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY FOR SOIL STABILIZATION AND SUCCESSFUL CONTROL OF GROUND-WATER. /RRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:40:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121737</guid>
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      <title>APPLICATION OF GEOLOGY TO ENGINEERING PRACTICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121157</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CONTENTS: CHARLES PETER BERKEY, JOHN L SAVAGE, ROGER RHOADES THE GEOLOGIST IN THE ENGINEERING ORGANIZATION, EDWARD B. BURWELL, JR., GEORGE D. ROBERTS GEOLOGY IN DAM CONSTRUCTION, EDWARD B. BURWELL, JR., BERLEN C. MONEYMAKER ENGINEERING GEOLOGY IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TUNNELS, JAMES F. SANBORN MECHANICS OF LANDSLIDES, KARL TERZAGHI FAULTS AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY, GEORGE D. LOUDERBACK GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING IN THE PRODUCTION AND CONTROL OF GROUND WATER, O.E. MEINZER ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF HIGHWAY LOCATION, CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS, E.F. BEAN GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BEACH ENGINEERING, W.C. KRUMBEIN PETROLOGY OF CONCRETE AFFECTED BY CEMENT-AGGREGATE REACTION, DUNCAN MCCONNELL, RICHARD C. MIELENZ, WILLIAM Y. HOLLAND, KENNETH T. GREENE GEOLOGY ENGINEERING IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY, K.C. HEALD GEOLOGY IN THE DISCOVERY, DEVELOPMENT, AND EXPLOITATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS, MURL H. GIDEL MILITARY GEOLOGY, CHAS. B. HUNT]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:38:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121157</guid>
    </item>
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      <title>CONSIDERATION OF POTENTIAL GROUNDWATER IMPACTS IN ROCK TUNNELING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/539263</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The evaluation and mitigation of the potential groundwater impacts of two rock tunnels in the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California is described.  The principal impact considered was dewatering of groundwater, which was a serious concern to the project's immediate neighbors.  In the planning stage the feasibility of allaying this concern was established by modeling anticipated tunnel inflows and a monitoring program was implemented to verify assumptions and performance during construction.  In the design stage features to mitigate groundwater effects (impervious lining, pre-excavation grouting) were included.  Observations taken during construction permit the refinement of the groundwater control measures.  The ability to mitigate groundwater impacts was important in obtaining project acceptance by the local community.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/539263</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IMPROVED THERMAL COMPUTATIONS FOR ARTIFICIALLY FROZEN SHAFT EXCAVATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/576368</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Artificial ground freezing (AGF) techniques are widely used by civil and mining engineers to assist in the construction of shafts, tunnels, and other structures.  The ground is frozen by a coolant circulated through pipes inserted in the ground in order to create a cofferdam that will exclude ground water and provide structural support.  Formulas by Sanger and Sayles are often used to estimate the growth of the freeze.  The theoretical basis of these formulas is critically examined and an alternative method of computing the extent of the frozen ground is given.  The alternative method is based on some of the ideas of Sanger and Sayles and requires the numerical solution of one diffusion equation over a finite interval.  Numerical results are presented using typical data for granular soils with several different dry densities and water contents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Aug 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/576368</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION CONGRESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/452480</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This collection of papers presents state-of-the-practice and cutting edge ideas on a diverse range of construction topics. Groundwater control, outfall construction, design-build, and new technologies are among the areas covered by industry practitioners. Papers review process and criteria for technology adoption decisions; a retrievable microtunneling system; developments in Japanese construction automation and information systems; new tools for site materials handling and layout control; and more.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Dec 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/452480</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PIPE FAILURE CAUSED BY IMPROPER GROUNDWATER CONTROL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/409649</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A sewer collection system installed in a Middle Eastern city incorporated 11 km of fiberglass reinforced plastic mortar (RPM) sewer pipe 500 to 1100 mm in diameter.  A short time after installation it was discovered that the pipelines were highly deflected and that some pipe was cracked at the crown. Subsequently a number of the cracked pipes failed, causing large craters and collapse of the roadway.  Inspections showed that more than one-half of the RPM pipe system was deflected well over 5%, the limit imposed by the contract documents, with some portions deflected up to about 20% of their original diameter, and that numerous sections of pipe were cracked at the crown. Investigation of the conditions at the sites showed that the deflections and failures resulted mainly from inadequate control of the groundwater during construction and improper attention to the grading of the crushed stone pipe embedment relative to the natural sand materials against which it was placed.  During construction the dewatering system did not maintain the groundwater level below the trench bottom, resulting in water washing into the trench through open sheeting joints, carrying sand with it and leaving cavities behind the sheeting.  When the sheeting was pulled, the stone embedment lost support and moved into the cavities, allowing high pipe deflections.  Migration of fines and the native sands into the voids in the open graded stone is also believed to have contributed to the loss of pipe support gradually after construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/409649</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CURTAIN DRAINS. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/387152</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Geocomposite curtain drains were installed in a slope in the right of way above S.H. 550 north of Durango, Colorado to mitigate subsurface drainage and slope stability problems.  The installation to the required depth of 12 feet was very difficult because of moisture in the trench and collapsing trench walls. A "crib box" was used for worker safety, but this hindered the proper installation.  Most of the panels were installed in a partially collapsed position with the top of the panels buried about four feet deeper than planned.  This affected the performance of the system.  The water table was lowered locally by about two feet, but groundwater still came to the surface further down the hill.  Only small to moderate flows came from the curtain drain system.  This was presumably due to the collapsed panels and the dense clayey soil.  There were no slope stability problems during the five and a half years of evaluation, although there was slight swelling in one or two places on the slope.  The effectiveness of the system, based on flows and groundwater measurements, did not appear to decrease significantly over time.  Excavation of a portion of the curtain drain revealed that the material was in good condition and the fabric was not clogged.  Using parallel drainage systems to shallower depths, with at least one near the bottom of the hill, rather than one deep system such as on this project, is recommended for safety and ease of installation, as well as improved drainage performance.  If the filter fabric chosen is designed for the right soil type, clogging should not be a problem, at least in the first few years.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 May 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/387152</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GROUND WATER CONTROL FOR HIGHWAYS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/126662</link>
      <description><![CDATA[TWO RECENTLY COMPLETED HIGHWAY CONTRACTS ARE USED AS A BACKGROUND FOR THE DISCUSSION OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE PROCEDURES IN USE IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HIGHWAYS IN CALIFORNIA. INVESTIGATIONS TO DETERMINE THE NEEDS FOR SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE ARE DESCRIBED AND CAN BE GROUPED UNDER FIELD REVIEWS, GEOLOGIC STUDIES, BORINGS, TESTS, AND ANALYSES. METHODS OF SUBSURFACE WATER CONTROLS MOST COMMONLY USED ARE STRIPPING AND BLANKETING WITH PERMEABLE MATERIAL, STABILIZATION TRENCHES, HORIZONTAL DRAINS, AND OTHER SOMEWHAT SPECIALIZED MEASURES. THE APPLICATION, CONSTRUCTION , AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THESE METHODS ARE DISCUSSED. PARTICULAR CONSIDERATION IS GIVEN TO THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERMEABLE MATERIAL THAT IS USED AS A PART OF MOST OF THE SUBSURFACE WATER CONTROL MEASURES. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/126662</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOFT-GROUND TUNNELS FOR BART</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/97112</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SEVERAL SOIL TYPES UNDERLIE THE BARY AREA RAPID TRANSIT (BART) PROJECT SITES, AMONG THEM WEATHERED ROCK, STIFF CLAY, SOFT CLAY AND PEAT, AND COARSE AND FINE-GRAINED SANDS. MANY OF THE STRATA ARE WATER BEARING, AND IN SOME CASES COMPRESSED AIR MUST BE USED TO CONTROL THE GROUND WATER DURING TUNNEL DRIVING. IN DESIGNING THE TUNNELS, THE FIRST TASK WAS THE DETERMINATION OF ALIGNMENT. HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT WAS SUBJECT OF TWO CONTROLLING OBJECTIVES: THE DESIRE TO MINIMIZE COST OF SUBSURFACE EASEMENTS BY PLACING TUNNELS UNDER EXISTING ROAD RIGHTS-OF-WAY WHEREVER POSSIBLE AND THE OPTIMUM GOAL OF ACCOMMODATING TRAINS MOVING AT SPEEDS OF 70 MPH. AN EXTENSIVE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED OF TUNNEL LININGS AND TUNNEL VENTILATION METHODS. IN TUNNELING UNDER HIGHLY URBANIZED AREAS, A MAJOR PROBLEM IS PROVIDING FOR DAMAGE TO ADJACENT PROPERTY. SOME OF THESE REQUIREMENTS ARE MENTIONED. A MECHANICAL MOLE IS BEING EMPLOYED FOR TUNNELING. GROUND SETTLEMENT ABOVE THE TWIN 5,000-FT TUNNELS HAS PRESENTED NO SERIOUS PROBLEMS. A SLURRY WALL SHAFT IS DESCRIBED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Feb 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/97112</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRANSVERSE PIPE UNDERDRAINS FOR HIGHWAY GROUNDWATER CONTROL: A CASE HISTORY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/365939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Longitudinal pipe underdrains and transverse pipe underdrains spaced at approximately 60-ft intervals were used to provide groundwater control on one section of the Kirtland-Chardon Road highway project in Lake County, Ohio. This area was designated spring area by the geotechnical consultant because of extremely severe groundwater problems in the subgrade.  Normal practice is to provide aggregate drains spaced at 50-ft intervals on uncurbed flexible pavements, but the severe groundwater problems on this section warranted additional drainage.  Aggregate drains were placed on the remaining uncurbed sections of the project per normal practice.  Four years after construction, the pavement in the spring area, where the improved drainage system was provided, is in excellent condition.  Severe distress has been observed in the areas with standard drainage that abut the spring area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 31 May 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/365939</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>JET SET</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/364770</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new computerised instrumentation system has been developed by Keller Concrete to monitor the construction of jet grouted ground treatment works. A small personal computer mounted on the rig drilling mast displays what is happening in the ground during construction permitting corrections to be made of any deviations from preset parameters. Continuous readings are displayed, and stored on floppy disc, of drill bit depth, bit penetration, extraction ratio and rotation speed, water, air and grout pressure and flow rate.  High pressure water, shrouded by high pressure air is pumped down a slowly rotating hollow tube and jetted from a nozzle above the drill bit.  The rotating, air covered, water jet erodes a column of soil and grout pumped through a separate line is simultaneously jetted into the resultant cavity.  Waste spoil and grout is forced to the surface through an annulus between the hole wall and the drill tube. High pressure grout and water pumps, and an air compressor are housed in a transportable grouting station on site.  The method can be used in a variety of soils to form solidified ground for tunnelling, underpinning, groundwater and leachate control and soil stabilisation. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/364770</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION DEWATERING: NEW METHODS AND APPLICATIONS, SECOND EDITION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/361863</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The control of groundwater is one of the most common and complicated problems encountered on a construction site. This second edition explains the physical laws governing groundwater and soils, and provides practical solutions to construction dewatering problems. New chapters on groundwater computer modeling, dealing with industrial wastes and contaminated water, and operating long-term dewatering systems provide the latest information on these important topics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Feb 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/361863</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TOTAL TEMPORARY SUPPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/359903</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article discusses the principle of ground freezing, which is the most effective and reliable method of providing temporary support and structural underpinning. It is a way of excluding groundwater from flowing into a deep excavation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/359903</guid>
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