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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Multi-objective optimization design based on surrogate modelling for concrete column-supported embankment on soft ground</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663720</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Optimizing column arrangements is a complex task in column-supported embankment design, because it requires balancing multiple performance objectives and cost. Consequently, a comprehensive optimization framework is essential for identifying the optimal column configuration during the design process. This study developed a multi-objective optimization approach for designing column arrangements to support embankments constructed on soft ground. The proposed approach integrates both sequential surrogate methods and adaptive evolutionary algorithms to predict and optimize column arrangements in column-supported embankment design. The proposed optimization framework was applied to a practical embankment project at the Xingxing interchange section. Four objective functions were defined using the global stability (Fs), maximum total settlement and differential settlement of the embankment surface (St, Sd), and cost of the concrete columns (C). Evaluation of the results confirmed the excellent prediction accuracy of the proposed method. Besides, compared with the original design, the optimal design achieved a 17% increase in Fs, and 4%, 0.39%, and 10% reduction in St, Sd, and C, respectively. The proposed optimization framework and its outcomes offer a practical strategy for optimizing investments in transportation embankment projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 May 2026 08:54:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663720</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An explicit approach for modeling the performance of transportation networks immediately after an earthquake</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691683</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Surface transportation systems play a vital role in supporting a region’s functionalities. They are expected to remain operational before and even after a hazardous event (e.g. an earthquake). The importance is evident to estimate the post-disaster performance of traffic systems under a probability-based framework, considering the uncertainties arising from both the hazards and the transportation infrastructure fragilities. This paper proposes an explicit approach for evaluating the performance of transportation systems immediately after an earthquake event. The method estimates the spatial distribution of vehicles in the traffic network in a closed form and thus is relatively efficient compared with traditional methods (e.g. an agent-based method). The applicability of the proposed approach is demonstrated through an application to the post-earthquake performance assessment of the traffic network in Tangshan City, China, a city that suffered catastrophically from the 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. Analytical results show that the proposed method can well reflect both the temporal and the spatial variations of the traffic flow, and thus offers rational support for predicting the post-earthquake traffic scenarios and for optimizing strategies to improve the transportation capability under emergent conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 May 2026 13:15:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691683</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance and Mechanisms of Foam-Dispersant Composite Conditioners for Clayey Strata: Macroscopic, Mesoscopic, and Microscopic Scales</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2662716</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During earth pressure balance (EPB) shield tunneling in clayey strata, issues such as clogging at the cutterhead and screw conveyor are common. The combination of foam and dispersant has been shown to effectively improve conditions and prevent these problems. This study focuses on the engineering project between Wenchu Station and Guanyin Station of Shenyang Metro Line 6. Initially, the types and concentrations of foam and dispersant were determined through performance tests. The effects of individual and composite conditioners were evaluated using four indicators: adhesion rate, fluidity, consistency, and shear strength. The optimal ratio of foam and dispersant was identified, and the appropriate ranges of each evaluation indicator were established. Additionally, the mechanisms by which dispersants condition clay were explored from a microscopic perspective. The results show that at a moisture content (MC) of 30%, the optimal performance with the composite conditioners is achieved when the dispersant injection ratio (DIR) is 10% and the foam agent injection ratio (FIR) ranges from 30%–60%. The following evaluation criteria are recommended for clayey strata: an adhesion rate below 0.3, consistency within 7–10 cm, fluidity within 14–16 cm, and shear strength under 20 kPa. The dispersan t creates distinct boundaries between clay particles, increases the thickness of the electrical double layer, and enhances repulsive forces. As DIR increases, the Zeta potential of the particles gradually decreases and stabilizes, whereas the total repulsive energy (VT/R) between particles continues to rise. This study offers practical guidance for conditioning EPB shield muck in clayey strata.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2026 14:33:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2662716</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance of vector-valued fragility for coastal bridge under earthquake and tsunami hazards</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661966</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Extreme hazards such as earthquake and ensuing tsunamis can pose significant threats to offshore infrastructures, among which bridges are particularly vulnerable due to their locations. Accurate assessment of bridge performance under such events is crucial to enhance structural safety. In this study, the fragility method was employed to evaluate bridge capability against combined hazard effects, with three variables introduced to capture multi-hazard intensity. The vector-valued method was used to quantify bivariate tsunami intensities, with different fragility functions compared in their fitting capability. A new fragility form was proposed for earthquake-tsunami scenarios, with the system-level fragility also examined via multiple bridge components. A case study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of various functions to isolated bridges. The component-level fragility shows an inconsistent development with increasing seismic magnitudes but consistent trends with tsunami intensity. The comparison analysis implies the highest fitness of log-sum model, while the proposed method yields consistent outcomes despite the unified factor. System-level fragility results indicate that isolated bridges have notable vulnerability due to multi-component contributions. Further, the expected damage ratio was assessed and shows notable sensitivity to spectral acceleration and relative wave height, as opposed to the limited influences from water depths. This study provides preliminary guidance for estimating the seismic-tsunami fragility of isolated bridges using complex intensity sets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2026 14:33:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661966</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic performance of a 1000 m-scale steel-UHPFRC composite truss arch bridge under non-uniform excitations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661965</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Given the superior mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), a novel 1000 m-scale steel-UHPFRC composite truss arch bridge scheme has recently been proposed to address key challenges associated with traditional long-span arch bridges including excessive self-weight and construction complexity and to further extend the feasible span limit of this bridge type beyond 600 m. While previous studies on this new bridge scheme have primarily focused on the conceptual design of the arch ribs under static loads, its seismic resistance system and overall seismic performance—particularly under spatially varying ground motions—remain insufficiently explored, especially given its unprecedented span. In this study, a preliminary design of the seismic resistance system including the spandrel columns and the seismic isolation system is first performed to improve the distribution of seismic forces throughout the structure. A detailed nonlinear finite element model is then established and subject to multiple sets of spatially varying ground motions simulated with power spectral density and coherence loss function models to numerically evaluate its seismic behavior under strong earthquake shaking. The seismic performance of arch rib sections and spandrel columns is quantified using column and moment–curvature interaction diagrams to identify critical sections that are seismically vulnerable. The results show that the designed seismic isolators can effectively reduce internal force demands on the columns and improve the uniformity of the force distribution. Compared to uniform excitations, non-uniform excitations can significantly amplify internal force demands in the arch ribs, with average amplification ratios of 11 %, 12 %, and 6 % for axial force, in-plane, and out-of-plane bending moments, respectively. For the spandrel columns, the average amplification in in-plane and out-of-plane bending moments is 6 % and 13 %, respectively. Additionally, non-uniform excitations also increase displacement demands and result in large residual displacements in the arch ribs. Furthermore, under non-uniform excitations, the rotational capacity of the spring sections is insufficient to meet seismic demands, leading to compressive crushing of the UHPFRC. Only a small number of sections near the spring exhibit tensile failure, indicating that these locations are the most vulnerable along the arch. These findings suggest that future optimization efforts should focus on enhancing the rib cross-section at the spring or increasing the stirrup ratio to improve the compressive strength of the core concrete. In contrast, damage observed in the columns is limited to tensile cracking of the UHPFRC at the column ends, with no yielding detected in the longitudinal reinforcement. This study demonstrates the seismic viability of the proposed 1000m-scale steel–UHPFRC composite truss arch bridge and its potential failure mechanism under strong non-uniform excitations, which provides valuable insights for the design of super-long-span arch bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2026 14:33:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661965</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing airline on-time performance: A transaction cost theory perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686726</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the determinants of on-time departure performance in airline operations, with a particular focus on the governance mechanisms of ground handling services. Drawing on transaction cost theory, the research explores whether the internalization of ground handling services leads to superior OTP outcomes compared to outsourced arrangements. OTP is a critical performance metric that reflects an airline's operational efficiency, sustainability practices, and customer satisfaction. While much of the existing literature highlights external factors such as airspace restrictions and slot constraints, this study redirects attention to internal operational dynamics—specifically schedule planning strategies and ground handling governance structures. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating quantitative analysis of on-time performance data from 2021 to 2024 obtained via Cirium with qualitative insights derived from semi-structured interviews with senior airline managers. Quantitative analyses included independent samples t-tests, regression models, and mediation analysis using SPSS and Mplus, while qualitative findings were supported through document analysis and thematic coding. Airlines that manage ground handling in-house are associated with better OTP outcomes compared to those that outsource these services. Contrary to conventional expectations, several low-cost carriers operate their own ground handling subsidiaries, indicating that governance choice is not strictly tied to the airline's business model. This study contributes to the literature by offering a nuanced understanding of how governance mechanisms influence punctuality and proposes that internalization of ground handling services serves as a strategic response to minimize transaction costs and enhance operational reliability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 16:39:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686726</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A framework for mitigating boundary effects in transportation embankment seismic analysis: shaking table tests and numerical simulations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667391</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Shaking table tests and finite element (FE) methods are widely used and complementary approaches for embankment seismic analysis. Their boundary treatments fundamentally influence the dynamic responses. This study optimized the flexible boundary layer of scaled shaking table models and developed a viscoelastic boundary implementation for three-dimensional FE embankment models. Comparative analyses of the seismic responses under the two boundary conditions were conducted to evaluate their influence on the dynamic behavior of embankments. A dynamic compression test was conducted on flexible materials, confirming ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer suitable based on energy dissipation stability and residual height ratio. A seven-term Prony series viscoelastic model of EVA was developed for FE simulations of boundary effects. The simulation results indicate that a 3  cm flexible layer effectively reduces boundary effects. Subsequently, a FE model of embankment with viscoelastic boundaries was developed to simulate realistic seismic wave propagation. Comparison results indicate that FE seismic input calibration is necessary to match base peak accelerations in both methods. Subsequent analyses revealed that, in numerical simulations, acceleration amplification factors remain stable at low intensities and decrease with strain, whereas in shaking table tests, they initially increase due to wave reflections before declining. Moreover, decreasing the angle between seismic direction and the subgrade vertical axis reduces slope amplification factors, with the effect amplified in shaking table tests. These findings provide practical guidance for designing flexible boundaries in shaking table tests and implementing viscoelastic boundaries in numerical simulations, while highlighting differences in the dynamic responses of the two methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 16:38:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667391</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>3D SPT - Seismic Imaging for Bartow Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697839</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 3D SPT -seismic method (Mirzanejad et al. 2020) integrates seismic analysis with invasive SPT testing for volumetric imaging.  During SPT advancement, each hammer blow acts as a seismic source at a known depth.  A surface array of geophones (typically 48 sensors arranged over a 60 ft x 80 ft area) records the wavefields.  Using 3D elastic full - waveform inversion, the recorded data are transformed into a 3D Vs model extending laterally up to 60 ft (18 m) from the borehole and to the full SPT depth.

]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 10:02:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697839</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Surrogate structure-specific probabilistic dynamic responses of bridge portfolios using deep learning with partial information</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661874</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Predicting region-wide structural responses under seismic shaking is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of earthquake engineering tasks such as earthquake early warning and regional seismic risk and resilience assessments. Existing domain-specific and data-driven approaches, however, lack the capability to provide high-fidelity, structure-specific dynamic response predictions for large-scale structural inventories in a timely manner, especially when structural parameters and detailing are incomplete or unavailable. To address this gap, this study developed a deep learning framework, which integrates heterogeneous ground motion sequences and partial structural information as model inputs, to predict structure-specific, probabilistic dynamic responses of regional structural portfolios. Validation on a portfolio of highway bridges in California demonstrates the model’s ability to capture inter-structure response variability by inputting critical and accessible bridge parameters while accounting for uncertainties due to the lack of other information. The results underscore the framework’s efficiency and accuracy, paving the way for various advancements in performance-based earthquake engineering and regional-scale seismic decision-making.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 09:11:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661874</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Adaptive trajectory tracking control for safe navigation of underactuated hovercraft with state-constraints</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643481</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For the challenge of ensuring safety navigation of underactuated hovercraft in the presence of system uncertainties, this paper proposes an innovative adaptive safety trajectory tracking control strategy for hovercraft based on the nonlinear mapping function (NMF). The strategy not only eliminates constraints on boundaries but also can directly dealing with both constrained and unconstrained cases. Additionally, a novel composite anti-disturbance method is proposed, utilizing the neural network (NN) approximator and the nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO). Moreover, a novel first-order filter is designed to address the intricate differential computation issues in the backstepping control. The system's stability is examined using Lyapunov stability theory, showing that tracking errors converge to become ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Simulation resfults affirm the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed adaptive trajectory tracking control strategy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 17:04:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643481</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing safety and resilience of ageing land-based LNG Tank structures through digital healthcare engineering: a feasibility assessment in seismic environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685530</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a critical energy source in modern times, with storage tanks strategically located in coastal regions for efficient sea transport. However, these vital infrastructures face dual threats: rare but severe natural disasters and age-related degradation. Such vulnerabilities can result in catastrophic events, including fires and explosions. To proactively address these challenges, digital healthcare engineering (DHE) provides a framework for continuous monitoring and maintenance. This paper offers a comprehensive review of key DHE technologies relevant to ageing land-based LNG storage tanks, with a particular focus on enhancing seismic resilience. Additionally, it presents a feasibility study on implementing a DHE system for a 160,000 m³ LNG storage tank during seismic events, underscoring the importance of proactive safety measures against evolving environmental and operational risks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 17:04:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685530</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Subgrade Stabilization on Pavement Design: Material Optimization and Economic Impacts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581534</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of subgrade stabilization on the flexible pavement design. The stabilizer used for the study was naturally derived mineral stabilizer, making it a sustainable alternative to the currently employed soil stabilizers. The scope of this study included the evaluation of improved properties of stabilized subgrade through Proctor compaction, UCS, and CBR tests; followed by pavement design as per IRC 37: 2018; and then economic analysis. The experimental results indicated that an addition of 4% mineral stabilizer increased the CBR by 15 times. Further, an overall thickness reduction of ~30 and 40% was observed with 2 and 4% stabilization, respectively. The associated material optimization was in order of 45% for low and medium traffic levels, and 58% for high traffic levels at 4% stabilization. Economic analysis based on the construction cost of materials showed 23 and 30% reduction when soil was stabilized with 2 and 4% stabilization, respectively, as compared to untreated soil. Overall, this study illustrated the effect of subgrade stabilization with mineral stabilizer on the pavement design and its associated economic impacts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 16:47:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581534</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Macro-meso mechanical response of ice-bearing glaciofluvial deposits under thaw–freeze–thaw cycles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659888</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Glaciofluvial deposits are widespread in the southeastern Xizang Plateau, and their stability has been increasingly threatened by climate warming and tunnel construction, leading to frequent landslides and debris flows. To overcome the challenge of quantifying the highly variable mechanical behavior of ice-bearing glaciofluvial deposits under coupled effects of initial ice content, confining pressure, and thaw–freeze–thaw (TFT) cycling, this study conducted low-temperature triaxial tests and X-ray CT scanning on remolded specimens. The experimental dataset was used to analyze stage-dependent stress–strain responses and the evolution patterns of shear strength and strength parameters, and to elucidate the governing mesostructural degradation mechanism. The results indicate that the initial deposits exhibit strain-softening behavior that becomes more pronounced with increasing initial ice content and confining pressure; during TFT cycling, thawed specimens consistently show strain softening, whereas frozen specimens exhibit strain hardening. Peak strength shows a nonlinear dependence on initial ice content: it decreases monotonically with initial ice content in the thawed state but reaches a maximum at ∼10% initial ice content in the frozen state; correspondingly, the internal friction angle decreases and cohesion increases with initial ice content in the thawed state, while the frozen state displays a higher friction angle and markedly greater cohesion than the initial state. Both friction angle and cohesion deteriorate with increasing TFT cycles in thawed and frozen states and tend to stabilize after about six cycles. CT results reveal a periodic mesostructural evolution characterized by cementation fracture and structural recementation, which governs the observed mechanical transitions. Based on the experimental data, a quantitative modulus–shear strength relationship and a nonlinear coupled model incorporating initial ice content and TFT cycles were developed. Across all datasets, all fits exceeded R2 of 0.90 and kept NRMSE under 9% with a 6.42% mean, supporting engineering-oriented prediction of key mechanical parameters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 09:10:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659888</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic centrifuge modelling of repowered offshore wind turbine considering monopile foundation strengthening and superstructure replacement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660595</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Numerous offshore wind turbines (OWTs) are now approaching end-of-life (EoL). As an economical and sustainable strategy, repowering is commonly used for EoL scenarios. However, there is limited research on the service performance of repowered OWTs during their extended life, particularly concerning the seismic performance. In this study, a series of centrifuge shaking table tests was conducted to investigate the dynamic characteristics and seismic responses of the repowered monopile-supported OWT. Specifically, the original 2 MW turbine superstructure was upgraded with corresponding 3 MW components while retaining the serviceable foundation. Before repowering, solidified soil remediation was employed to enhance foundation performance in response to scour, a common phenomenon around marine foundations caused by currents. The results show that replacing the superstructure (upgraded to 3 MW turbine) reduces the natural frequencies of the OWT. Additionally, structural accelerations and displacements are changed under different earthquakes, while peak rotation and bending moments of the foundation at the mudline are amplified. These findings indicate potential risks of structural resonance and excessive deformation in repowered wind turbines. It is necessary to reassess modal characteristics and seismic performance during their extended service life to ensure the reliability of upgrade and maximize the long-term benefits of OWTs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 09:10:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660595</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stability of the Tunnel Face Under the Seepage Conditions of Confined Water Strata</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688835</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Numerical simulations investigated the hydraulic head distribution ahead of a tunnel face within a confined aquifer. An analytical function was derived to characterize this seepage field. This hydraulic head distribution was incorporated into a three-dimensional rotational failure mechanism to develop an upper-bound limit analysis model for assessing tunnel face stability under confined groundwater conditions. The model was validated against numerical results and existing analytical solutions. A parametric study demonstrated that confined aquifers considerably enlarged the failure zone. The critical face pressure increased linearly with higher groundwater levels. The position of impermeable layers relative to the aquifer critically influenced the failure mechanism. With an overlying aquiclude, a sharp transition at the interface locally reduced instability. Conversely, when the impermeable layer underlay the aquifer, the failure region extended in both height and length, significantly increasing collapse risk. Numerical simulations investigated the hydraulic head distribution ahead of a tunnel face within a confined aquifer. An analytical function was derived to characterize this seepage field. This hydraulic head distribution was incorporated into a three-dimensional rotational failure mechanism to develop an upper-bound limit analysis model for assessing tunnel face stability under confined groundwater conditions. The model was validated against numerical results and existing analytical solutions. A parametric study demonstrated that confined aquifers considerably enlarged the failure zone. The critical face pressure increased linearly with higher groundwater levels. The position of impermeable layers relative to the aquifer critically influenced the failure mechanism. With an overlying aquiclude, a sharp transition at the interface locally reduced instability. Conversely, when the impermeable layer underlay the aquifer, the failure region extended in both height and length, significantly increasing collapse risk.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 09:09:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688835</guid>
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