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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Airport Ground Support Equipment (GSE): Emission Reduction Strategies, Inventory, and Tutorial</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1222352</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To help the industry assess and mitigate the contribution of ground support equipment (GSE) to air quality impacts at airports, this report (1) presents an inventory of GSE at airports, (2) identifies potential strategies to reduce emissions from powered GSE, and (3) provides a tutorial that describes GSE operations and emission reduction technologies for use by GSE owners and operators.  The tutorial, which is on the accompanying CD-ROM, CRP-CD-123, is a user-friendly, interactive, self-paced, stand-alone tool that provides stakeholders a better understanding of GSE, their operations, and applicable federal environmental regulations and potential approaches to reduce GSE emissions.  The tutorial is structured in three modules:  GSE Basics; Emissions Reduction Approaches and Case Studies; and Converting to Cleaner GSE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Nov 2012 11:51:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1222352</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1141661</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report documents the findings of the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) 02-23 project undertaken to investigate the impact that alternative fuel use could have on emissions and ambient air pollution concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at airports. The results are based on modeling of emissions and ambient air pollution concentrations at five case study airports for those sources that contribute most to PM2.5 emissions. Alternative fuels were selected for analysis primarily based on their potential to reduce PM2.5, and were limited to those with short-term (i.e., fewer than 10 years) commercial availability and available emissions data. The largest emission reductions occurred when alternative jet fuel was used in aircraft and auxiliary power units (APUs). This was followed by: replacing diesel-fueled ground support equipment (GSE) with GSE powered by electricity, fueled by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), or fueled by compressed natural gas (CNG); gate electrifications; and replacing GSE diesel with biodiesel. In terms of air quality impact, the highest air pollution impact reductions generally occurred when diesel-fueled GSE were replaced with electric, LPG or CNG equivalents, followed by alternative jet fuel use in aircraft and APUs, replacing GSE diesel with biodiesel, and gate electrification.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jun 2012 16:23:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1141661</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Handbook for Analyzing the Costs and Benefits of Alternative Aviation Turbine Engine Fuels at Airports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1103918</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report provides a handbook and analytical model that airport operators and fuel suppliers can use to evaluate the costs associated with introducing "drop-in" alternative turbine engine fuel at airports and the benefits as measured by reduced emissions.  The analytical model also includes evaluation tools that take into account options for using alternative fuel for other airside equipment, including diesel-powered ground support equipment.  Alternative fuels considered are an ultralow sulfur (ULS) jet fuel and synthetic paraffinic kerosenes (SPKs).  SPKs include Fischer-Tropsch fuels and hydroprocessed renewable jet fuel created from feedstocks such as algae and palm oils.  The analytical model, which is contained on an accompanying CD-ROM (CRP-CD-91), is the Alternative Fuel Investigation Tool (AFIT).  An accompanying research report covers background analysis used in the formulation of the AFIT model, addresses characteristics of current fuel usage and distribution, and describes what is required to switch to alternatives.  Also addressed in the report and incorporated in AFIT are critical environmental factors to be considered when calculating costs and environmental benefits.  Environmental benefits are measured based on the degree to which use of alternative fuels can improve air quality within the airport boundaries.  The handbook also includes a discussion of data requirements and sources of data required for use in the  model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Jun 2011 15:54:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1103918</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Facilities Maintenance Offers Labor, Cost-Savings Options</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1094891</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, facilities maintenance managers at commercial airports have found innovation, sustainability, and operational efficiency initiatives taking up larger amounts of time than in the past. These can result in savings in labor and cost. Salt Lake City Department of Airports (SLCDA) Maintenance Division sustainability initiatives are presented in this article. Highlighted areas include: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) surveys; recycling initiatives; computerized maintenance management systems; recommissioning efforts; light emitting diode (LED) internally illuminated signage lighting; green cleaning products; water temperature monitoring; and electronic ground support equipment preparation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Mar 2011 14:13:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1094891</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Low-Cost General Aviation Autonomous Navigation Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/898343</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Because Global Positioning System (GPS) is subject to periodic failures, its use in replacing all or part of ground-based navigation for general aviation depends upon developing satisfactory backup systems. A great technical challenge for low-cost GA autonomous navigation is the need for accurate, low-cost gyroscopes. To try to develop low-cost gyroscopes researchers are focusing on MEMS technology. This paper reports the status of one such research program at the University of Alabama. The UA research program proposed improving the accuracy of MEMS gyroscopes in three ways: (1) increase mass of the gyro, that is, produce a meso-scale gyro using MEMS technology, (2) increase signal amplitude by using piezoelectric actuators and sensors (instead of conventional electrostatics), and (3) use alternatives to Silicon (for example, Quartz) that should reduce accuracy degradation caused by temperature changes. The following is a summary of the status of the development effort. Sections are devoted to fabrication issues, materials development, electronic system development, simulation, and test results. To overcome the technological challenges in building the UA X-post Gyro the following must be achieved: (1) Design and construct an electronic system capable of measuring both relatively large and extremely small rates of rotation. (2) Develop a computer simulation capability to be used for device design and future design optimization. (3) Develop the capability of producing high-quality thin films of piezoelectric materials. (4) Develop MEMS-technology fabrication processes that have never before been done. (5) Develop a MEMS clean room for production of the gyro devices. (6) Develop a Navigation Laboratory capable of testing MEMS-technology gyroscopes. (7) Develop a laser trimming system for improving the performance of the manufactured MEMS-technology gyroscopes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2009 12:46:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/898343</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>AUTOMATED LOW-COST WEATHER OBSERVATION SYSTEM (ALWOS)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/177493</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the primary objectives of this program was to design a developmental model ALWOS for the lowest possible cost. Reliability and maintenance costs over the life of the system were considered in addition to the initial purchase and installation costs. To this end, field proven, off the shelf components were used wherever possible throughout the system. Another primary objective was modularity of design. The hardware and software were constructed to allow flexibility in interfacing a variety of sensors or adding additional sensors to measure new parameters. The ALWOS as configured at Dulles Airport is a low-cost and flexible system which can provide an automatic weather observation from the data acquisition, processing and display point of view, with the potential for good long-term system reliability. After a period of familiarization with the equipment and dealing with an assortment of system and sensor problems, the functioning of the system became relatively trouble-free. Evaluation of the ALWOS supports the generally accepted concept that automated, low-cost weather observation systems can indeed perform such a function given suitable sensing devices. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Nov 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/177493</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PROPRIETARY TRENCH SUPPORT SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/84401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This technical note considers the trench support methods available and in use in the UK in 1978.  For greatest safety support should be provided quickly and before any person enters a trench.  The support methods generally available in the UK which meet this requirement are indicated.  Some of the methods, particularly shields, are used to provide protection for people working in the trench in the event of ground collapse, rather than to provide support preventing collapse.  When operators are experienced in the use of proprietary systems these are quicker than the standard sheeting, walling and strutting methods of support.  The quickest and cheapest method when feasible is to maintain a near verticla sided open cut trench but this approach is associated with the greatest safety risk.  /Author/ /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/84401</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LIFE-CYCLE-COST ANALYSIS OF THE MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM GROUND AND AIRBORNE SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/177150</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents the results of a life-cycle-cost analysis of the Microwave Landing System ground and airborne configurations that may be implemented for the National Airspace System. The ground configurations evaluated consisted of 3 deg, 2 deg, and 1 deg beamwidth azimuth subsystems. The airborne configurations evaluated were for air carrier aircraft, high-performance general aviation aircraft, and low-performance general aviation aircraft. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/177150</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A SUPPLEMENTARY EMC ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED AIRPORT SURFACE DETECTION EQUIPMENT (ASDE-3) RADAR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/162745</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report supplements information in an earlier report which identified electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems associated with the deployment of Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE-3) Radars at a number of proposed sites in the United States. Subsequent to the earlier study, several operational parameters of the ASDE-3 radar have been modified in a direction to lessen the probability of causing or receiving interference, thereby, necessitating a reanalysis of portions of the earlier study. as before, interferring signal levels are compared against established receiver thresholds to determine operational compatibility and frequency management techniques are identified as a solution to potential interference cases, where applicable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Apr 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/162745</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INSTRUMENT APPROACH AIDS FOR HELICOPTERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/177653</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report identifies the various instrument approach procedures that are available to the helicopter operator. Emphasis is placed on the recently approved Helicopter Only procedures, the criteria for which are contained in Chapter 11 of the Terminal Instrument Procedures Handbook. The objective of this study was to examine currently available solutions to helicopter approach needs. The study also covers new and innovative solutions to helicopter approach requirements. This was accomplished by: Identifying the various navigation aids now being used which may have general application to U.S. helicopter operations. Describing typical locations of use, typical approach procedures, and minimums for each of these aids. Providing estimated equipment costs for both the ground and airborne portions of these systems. Discussing the rationale used to support the use of a particular aid at a particular location or in a specific operational environment. Results of this investigation are presented in the form of a series of helicopter instrument approach options for the user. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/177653</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UPGRADED THIRD GENERATION (UG 3RD) AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM. IMPRESSIONS AND IMPACT ON GENERAL AVIATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/42529</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Interviews were conducted with seven General Aviation Organizations on the subject of the Upgraded Third Generation System of Air Traffic Control. Spokesmen for General Aviation had a good understanding of the functions and the characteristics of the Upgraded Third Generation ATC System, particularly in those areas of serious interest to General Aviation System Users. With a few exceptions, such as the need for improved weather detection and reporting and other flight services, it appeared that the provisions of the existing generation of Air Traffic Control is reasonably adequate to the present requirements of General Aviation Users. All spokesmen, however, anticipate substantial growth in the demands imposed on the system over the next decade and agree that some improvements in capacity and safety are needed. The report includes a series of matrices showing the degree of importance attached by each segment of General Aviation interviewed to each of the major elements of the Upgraded Third Generation Air Traffic Control Sytem. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 13 Jul 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/42529</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RELIABILITY METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/42537</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is a reliability handbook geared to instructing the user how to implement a reliability program based upon the type of procurement. It lists program content versus type of procurement. Additionally, some fundamental reliability relations are definitized along with some minimal consideration given to redundancy and modeling. Included is a companion document, Reliability Program Plans and Procedure Requirements for Electronic and Associated Support Equipment. This document is basically a specification and contains in specification format the reliability programs identified in the Reliability Handbook. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 13 Jul 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/42537</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INITIAL DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TRAFFIC ADVISORY SERVICE OF ATARS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/162867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The FAA Automatic Traffic Advisory and Resolution Service (ATARS) is a ground-based collision avoidance system which utilizes surveillance data from the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS). It computes traffic advisories and collision warnings using a ground computer independent of the ATC computer system, and delivers these messages to aircraft via the DABS data link. ATARS provides both a traffic advisory and a resolution (collision avoidance) service to aircraft equipped with a DABS transponder, an altitude encoder (mode C), and an ATARS display. The objective of the ATARS effort reported was the design of a traffic advisory service that complements the ground based resolution service while being compatible with the other applications being developed for the DABS data link. The main technical issue was the construction of a set of message formats that provides the pilot with all information he requires while minimizing data link loading. Furthermore, this message set had to support a wide spectrum of onboard equipment, from a simple ring of lights to a sophisticated graphics system. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/162867</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EMISSIONS AND DISPERSION MODELING SYSTEM: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PLANS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711199</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This workshop presentation reviews the emissions and dispersion modeling system's (EDMS's) current capabilities and discusses future research and development plans for the EDMS.  Version 3.22 of this model is currently used for emissions inventory and dispersion modeling of airport sources.  The model mainly focuses on aviation sources, which include aircraft, auxiliary power units, and ground support equipment.  The model complies with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methodologies and with publicly available data issued by the International Civil Aviation Organization, EPA, manufacturers, airlines, and the Federal Aviation Administration.  The latest version of this model has a sound-user interface and guidance and is highly automated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711199</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BEHAVIOR OF UNSURFACED AIRFIELDS SUPPORTING OPERATIONS OF C-17 AIRCRAFT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/542912</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The C-17 Globemaster III aircraft was developed by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) with the capability of transporting equipment and cargo to small airfields with short runways and minimal ground support equipment.  The introduction of the C-17 into the U.S. Air Force's inventory initiated the requirement to validate existing semiprepared (unsurfaced, aggregate-surfaced, and stabilized) airfield design and evaluation criteria for the operation of the C-17 aircraft.  The U.S. Army engineer Waterways Experiment Station was requested by the U.S. Air Force to characterize the structural capacity of selected semiprepared test sites and document each airfield's behavior under actual C-17 aircraft operations.  The results of three live-flight tests indicate that the current U.S. Army Corps of Engineers unsurfaced airfield criteria does not adequately predict the behavior of unsurfaced airfields in arid or semiarid climates subjected to the braking and turning forces of a 226,800-kg (500,000-lb) aircraft.  This investigation presents the results of the field tests and includes a regression model that can be used to predict the behavior of unsurfaced airfields in semiarid/arid environments under C-17 aircraft traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/542912</guid>
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