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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Rutting behaviour of cold bitumen emulsion mix containing alternate fillers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643499</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the effects of different fillers on the rutting resistance of Cold Bitumen Emulsion Mixes (CBEM). Five fillers were used: stone dust, cement, lime, fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). A wheel-tracking rutting test was performed at 40, 50 and 60 °C. The results showed that all treated CBEM samples had improved rutting resistance compared to the untreated sample. However, FA and GGBFS were less effective than cement due to their slower rate of hydration. Adding lime to FA and GGBFS resulted in a synergistic association, with GGBFS-lime and FA-lime treated CBEM exhibiting greater rutting resistance. The results of the multi-stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test on the cold bitumen emulsion mastic (CBEMa) were consistent with the wheel-tracking rutting data. XRD analysis revealed that improving rutting resistance was associated with the formation of hydration products in the CBEMa containing alternate fillers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Feb 2026 14:58:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643499</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of sulphate type on the strength and swelling properties of lime-GGBS-stabilised sulphate-bearing soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643520</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lime-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is usually used to treat gypseous soils. However, sulphate-bearing soils often contain other sulphates, e.g., sodium sulphate (Na₂SO₄), potassium sulphate (K₂SO₄) and magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄). Therefore, in this study, lime-GGBS was used as a curing agent for stabilising four sulphate-bearing soils, which were named as Na-soil, K-soil, Mg-soil, and Ca-soil. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS), swelling, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy tests, were conducted to explore the macro- and micro-properties of the lime-GGBS-stabilised soils. The results showed that at 5000 ppm sulphate, stabilised Mg-soil had the lowest swelling and highest UCS. At 20,000 ppm sulphate, stabilised Ca-soil had the lowest swelling, while stabilised Na-soil had the highest UCS. Generally, increasing sulphate concentration decreased swelling for Ca-soil but increased for other three soils, and decreased UCS for Mg-soil but increased for other three soils. This was because less ettringite was generated in the stabilised Ca-soil and the formation of magnesium silicate hydrate (MSH) in the stabilised Mg-soil. Therefore, the sulphate type had a significant impact on the swelling and strength properties of lime-GGBS-stabilised sulphate-bearing soil. It is essential to identify the sulphate type before stabilising the soil on-site.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Feb 2026 17:07:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643520</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A comprehensive approach to characterize flexural behaviour and fatigue life in aggregates stabilized with different cementitious stabilizers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643575</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flexural fatigue characterisation entails evaluating the material's response to repeated bending to dynamic loads and measuring its resilience to cyclic stresses. It is the ability to resist damage and deformation over time, thus being a crucial factor in advancing understanding of stabilised layer design and performance. Traditional methods often lack sensitivity to factors such as variations in cementitious stabilisers, curing period and stress ratio when it comes to flexural characterisation, be it stiffness or fatigue damage. The present study highlights the development of flexural stiffness characterisation with respect to flexural strength, curing period and stress ratio by investigating five distinct stabiliser combinations involving cement, fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace steel slag (GGBS), and two chemical stabilisers on aggregates. Stress-dependent flexural modulus models were developed, which predicted close to the actual data determined in the laboratory setup. The study also demonstrated the development of stress-dependent flexural fatigue models with different stabiliser combinations with a high degree of accuracy (R² = 0.89–0.93). The findings from the study are expected to enhance the understanding of the flexural behaviour of stabilised layers within the composite pavement systems and the influence of different cementitious stabiliser combinations in improving its performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Jan 2026 18:02:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643575</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue Analysis of Silica Fume and GGBS Admixed Concrete Pavement of Single and Composite Section</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601662</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to the rapid increase in traffic and travel demand, there is always a need for improvement in the construction of rigid pavements. Rigid pavements can bear high magnitudes of loads coming onto them but they have economic and environmental constraints. Cement is known to harm the environment by emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Hence in the past few decades, researches on replacing cement partially with waste powders to make it economical and sustainable have been carried out. Along with that pavement should be strong enough to resist a repeated number of loads coming onto them throughout the life period. So, a pavement section consisting of two different concrete layers known as the composite section is proposed. The utilization of silica fume significantly affected ventures, capacity to regularly and industrially produce silica fume changed cement of stream capable in nature yet stay firm, which thusly creates high early and later age strength including impervious to forceful conditions. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)  is a result in the steel producing industry and it very well may be utilized as an elective material to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) because of its intrinsic restricting properties. In the present study, Silica Fume and GGBS are used to examine the strength of the concrete. 12% of the cement is replaced by Silica Fume in the concrete mix containing Silica Fume. In the concrete mixes containing GGBS, 30% of the cement is replaced by GGBS for studying the changes in the strength of M40 grade of concrete. An exploratory program was done on single and composite sections to investigate their strength properties by compressive strength test, flexural strength test and flexural fatigue test. Specimens are cured for a period of 7 days and 28 days before performing tests on them. Various strength properties of the concrete are examined by conducting tests like compression and flexural strength tests on the concrete cubes and beams, after 7 and 28 days of curing period. A fatigue test is then performed on beams for various stress ratios like 0.85, 0.75, and 0.65. It is concluded from the study that composite concrete sections can withstand higher number of load repetitions compared to conventional concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Dec 2025 16:14:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601662</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Guidelines on Concrete Mixture Optimization in Varying Weather Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582259</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The substitution of a portion of cement in concrete with supplementary cementing materials (SCM) frequently results in delayed setting and low early strength. When SCM-containing concrete is placed during cold weather and/or contains certain chemical admixtures, set time and strength problems can intensify and seriously impact both the early performance and durability of a pavement. Ideally, concrete mixtures that will experience delayed setting should be identified prior to placement in the field. This demands that all concrete mixtures, which will be used in the field, first be evaluated for set times and early strength at the temperatures expected during paving on the project. At this point, the most accurate technologies available for detecting the potential for delayed setting of concrete mixtures are not simple enough for use in the field. However, in most cases, delayed setting can be prevented by following the recommendations provided in these guidelines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 22 Nov 2025 17:17:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582259</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance Evaluation Of Geopolymer Concrete For Railway Superstructure Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fly ash-based blended Geo-Polymer Concrete (GPC) is recognized as a low-carbon concrete with the possibility to replace Ordinary Portland concrete (OPC), due to its better mechanical properties, durability, and environmental impact. In the realm of railway systems, where concrete materials and structures play a vital role, GPC has great potential for the building of various assets. This study explores the durability of GPC for railway superstructures, specifically sleepers and ballast-less tracks, facing diverse environmental challenges. Industrial waste exhausts like fly ash (Class F) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) are blended as binding material when an alkali activator is used. M60-grade concrete was prepared for conventional OPC and GPC. Evaluation tests include durability under chloride and sulphate attacks, water absorption, and sorptivity. Mixes undergo exposure to different percentages of NaCl, HCl, and H2SO4 solutions between 7-28 days, maintaining an alkaline liquid-to-binder ratio of 2.5, with a 12 Molar concentration of NaOH. The test results revealed that GPC exhibited significantly higher resistance to chloride and sulphate compared to OPC. Additionally, deterioration, density, and compressive strength are examined. A correlation is proposed to identify the compressive strength of OPC and GPC mixes under aggressive media exposure, aligning with prior studies. Overall, GPC proves to be a resilient and durable alternative for railway superstructure construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Sep 2025 08:45:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571401</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Combined effects of liquid crystal display glass and recycled tire powders on the tensile behavior of strain-hardening alkali-activated slag composites</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563263</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the combined effects of liquid-crystal-display glass powder (LCDGP) and waste tire powder (WTP) on the mechanical behavior of strain-hardening alkali-activated slag composites (SH-AACs). Ground granulated blast-furnace slag is partially replaced with LCDGP at proportions of 25 %, 50 %, and 75 %, whereas silica sand is substituted with WTP at ratios of 0 % to 70 %. Compressive strength and direct tensile performance are evaluated based on microstructural analyses, including X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and the quantitative assessment of microcrack behavior using digital image correlation. The results show that the highest compressive strength (i.e., 91.16 MPa) is achieved by a mix containing 25 % LCDGP and 20 % WTP. A reduction in LCDGP content improved the tensile performance, with the highest tensile strengths observed at 50 % or 70 % WTP content. The energy-absorption capacity increases with WTP content; specifically, an enhancement by 56 % is demonstrated by an SH-AAC comprising 75 % LCDGP and 70 % WTP. Crack-behavior analysis shows that the LCDGP content minimally affects the crack density, whereas increasing the WTP content facilitates the formation of smaller microcracks, which is attributed to the crack-bridging properties and artificial defect effects of WTP. These findings highlight the potential of LCDGP and WTP as sustainable materials for enhancing the performance of SH-AACs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 2025 14:42:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563263</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of composite cementitious materials and mine wastes in pavement concrete: Mechanical properties, durability, application examples</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2516009</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the potential of using iron ore tailings (IOTs), waste rock (WR) and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and semi-dry ﬂue gas desulphurization ash (SFGDA) to configure low-cost and low-carbon all-solid waste pavement concrete (SWPC) was explored. The effects of cementitious material dosage, water-binder ratio, and sand rate on the performance of SWPC were investigated through experiments. In addition, the durability performance of the SWPC was evaluated, as well as the concrete microstructure and interfacial transition zone were analyzed. The results showed that SWPC could combine both pumpability and workability with 56 d compressive strength greater than 40 MPa and splitting tensile strength greater than 4.5 MPa when the SCM of 490 kg/m³, the water-binder ratio of 0.36, and the sand rate of 0.37. The main hydration phases of SWPC were C-S-H gel, AFt, Friedel’s salt and calcium hydroxide. The hydration products are tightly bonded to form a dense structure, which improves the freezing resistance of the concrete. The total carbon emission of SWPC is 75.13 kg CO₂/m³, and the production cost is 114.5 CNY/m³.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Apr 2025 09:50:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2516009</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Replacing cement with GGBS to stabilize phosphogypsum-soil mixture in road materials: A comprehensive assessment of mechanical property, water stability and environmental performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2484984</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effective utilization of phosphogypsum (PG) and industrial waste soil is of paramount importance in the real world. The combination of phosphogypsum and soil in a single mixture can simultaneously utilize both materials. In this study, a novel green road material was developed according to the concept of synergistic utilization of multiple solid wastes, which is based on conventional cement stabilized soil. The ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) was employed to gradually replace cement to stabilize PG-soil mixtures. The curing effect of GGBS replacing cement and the modification effect of PG on stabilized soil were evaluated in three aspects: mechanical properties, water stability, and environmental performance. This evaluation was conducted using the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), softening coefficient, and ionic concentration of heavy and trace metals. Furthermore, microscopic characterization techniques, including a pH meter, UV–visible spectrophotometer, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDS, were used to perform further analyses of the curing mechanism. The objective was to enhance the UCS of stabilized soil by incorporating an optimal amount of PG, avoiding the necessity for a complex and costly pretreatment process for PG. The UCS reached approximately 8 MPa in 7 days without immersion in water curing and 4 MPa in 7 days with 1 day immersion in water curing. Despite the decline in water stability resulting from the incorporation of PG, the stabilized soil exhibits superior mechanical properties compared to the majority of studies on the application of PG to stabilized soils. The monitoring of contaminant ions in the stabilized soil over a period of 28 days demonstrated compliance with EPA requirements, indicating that PG-based stabilized soil does not negatively impact the surrounding environment in the presence of water. Additionally, the optimal ratio of GGBS to cement is 1:1. Meanwhile, excessively high or low cement content has a detrimental impact on the properties of stabilized soil. Lastly, the practical engineering application of this novel green road material was achieved, and its mechanical properties and economic benefit were demonstrated to be superior to those of conventional cement stabilized soil. The study of PG in stabilized soil was transformed into the utilization of real-world projects without the necessity for a complex pretreatment process for PG. Concurrently, the replacement of GGBS for cement results in a reduction in both carbon emissions and economic costs, due to an enhanced utilization of solid waste. Additionally, it offers a more detailed analysis of the curing mechanisms in stabilized soils with respect to strength, water stability, and harmful ions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Feb 2025 10:56:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2484984</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of sustainable, high strength slag based alkali activated pavement quality concrete using agro-industrial wastes: properties and life cycle analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487684</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Alkali-activated binder-based composites offer a sustainable alternative to cement-based systems, giving a conservational approach. This research incorporated rice-husk ash (RHA) and waste foundry sand (WFS) into ground-granulated-blast-furnace slag (GGBS)-based alkali-activated high-end pavement-quality concretes, optimising with air-curing for expressways, freeways and runway applications. This study promotes sustainable construction by efficiently utilising agro-industrial wastes (i.e., RHA, GGBS and WFS) promoting a global initiative to decrease environmental impact and to adopt eco-friendly pavement construction methods. This study systematically substitutes the primary binder-GGBS with RHA at 5% intervals. The binder was alkali-activated using measured amounts of liquid sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide flakes prepared at an activator modulus (Ms) of 1.25 by maintaining the sodium oxide dosage of 4.0% with respect to the total binder. In particular, 15% RHA (with 85% GGBS) and 20% WFS (with 80% river sand) satisfy mechanical design standards for workability and strength. A comprehensive life cycle analysis using extensive literature support assesses the environmental impact and sustainability of developed pavement quality composites, showing over 70% less energy use than Portland cement-based pavement mixes. Therefore, employing RHA and WFS in air-cured alkali-activated composite manufacture shows that agro-industrial waste components may be used to make sustainable, cost-effective pavement construction. This study effectively advocates for a shift towards environmentally responsible pavement construction, contributing to a greener, more sustainable future in concrete pavement engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Feb 2025 11:00:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487684</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The mechanical evaluation of cold asphalt emulsion mixtures using a new cementitious material comprising ground-granulated blast-furnace slag and a calcium carbide residue</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2454433</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cold asphalt emulsion mixtures (CAEMs) can be said to produce a reduced environmental impact and lower energy consumption in comparison to hot mix asphalt (HMA). They are also safer to use as there is no heating involved in the production and application of such mixtures. However, CAEMs are described as inferior to traditional HMA because of weak early strength and the length of curing time required to reach their full strength. As such, this piece of research aimed to develop new, CAEMs, a binary blended filler (BBF), made from ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and calcium carbide residue (CCR), as an alternative to traditional limestone filler (LF) in such mixtures. The new BBF mixture was compared to a mixture containing LF and with a control HMA. A significant improvement was reported in indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM) when using CCR as the activator of GGBS. Early strength in terms of ITSM, was improved due to the activation of GGBS by the CCR. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that when added to GGBS, the CCR lead to considerable changes in the microstructure of components of the mix during the curing period. This confirmed the generation of the cementitious products ettringite, Portlandite and C-S-H gel. It is anticipated that the requirement for uninterrupted curing in the case of conventional CAEMs, will be eliminated through use of this new BBF mixture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Dec 2024 10:39:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2454433</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of GBFS ratio and recycled steel tire wire on the mechanical and microstructural properties of geopolymer concrete under ambient and oven curing conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2450942</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, the effects of waste steel wire ratios, granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) ratios, and different curing methods on geopolymer concrete (GPC) were investigated. For this purpose, 12 mixtures were produced and eight of them were cured under ambient conditions and the remaining four were cured in an oven. Steel wire ratios and GBFS ratios were added to GPC as 0–1–2–3 % and 0–10–20 % by volume and weight, respectively. As a result of the mixtures, cubes, cylinders, and beams were obtained and these elements were subjected to compression, tensile, and flexural tests. As a result of the tests, the compressive strengths of the specimens were obtained as 8.5 %, 19.7 %, and 24.9 % for ambient curing and 10.4 %, 23.2 %, and 32.2 % for oven curing, respectively, as the steel wire fiber increased from 0 % to 3 %. The maximum compressive strength of the oven-cured specimen with 3 % steel wire fiber was measured as 42.56 MPa. The tensile strength of GPC also increased as the steel wire increased. The highest tensile strength was obtained with 3 % steel wire. In addition, oven curing conditions increased the tensile strength more than ambient curing. The flexural strength (FS) increased by 21.3 %, 29.4 %, and 33.8 % with increasing steel wire ratios of 1 %, 2 %, and 3 %, respectively. The FS was further increased by oven curing conditions and the maximum FS was achieved with 3 % steel wire. In ambient curing conditions, a successful geopolymerization was achieved due to the high calcium content in the samples containing 20 % GBFS. This allowed to obtain similar strengths between ambient curing and oven curing. Although the oven curing values were higher, similar results were obtained for the samples cured in an ambient containing 20 % GBFS. As a result of the study, mixtures containing 3 % steel wire and 20 % GBFS provided sufficient strength without oven curing and increased the usability of GPC under ambient conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 2024 15:27:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2450942</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance assessment of sustainable asphalt concrete using steel slag, with an artificial neural network prediction of asphalt concrete behavior</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2445525</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research evaluated the possibility of using Moroccan steelworks slag as a substitute for natural aggregates in asphalt mixtures, using chemical and mechanical analyses to demonstrate its compatibility with this application. Two granular mixtures, M1 and M2, were developed, incorporating respectively 15 % and 25 % natural sand (0/1.25) with slag aggregates to obtain granular mixtures complying with local standards. These mixtures were then tested with three different asphalt contents (4.7 %, 5.2 %, and 5.7 %). Mechanical tests, including a gyratory compactor, Marshall stability, and Duriez strength, were carried out. In particular, the M1:5.2 and M2:5.2 mixtures met compaction criteria and showed remarkable Marshall Stability values, reaching 23.49 kN and 21.81 kN respectively. In comparison, the control mixtures only achieved a maximum stability of 11 kN. Thermal properties were also assessed, showing that the maximum thermal conductivity was achieved at an asphalt content of 5.2 %. The slag-based mixtures, M1 and M2, showed higher thermal conductivity than the control mix M0, with maximum values of 0.74 W/mK for M1 and 0.86 W/mK for M2, compared with 0.56 W/mK for M0. The overall results show that the M1 and M2 mixtures had improved thermal and mechanical properties compared with the M0 control mix. Artificial neural network (ANN) modelling was carried out using Marshall Test data. It showed excellent performance in predicting the stability and flow properties of asphalt mixtures. These results suggest that incorporating steelmaking slag into asphalt concrete mixtures was an effective strategy for simultaneously improving their thermal and mechanical properties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Nov 2024 17:09:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2445525</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Life cycle assessment of green binder for organic soil stabilization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440424</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Increasing construction on soils with low bearing capacity is a geotechnical challenge currently faced in several parts of the world. Highly compressible organic soils require intervention to improve their mechanical behavior. In this case, mass stabilization with binder is an applicable technique, however the commercial cement used (Ordinary Portland Cement) generates environmental impacts that can be minimized with its replacement by environmentally friendly binders. Blended binders can use secondary materials from the industry (waste or by-products) and promote environmental gains. In this case, this research proposes the use of carbide lime and granulated blast furnace slag with the complement of Portland cement for the stabilization of an organic soil. A comparison of the strength obtained with the blended binder versus Portland cement is analyzed in soil stabilization. A Life Cycle Assessment is performed to verify if the proposed blended binder has environmental benefits in replacing conventional cement. Results show that the blended binder has similar capacity to stabilize the organic clay soil compared to commercial cement. The life cycle analysis showed that the use of secondary materials from industry in the composition of blended binder promotes a significant reduction in environmental impacts assessed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Oct 2024 11:08:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440424</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pavement Performance of Fine-Grained Soil Stabilized by Fly Ash and Granulated Blast Furnace Slag-Based Geopolymer as Road Base Course Material</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370926</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fly ash (FA) and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) were used as a precursor for geopolymerization to develop a low-carbon pavement base construction material. Based on the orthogonal test method, three levels were set separately for the L9 (3⁴) test considering the proportion of FA (raw fly ash to grained fly ash), ratio of sodium hydroxide to liquid alkaline activator (LAA), and proportion of GBFS mixed with FA and solid–liquid ratio [(FA + GBFS): LAA] as factors influencing the geopolymer. The influence of these factors on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of soil stabilized by geopolymer was studied. The optimal combinations of levels and factors were determined. The UCS with these ratios combined was 5.1 MPa. According to the above compositions, the mechanical (UCS, splitting tensile strength, and flexural tensile strength) and durability (drying shrinkage, water stability, freezing and thawing resistance, and wet–dry cycle) properties of soil samples stabilized using the aforementioned geopolymer were investigated. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were performed to determine the effect of the change in hydration silicate gel in the UCS development. According to the SEM and XRD test results, hydrated silicate gels exist in the sample, filling the pores of the soil, making the soil more compact, bonding the soil particles, and enhancing the engineering performance of the soil. This study enables waste material utilization as a replacement and partially reactive material in pavement applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Jun 2024 14:11:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370926</guid>
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