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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>NIGHT VISIBILITY OF TRAINS AT RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSINGS. ABRIDGMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/167542</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The problem of night visibility of trains at railroad-highway grade crossings is discussed.  Current practice, the literature, and some laboratory experimental data are summarized briefly. Of grade-crossing accidents, 37 percent occur at night; of this 37 percent, 47 percent are accidents in which a vehicle runs into the side of a train. A rough estimate of the benefits of illumination is a 30 percent reduction in night accidents at crossings.  A mail survey that had replies from 43 states, 20 railroads, and 119 cities and counties showed that there are no illumination standards now in use for railroad-highway grade crossings and that U.S. practice reflects a great diversity of opinion.  Comments are made on field studies conducted in Portland, Oregon; Lincoln, Nebraska; Houston, Texas; and Modesto, California.  The majority of grade crossings in Europe and Japan have gates; Swiss and German recommendations for lighting at grade crossings are given. Some scale-model illumination experiments are also reported briefly.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Aug 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES FOR STREETS AND HIGHWAYS, A NATIONAL STANDARD FOR APPLICATION ON ALL CLASSES OF HIGHWAYS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/138438</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This 1978 update of the previous Manual, 1971, includes all official revisions which have been made in the earlier Manual by the National Advisory Committee on the Manual and approved by the Federal Highway Administrator.  It includes the traffic control devices--signs, signals, markings and other devices--placed on or adjacent to a street or highway by authority of a public body or official having jurisdiction to regulate, warn or guide motor vehicle traffic.  The Manual has been approved by the Federal Highway Administrator as the National Standard for all Highways open to public travel in accordance with Federal Regulations.  It is also approved as an American National Standard by the American National Standards Institute. /Author/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES FOR STREETS AND HIGHWAYS--PART VIII-TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSINGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/138439</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This section of the complete MUTCD includes all authorized traffic control devices and systems which regulate, warn or guide highway traffic at highway-railroad grade crossings. This National Standard covers the following topics relative to Traffic Control Systems at such locations and is divided in four main sections: 1. General: Functions; Use of Standard Devices; Uniform Provisions; Crossing Closure; Traffic Controls During Construction and Maintenance.  2. Signs and Markings: Purpose; Railroad Crossings Sign; Railroad Advance Warning Sign; Pavement Markings; Illumination at Grade Crossings; Exempt Crossing Signs; Turn Restrictions; Do Not Stop on Track Signs.  3. Signals and Gates:  Purpose and Meaning; Flashing Light Signal--Post Mounted; Flashing Light Signal--Cantilever Supported; Automatic Gate; Train Detection; Traffic Signals at or Near Grade Crossings; Component Details. 4. Systems and Devices: Selection of Systems and Devices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF WARRANTS FOR RURAL AT-GRADE INTERSECTION ILLUMINATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/9063</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A methodology is formulated that measures the effects of illumination of rural at-grade intersections in quantifiable terms.  Previous research indicated that accident reduction is a valid criteria for evaluating lighting effectiveness. The effectiveness of illumination in modifying seven accident measures was evaluated by an analysis of variance. No significant relationship between accident severity and illumination could be inferred from the data.  A predictor of accident reduction was developed based on the ratio of night accidents to total accidents after illumination. Values derived using the predictor were found to agree reasonably well with actual values obtained in two previous studies.  (Author Modified Abstract)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Jul 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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