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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Structural assessment and seismic response of the historic Justinian stone arch bridge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519705</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study focuses on the architectural and structural analysis of the Justinian Bridge, an ancient stone arch bridge dating from the Byzantine era, located on Turkey's Sakarya (Sangarius) River. The research examines the structural configuration of the bridge and integrates its architectural background with data derived from comprehensive analyses. Experimental geophysical investigations were employed to assess the bridge's structural behavior, particularly considering the depths of the piers embedded in alluvial soil layers. The studies provided valuable data on the geometric and hydraulic properties of the bridge piers. The bridge's natural vibration frequencies and mode shapes were determined using a three-dimensional finite element model under four different boundary conditions. The results revealed that natural vibration frequencies are sensitive to soil properties. Time history analysis, incorporating ten sets of ground motion data, evaluated the bridge's dynamic response to earthquake loads. The damage distribution on the bridge body was determined and compared with the stresses obtained from the numerical analysis. The numerical results accurately show the damaged areas of the bridge. The findings provide valuable insights into the safety of historic stone arch bridges and serve as an essential reference for future conservation efforts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 2025 11:35:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519705</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>NETL Plastic Pipes Project - June 2022 Progress Report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2399880</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Plastic or composite pipelines have been the bane of the utility locating industry because conduits are neither conductive nor magnetic, which are the properties traditionally used to locate buried utilities. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is an effective geophysical tool for locating plastic/composite pipeline where the resistive cover allows for adequate penetration of radar energy. However, GPR cannot be used in areas where the soil cover is conductive due to significant clay and/or salt content. This study takes a comprehensive look at near-surface geophysical methods that potentially are useful for locating buried plastic/composite pipelines, either singly or in combination with other geophysical methods. Specifically, this modeling study uses computational numerical methods to forward model the response of GPR, resistivity, seismic, and gravity gradiometry methods to plastic/composite pipelines for various scenarios including: (1) pipe diameters ranging between 2 in. to 12 in.; (2) burial depths ranging between 3 ft to 4 ft; (3) various degrees in contrast in physical properties (i.e., permittivity, elasticity, electrical resistivity, density); and (4) various experimental acquisition choices (e.g., GPR radar frequencies, seismic source frequency, electrode spacing).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Jul 2024 09:05:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2399880</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>NETL Plastic Pipes Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2399879</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Plastic or composite pipelines have been the bane of the utility locating industry because conduits are neither conductive nor magnetic, which are the properties traditionally used to locate buried utilities. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is an effective geophysical tool for locating plastic/composite pipeline where resistive cover allows for adequate penetration of radar energy. However, GPR has limited applicability in areas where the soil cover is conductive due to significant clay and/or salt content. This study takes a comprehensive look at complementary nearsurface geophysical methods potentially useful for locating buried plastic/composite pipelines, either singly or in combination. Specifically, this modeling study uses computational numerical methods to forward model the response of GPR, resistivity, seismic, gravity gradiometry, and photoacoustic/thermoacoustic imaging methods to plastic/composite pipelines for various scenarios including: (1) pipe diameters ranging between 2 in. to 12 in.; (2) burial depths ranging between 3 ft. to 4 ft.; (3) various degrees in contrast in physical properties (i.e., electrical permittivity, elasticity, resistivity, density); and (4) various experimental acquisition choices (e.g., GPR radar and seismic source frequencies, electrode spacing).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Jul 2024 09:05:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2399879</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Advancing Subsurface Investigations Beyond the Borehole with Passive Seismic Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio and Electromagnetic Geophysical Methods and Transportation Infrastructures in New Hampshire</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381769</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Geotechnical site characterization sometimes fails to fully characterize the below-ground bedrock surface and hydrologic conditions using conventional borings. By combining geophysical and boring data analysis, transportation projects can produce a more thorough and accurate representation of geotechnical subsurface conditions, reducing the disruption work plans, forced revision of designs, and cost increases from schedule delays, claims, or change orders. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with New Hampshire Department of Transportation (NHDOT) surveyed transportation infrastructure sites using rapidly deployable geophysical methods to assess benefits added to a comprehensive site characterization with traditional techniques. Horizontal-to-vertical spectral-ratio (HVSR) passive-seismic and electromagnetic induction (EMI) methods were applied at four sites including a roadway-stream crossing, roadway-bridge rail-trail crossing, commuter-parking expansion, and a railroad-adjacent river-cutback slope-failure site, Additionally, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used at the slope-failure site. Typically, at transportation projects, subsurface geotechnical properties are determined from boring data; however, borings are often spaced hundreds of feet apart, potentially missing important spatial variability between boreholes. Geotechnical site characterization including geophysical surveys helped to provide a more accurate characterization by using continuous or near continuous profiling.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Jun 2024 16:59:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381769</guid>
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      <title>Rapid Assessment of Internal Erosion Damage and Erodibility in Levees</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2379658</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Levee systems are critical to reduce the loss of property and life during floods.  Without the condition and performance evaluation of a particular levee, there is no way to determine the risk associated with it. Typically, levees are evaluated based on a simple visual inspection program to identify critical or weak spots in the levee system. This method can detect surface distress or erosion failures, but it cannot identify defects that exist within the inner core or foundation soil that could lead to failure during a future extreme event. Even when sand boils exist, knowing the extent of the damage below the surface is impossible with the visual inspection methods used. The drilling and sampling methods traditionally used to obtain internal soil data are extremely time intensive, they damage the levees, and they only provide a small amount of discrete data. Therefore, there is a need for a rapid and non‐destructive assessment procedure that can quickly and cost-effectively gather continuous data, so that the most accurate performance evaluation can be made. The ability to quickly identify critical areas within a levee system so that they may be monitored or repaired is crucial if the levee system is to be improved with the limited federal funds available. While overtopping erosion is easily assessed with visual methods, determining the extent of internal erosion damage with visual methods alone is problematic. This research focuses on the geophysical assessment of internal erosion damage in levees and laboratory erosion and resistivity methods that can be used to provide a quantitative estimate of soil erodibility and link it with the field geophysical methods. Electrical and seismic geophysical methods were used to investigate internal erosion damage at the Crawford County Levee System in Van Buren, Arkansas to determine the extent and resolution that could be detected.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 May 2024 17:13:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2379658</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Rapid Assessment of Internal Erosion Damage and Erodibility in Levees [supporting dataset]</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2379659</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent flooding events have tested the nation’s levee systems and highlighted the vulnerability of our transportation system to disruptions and delays caused by natural disasters. Levee failures not only disrupt navigable waterways, but they can also impact rail and truck transportation. Most levee failures occur because of instabilities caused by internal and overtopping erosion. Seismic and electrical geophysical techniques can be used to assess large sections of levees in a timely manner to locate weak and saturated zones which often indicate locations where internal erosion damage may be present. The ability of geophysical methods to enable quick measurements of material properties over large areas was demonstrated previously, however, there is currently no widely accepted correlation between geophysical properties and many vital engineering properties such as erodibility. This means the data gathered from geophysical methods may be used to compare different sections of the same levee qualitatively, but they cannot be used to make a quantitative assessment of the levee for engineering purposes. This report summarizes a study aimed at developing a rapid technique for mapping and assessing erodibility and internal erosion damage using geophysical methods and laboratory erosion testing. A series of geophysical field trials were conducted to determine the most accurate and efficient methods and the best procedures for imaging internal erosion zones. Benchmark samples were used to further characterize soil erodibility and resistivity so that a more robust inspection system can be developed. By linking soil type and internal erosion potential to the field geophysical data, a more rapid and proactive approach can be taken to estimate the risk associated with a particular levee system and determine a mitigation strategy. In addition, the geophysical techniques allow for the eroded or damaged subsurface zones to be mapped to ensure efficient repairs are made with the limited funds available.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 May 2024 17:13:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2379659</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Geo-Congress 2024: Geotechnical Site and Soil Characterization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2373994</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This Geotechnical Special Publication contains 64 peer-reviewed papers on geotechnical site and soil characterization.  Topics include: engineering geology; rock mechanics; soil properties and modeling; and geophysical engineering.  GSP 348 will be valuable to practitioners and researchers working in the area of geotechnical site and soil characterization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 May 2024 14:04:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2373994</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Draft Report for Geoarchaeological Survey Methods for Enhanced Decision Making in the Ohio Department of Transportation’s Project Development Process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325964</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) Office of Statewide Planning & Research, Research Section contracted Gray & Pape, Inc., to conduct research to provide a comparison of geophysical survey methods, instruments, equipment, and associated software to determine what instrument or combination of instruments works best in different scenarios. The goal of the research is to provide the recommendations necessary for the Office of Environmental Services (OES) to establish a geophysical survey program. Gray & Pape, Inc., conducted a literature review, and the results provide two main conclusions: 1) the rate of success of a geophysical survey increases as more technologies are used; and 2) the more diverse the types of geophysical equipment used on a particular project, the more likely it is that the geophysical surveys will yield quality data that can be used to help guide future decisions. Gray & Pape, Inc., recommends that the ODOT’s Unmanned Aircraft Systems Center (UAS) operate the geophysical survey program under a cooperative agreement with OES, and with the support of archaeologists from that office. Leveraging in-house capabilities will make the geophysical program operational, sustainable, and successful; save labor and expense costs under this research project that can be allocated for more investment into reconfiguring and upgrading in-house instruments; and purchase new instruments, software, and licensing, which will ultimately provide a higher return on investment and a more operationally sound, sustainable, and successful program than thought possible as this research project was originally conceived—to build the geophysical survey program capacity within OES alone.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jan 2024 13:14:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325964</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Substructure Condition Evaluation of the Willow Valley Creek Bridge Using Geophysical Logging Methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2317380</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A project to widen the Willow Valley Creek Bridge carrying Lake Mary Road in Arizona planned to add 5-ft (1.5-m) shoulders along each side. The rehabilitation plan also emphasized reusing the existing stone masonry piers and abutments and providing a steel girder superstructure that retains the same “look” as the existing bridge and blends well within the forest environment of the project site. The research presented in this report—carried out in partnership with the Federal Highway Administration’s Central Federal Lands Highway Division—examines geophysical logging methods used for evaluating the structural integrity and durability of existing substructures, including the foundations. The researchers performed an indepth geophysical wireline logging investigation and seismic imaging through coreholes drilled from the bridge deck into the substructures and into the bedrock. The field testing results present an indepth condition evaluation of the stone masonry wall foundations around the coreholes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jan 2024 16:55:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2317380</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Slope Stabilization of Twin-Tubes Tunnel Portal by Anchor Bolts Support System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2240284</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is not known in the literature why the behavior of rocks incurs the tunnel excavation and it remains unclear for what has been calculated in the initial studies. That's why the most important thing to consider in tunnel construction works is to monitor rock mass behavior. The finite element method (FEM) can also analytically represent the static and dynamic behavior of the rock mass. Concretely, this makes it possible to calculate the behavior of very complex objects numerically. The present study embraces a geophysical prospecting which was carried out by the method of surface seismic tomography to reveal the lithology of the different formations and their geometry and the variation in speed of the subsurface formations at the level of the South portal of the Texana tunnel on Jijel province, in Algeria. The paper also consists in making a two-dimensional numerical study of the stability of the tunnel portals with the Phase.2 2D program. On the other hand, the calculation results will be compared with in-situ surveying to strengthen the numerical modeling. It can be concluded that the Anchor Bolts Support System gives good results in terms of displacement of the rock mass and satisfactory stability in terms of collapse analysis of the tunnel portals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Oct 2023 11:45:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2240284</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic Refraction Case Studies: Correlation with PDA Plan Tip Elevation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2233659</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Geophysics, particularly seismic refraction and multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW), has emerged as a reliable method for sub-surface investigations in the design of deep foundations for bridges. The author’s company, Foundation Testing and Consulting, has developed and brought to market an innovative geophysical application for bridge foundation design over the past year. In this research, the company has developed a strong correlation between compression wave velocities and historical PDA-tested capacity and penetration depths for piling. This paper provides a detailed discussion on the use of seismic refraction and MASW in bridge foundation design and highlights the advantages it offers over traditional methods. This paper presents the first instance in which the company’s geophysical application was utilized to save a contractor over $60,000 on shortened pile lengths in Wichita, Kansas. The study area included a well-known weathered Wellington shale profile that presented challenges for pile foundation design. By using its geophysical application, the company was able to identify the depth of the bedrock and assess the soil properties and likely pile penetration depths within weathered shale bedrock to optimize pile order lengths and reduce project delays. The geophysical application offers a non-destructive, fast, and cost-effective alternative and supplement to traditional site investigation methods, making it an attractive option for pile supported projects of all sizes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Sep 2023 11:42:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2233659</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Advanced Landslide Investigation Protocol Using Geophysical Methods for Mississippi</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2227510</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Slope failures frequently occur in highway embankments in Mississippi due to the existence of highly expansive Yazoo Clay. In addition, the Mississippi climate, especially the high volume of precipitation, plays a major role in the development of landslides. State Study 316 was undertaken to evaluate the landslides throughout the states employing Advanced Geophysical and Near Surface Remote Sensing tools such as electrical resistivity imaging (ERI), LiDAR technology, and drone imaging. These tools were utilized to identify failed areas, determine their depth, and evaluate crucial soil parameters such as moisture content. Six repaired highway slopes were monitored to collect data on in-situ moisture content, matric suction, temperature variations, and deformation to evaluate their long-term performance. Additionally, ERI, LiDAR, drone imaging, and other advanced investigations were conducted on 20 failed slope sites to evaluate the causes and mechanism failure. The results of the ERI testing showed that shallower depths had higher resistivity values due to unsaturated soil, cracks, displaced disturbed soils, and air pockets that increased the air void ratio. The discrete element models (DEMs) generated from drone imagery helped estimate the amount of displaced soil, identify the depth of the slip surface, and recreate failure conditions using numerical modeling tools. The stacked surface profiles developed from the LiDAR point cloud showed details of extreme surficial movement and helped accurately quantify the settlement. The DEMs and the surface profiles can be used as baseline data for future comparisons. Adopting these advanced tools for future research will significantly advance the quality of site investigations and increase the reliability of the design of transportation GEO infrastructures in Mississippi]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Aug 2023 09:34:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2227510</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Deep Learning Joint Inversion of Electrical Data for Ahead-Prospecting in Tunneling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145535</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Water inrush has become one of the bottlenecks restricting tunnel construction. Among various advanced forecasting techniques, the direct current method is more cost-effective and sensitive to water-bearing structures. It has been widely used in exploring water inrush disasters in practical engineering. Although traditional resistivity linear inversion methods are reasonably practical, they usually suffer from volume effects and cannot accurately locate the location and morphology of water-bearing bodies. Therefore, nonlinear techniques such as deep learning have recently become popular to directly approximate the inversion function by learning the mapping of apparent resistivity data to the geoelectric model. This work presents a novel deep learning-based electrical approach that combines resistivity and polarizability to estimate water-bearing location and morphology. Specifically, the authors design an encoder-decoder network. A shared encoder extracts features from the input data, two encoders output resistivity, and polarizability models, respectively, and fine-tuned collinear regularization for both outputs reduces solutions’ multiplicity. Compared with traditional linear inversion methods and independent parameter inversion, the authors' proposed joint inversion method shows superiority in locating and delineating anomalous bodies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Apr 2023 09:49:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145535</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using Geophysics to Evaluate the Results of a Grouting Program in Karstic Geology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987508</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In December 2021, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) contractors completed karst treatment construction of about a 300 to 400 linear foot section of SR 3015 (Chemical Road), a four-lane road in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The project was prompted by over 6 months of recurring subsidence, sinkholes, and settlement on one side of the roadway, and then escalated to emergency status in March 2021 when a sinkhole developed on the opposite side of the roadway. As part of the evaluation and design phase of the project, multiple geophysical methods and test borings were conducted to characterize the karst conditions and aid in the design of the grouting program. Schnabel oversaw the geotechnical investigations and performed geophysical surveys; Temple University, partnering with Schnabel in a collaborative effort, conducted several additional geophysical research studies. A grouting program was then performed in the roadway to treat the sinkhole-prone soil/rock conditions. This included injecting about 22,000 cubic feet of grout into about 400 grout holes that were drilled through the soils and at least 2 ft into rock. Following the grouting program, some of the geophysical survey methods were repeated and compared. This paper focuses on the results from one of the geophysical methods used: Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW). The authors present the comparisons between the pre- and postgrouting MASW results, as well as ground-truthing of the geophysics data using the test borings and grout holes. Geophysics is already commonly used to characterize the extent of karst features in the subsurface for roadway projects. This effort expands that knowledge base by following the project through initial site evaluation, ground improvement via a grouting program, and a followup geophysical survey to evaluate the results of the grouting program. The authors overall goal is to use non-invasive geophysical methods to help develop and then evaluate the results of grouting in karstic geology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 2022 13:39:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987508</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Depth to Bedrock Seismic Measuring Device</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1936147</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this project is to evaluate the use of passive seismic methods to estimate the depth to bedrock. The goal of the project is to establish the accuracy and efficacy of these methods as compared to current and historic core boring taken by Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT), with the goal being to eliminate a portion of the core borings currently being performed by the Department. These seismic investigations are used to delineate different geologic conditions such as layer geometry, water table, and the bedrock topography. Civil engineers rely on accurate measurements and assessments of bedrock to build safe, stable buildings, bridges, and wells (Badaoui et al. 2010). The review will also include an investigation of different available methods which are currently being used to perform identical and similar functions. Also, the review will evaluate and recommend the top depth to bedrock seismic measuring methods as well as evaluate and recommend the techniques and procedures that will be best fit the needs of PennDOT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Apr 2022 08:57:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1936147</guid>
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