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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Mechanical properties and deformation evolution of rubber particles-cement improved soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643580</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the engineering problems of road subsidence and subgrade instability in aeolian soil under traffic loads, the aeolian soil was improved with rubber particles and cement. Uniaxial compression tests and Digital speckle correlation method (DSCM) were conducted on rubber particles-cement improved soil (RP-CIS) with different mixing ratios using the WDW-100 universal testing machine. The microcrack and force chain evolution in samples were analysed using PFC2D. The results showed that: (1) The incorporation of rubber particles and cement enhanced the strength of the samples. When the rubber particles content was 1% and the cement content was 5%, the uniaxial compressive strength of the RP-CIS reached its maximum. Based on the experimental results, a power function model was established to predict the uniaxial compressive strength of RP-CIS; (2) The deformation of the samples remains stable during the compaction stage, with cracks gradually developing and penetrating, eventually entering the shear failure stage; (3) The crack and failure modes simulated by PFC2D are consistent with the DSCM test. The development of microcracks and the contact force between particles during the loading are described from a microscopic perspective. The research findings provide scientific support for subgrade soil improvement and disaster prevention in subgrade engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Jan 2026 18:02:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643580</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Land subsidence in coastal reclamation with impact on metro operation under rapid urbanization: A case study of Shenzhen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2521518</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With rapid urbanization in coastal cities, the sharp increase in coastal reclamation due to human activity has caused serious land subsidence problems and threatened the safety of urban traffic in reclamation areas, especially in fast developing cities, such as Shenzhen. However, the spatio-temporal distribution of reclamation evolution and land subsidence to assist in metro operations on a regional scale remain under-explored. To fill-in this research gap, an attempt was made to monitor the coastal reclamation dynamics of Shenzhen from 1979 to 2020.The spatial-temporal changes in the reclamation were discussed based on the Landsat 5, 7 and 8 datasets along with urban growth for a 40-year period. Accordingly, the fill height distribution was employed using available global DEM datasets to perform land fill height effect of metro system in the reclamation area. After understanding the spatial-temporal patterns of land reclamation changes, the authors focused on monitoring the land subsidence in reclamation area using time-series Sentinel-1 Interferometric SAR (InSAR) datasets by SVD and Stacking techniques. 48 scenes were acquired during ascending and descending passes respectively between 8/3/2015 to 8/8/2023 for the study area. The field measurements of metro deformation in reclamation area acquired from investigation data reflects the risk level of metro operational risk of urban traffic. In-depth analysis of reclamation characteristics revealed a direct relationship between urban expansion, land subsidence and metro deformation. A high correlation coefficient of 0.89 was observed between land subsidence variation and the metro deformation measured along metro line 2 and line 11 in reclamation area. Understanding the impact of land subsidence on metro operation is key to refining sustainable urban development in reclamation areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2025 09:34:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2521518</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modern Methods for Investigating Sinkhole and Subsidence Risks Relating to Abandoned Underground Coal Mines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2516737</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There are an estimated ~240,000 abandoned coal mines across the United States dating back to the early 18th century. Many of these mines are underground, and surrounding communities have developed homes, roads, utilities, and other infrastructure in the overlying areas. Every year, the supports of these mines continue to degrade, which can result in sudden subsidence or sinkhole events at the ground surface, damaging surface infrastructure and posing a safety risk to the public. How communities have investigated and mitigated these subsidence risks has varied dramatically over the past several decades (with mixed results) depending on available funding, technological advancements, and local knowledge. This paper presents lessons from analyzing the effectiveness of traditional investigative strategies used in the US state of Wyoming from the early 1980s to the present, and how modern methods (such as remote sensing) have been recently utilized to increase the effectiveness of recent projects in addressing these hazards.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 May 2025 16:40:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2516737</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tunneling- And Dewatering-Induced Rapid Differential Ground Rebound and Delayed Subsidence Measured by InSAR in an Urban Environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543882</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the excavation of the Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel in Seattle, Washington, a 17.5 m diameter tunnel boring machine (TBM) nicknamed “Big Bertha” was damaged after encountering unexpected subsurface conditions. Significant dewatering of multiple aquifers was required to reach the TBM for repairs. Groundwater drawdown and soil consolidation associated with dewatering created a 0.4 km² region of initial subsidence with maximum vertical settlements exceeding 2.5 cm between August and December 2014. Dewatering wells remained operational until January 2016 and likely contributed to observed groundwater drawdown in areas outside the region of initial subsidence. To determine how an urban landscape with complex and poorly constrained geologic and hydrologic conditions responds to an extended period of dewatering within multiple aquifers, the rate, duration, spatial extent, and magnitude of dewatering-related displacements were analyzed by combining three paths of Sentinel-1 interferometric synthetic aperture radar data spanning November 2014 to October 2019 into a time series of vertical surface deformation using the minimum acceleration algorithm. The results show that post-dewatering ground rebound within this complex hydrogeologic system occurred at faster rates and with more significant spatial deformation variability than initial subsidence, reaching rates of up to 17 cm/year coupled with potentially hazardous differential rebounds across short distances. In addition, prolonged groundwater pumping at depths greater than 60 m appears to have induced delayed subsidence over a larger area of ∼20 km², reaching magnitudes of up to 3 cm and lasting for over 3 years after the cessation of pumping.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Apr 2025 17:02:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543882</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mapping Urban Excavation Induced Deformation in 3D via Multiplatform InSAR Time-Series (UTI-UTC 27)
</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543420</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project explores the use of advanced Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) techniques to map three-dimensional ground deformations caused by urban excavation activities, particularly tunneling. By integrating time-series data from multiple SAR platforms—including UAVSAR, Sentinel-1, and COSMO-SkyMed—the study constructs a comprehensive deformation field that captures vertical and horizontal displacements over time. These remote sensing datasets are validated and fused with ground-based measurements, such as total station and leveling surveys, to improve accuracy and spatial resolution. The resulting 3D deformation models enable precise monitoring of subsidence and uplift phenomena associated with underground construction, offering valuable insights into the effects of excavation on surrounding infrastructure. The research supports the development of more resilient and data-informed urban planning, tunneling design, and risk management strategies.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 17:45:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543420</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Response of buried pipelines subjected to ground subsidence using a nonlinear Pasternak approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2512644</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pipelines, vital for transporting resources, face significant structural challenges due to ground movement. Many studies have been conducted to examine the impact of ground subsidence on pipelines, each aiming to improve understanding of soil-pipe interaction using various techniques. Commonly, Winkler or Pasternak models are adopted to account for the interaction between the pipeline and its supporting soil. However, these models fall short in addressing the inherent nonlinearity of the supporting soil, which may lead to considerable inaccuracies. To address these limitations, a nonlinear Pasternak model is developed in this research that is capable of capturing the nonlinearity of the soil supporting the pipelines. Besides, the settlement trough is appropriately modeled to consider the surface subsidence profile. The nonlinear soil behavior is modeled using a hyperbolic load-settlement relationship while the pipeline is represented by an Euler-Bernoulli beam. Validation of the model is carried out against centrifuge test data that confirm the model’s capability to accurately simulate displacements and bending moments along the pipe. A parametric study highlights that higher soil bearing capacity and initial subgrade reaction modulus lead to reduced deflection and internal forces in the pipeline. Additionally, the results indicate a threshold for the soil’s bearing capacity beyond which variation in the vertical displacements and bending moments is minimal. Also, an increase in the distance between the inflection point and maximum settlement of the subsidence profile results in higher pipeline deflection, bending moments, and shear forces. Furthermore, using Genetic Programming, empirical equations are derived that offer reliable estimates for the maximum vertical displacement, bending moment, and shear force, providing practical tools for pipeline design in subsidence-prone areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Mar 2025 09:10:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2512644</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Feasibility of InSAR for Continuous Monitoring of Ground Deformation and Performance Tracking of Geotechnical Assets</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487308</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Minnesota, ground movements (e.g., landslides, land subsidence, etc.) have led to significant damage and disruption to the state’s highway network. These geohazards can lead to lane closures, traffic delays, and emergency repairs. The objective of this research is to develop an automated warning system that can alert Minnesota Department o Transportation (MnDOT) staff of areas where abnormal ground deformation (e.g., landslides, subsidence, and sinkholes) is occurring along Minnesota interstate highways, allowing them to proactively intervene. While predicting these types of events beforehand is difficult, continuous, and accurate monitoring of ground deformation along roads is crucial to identify higher risk areas before they develop into major failures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 May 2025 11:57:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487308</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing Transportation Safety with InSAR Land Subsidence Monitoring</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475283</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Land subsidence is a gradual downward movement and deformation of the Earth's surface. It is driven by geophysical processes such as sediment compaction, tectonic activity, erosion, and human factors like excessive groundwater extraction, mining, and urban development. This study addresses the urgent need to quantify and mitigate the impacts of land subsidence on transportation infrastructure through an integrated approach utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Focusing on East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, the research examines areas prone to subsidence from 2017 to 2020, specifically targeting critical infrastructure such as Interstate 10, Interstate 12, and major bridges over the Mississippi River. Using a multi-criteria decision analysis framework through AHP, the study systematically prioritizes factors contributing to subsidence, including soil composition, land use/land cover, groundwater extraction rates, and slope stability, leading to the development of detailed susceptibility maps. Integrating machine learning algorithms further enhances the predictive accuracy of risk assessments and infrastructure planning. 
The following tasks will be performed to achieve the objectives of this study: Task 1: preprocess high-resolution Sentinel-1 SAR datasets for InSAR analysis, which generates detailed deformation fields through interferometric processing and time-series analysis. Task 2: apply AHP to assign weights to various subsidence drivers. Task 3: integrate spatial datasets within GIS to create risk maps. Task 4: validate the risk maps using ground truth data from global navigation satellite system observations and historical subsidence records. Task 5: perform temporal analysis of subsidence trends to forecast future deformation patterns, enabling the development of proactive intervention strategies. Task 6: report and share the results. 
The outcomes of this study include practical susceptibility maps and predictive models, offering valuable insights for transportation and urban planning stakeholders. These tools enhance infrastructure resilience by aiding in maintenance prioritization, optimizing land use, and informing policy decisions, ultimately supporting sustainable development by addressing subsidence risks, ensuring the long-term safety and efficiency of transportation networks, and advancing geospatial and remote sensing methodologies for land deformation studies.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2024 19:40:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475283</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reliability Analysis of Underground Pipelines Subject to Disturbance of Shield Tunnel Excavation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2283152</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tunnel excavation disturbs surrounding soil, causes deformation and displacement of the soil, and can result in a change of loads and constraints exerted on the pipelines in the vicinity of the tunnel. The internal forces of the pipelines will accordingly redistribute. Therefore, the safety level of the pipelines will change, mostly to decrease. In this paper, two types of pipelines, rigid pipeline and flexible one, are discussed. Then formulae which link the maximum ground subsidence with the deformation of a pipeline are derived under shield tunnel excavation. In consideration of the uncertainties in the parameters of the formulae, a probabilistic analysis on the safety of pipeline is conducted, according to the control criterion of both rigid and flexible pipelines. Finally, a case study is conducted to demonstrate the applicability of this method. This paper presents a convenient method to determine the safety of underground pipeline through the measurement of ground subsidence occurring during tunnel excavation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 20 Oct 2024 16:46:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2283152</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measurement and Simulation Study on Ground Subsidence Induced by Shield Tunneling in Sandy Stratum</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2203460</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a study of the ground subsidence law caused by tunnel excavation with EPB shield machine, in which a Metro site was selected for data collection. With the data measured in field and tools of general FEM program ABAQUS, a three-dimensional finite element model was established and a simulation study was conducted to analyze the construction progress under influences of all possible factors. Major regional and sub-regional factors influencing the ground subsidence were estimated, and the terrain types affecting vertical surface during construction and the amount of ground subsidence in various stages of construction were analyzed. Based on comprehensive understanding of these influencing factors, the prediction model for estimating ground deformation was studied. With the actual values of stratum and construction parameters as well as other relevant data for samples, the established model was applied to forecast the ground deformation, and verification of the availability and satisfactory results were produced.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Jun 2024 16:42:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2203460</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Subsurface Seismic Imaging Using Full-Waveform Inversion and Physics-Informed Neural Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2387190</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roadway subsidence presents a significant challenge in the maintenance and safety of transportation infrastructure. This localized downward movement of the ground surface is largely due to buried low-velocity anomalies, such as highly compressible soft clay or loose sand zones, voids, and abandoned mine workings. Subsidence not only compromises the integrity of the road surface but also poses a considerable risk to the safety of the traveling. The ability to effectively assess and address this geohazard is, therefore, a crucial aspect of transportation system management. The early identification of subsurface anomalies is key to mitigating risks associated with roadway subsidence. By detecting potential hazards before they manifest as surface deformations, remedial actions can be undertaken to prevent extensive damage or catastrophic collapse of the roadway. This proactive approach to roadway maintenance ensures the continuous safety and efficiency of transportation routes, thereby minimizing disruptions and potential hazards to the public. The overall objective of this research is to integrate Physics-Informed Neural Networks with full-waveform inversion to solve the elastic wave equation in heterogeneous geomaterials and invert subsurface low-velocity anomalies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Jun 2024 14:11:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2387190</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GPR analysis to detect subsidence: a case study on a loaded reinforced concrete pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310259</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subsidence seriously affects the structural stability and safety of pavements and foundation soils. In heavy-loaded pavements, there is a risk of floor sinking and further construction collapse; hence, there is a need to develop efficient methodologies to detect subsidence earlier. This work proposes the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) as a solution to non-invasively inspect the subsoil. Furthermore, as the interpretation of the GPR data is arguably subjective and highly dependent on who interprets it, different imaging techniques are herein exploited to improve the interpretability and detection of subsidence and settlement phenomena. The approach was applied to a heavily loaded reinforced concrete pavement servicing a manufacturing facility. Amplitude- and texture-based imaging methods were used to detect subsidence. The interpretation of such imaging was validated with additional geotechnical studies, which show that the proposed methods provide reliable results with good agreement between techniques.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2024 18:31:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310259</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The impact of tree transpiration on the safety and serviceability of pavement under seasonal variations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310515</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roadway trees planted as barriers reduce traffic noise and particle pollution in cities. However, tree roots may alter the soil's moisture content, resulting in uneven soil subsidence and maintenance issues for neighbouring structures. This study determined the safe distance between trees and pavement by investigating the effects of transpiration on pore water pressure (PWP) and pavement subsidence under seasonal variations. The root water uptake was simplified in a finite element model using multiple hydraulic head boundaries and validated using field observations. A hypoplastic model was used to model non-linear behaviour and plastic strain accumulation in unsaturated soil. Evergreen trees can reduce PWP by 72% during the dry season and 84% during the wet season, compared to bare soil. The subsidence did not decrease linearly with the distance away from trees under a rigid and impermeable pavement structure. The maximum bending moment was influenced by the distance between trees and pavement with the highest value occurring when trees were located near the pavement (up to five times the bending moments on pavement without trees). Our findings suggest that the pavement is at risk of experiencing structural failure if trees are located within 0.4 times their height away from the pavement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 03 Mar 2024 14:17:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310515</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on Properties of Polyurethane Grouting Foam Material for High-Speed Railway Track Lifting</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974108</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, a novel polyurethane grouting foam material (PGFM) was optimized with the polyether polyol species, molecular weight, functional degree, isocyanate index, chain extender contents, catalyst species and contents into the desired formula. Such optimized formulation design disclosed that the PGFM had the best comprehensive performance when the isocyanate index was of 1.2, polyether molecular weight of 500–800, functional degree of 3–4, and chain extender at 3% and the catalyst dosage C1 0.4% and C2 0.2%. Intensive investigation in the molding density of PGFM influence on mechanical properties, water absorption, frost/acid/alkali resistant, aging performance, environmental properties and safety tested by experiment was found that PGFM had the low water absorption rate, excellent mechanical properties, dimensional stability frost/acid/alkali resistance and safe and environmentally friendly. Lastly, after injecting polymer grouting material into the lift track, the durability and dispersion of PGFM were also tested to confirm its engineering application feasibility for high-speed railway lifting track structure. It revealed that the PGFM evenly distributed under the concrete base plate and the surface of the track subgrade. The grouting filler can not only distribute evenly on the surface of the subgrade, but also enter into the interior of the subgrade along with the graded gravel pores, which further played an important role in strengthening the subgrade.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 18 Nov 2023 16:44:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974108</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technogenic Hazards of Russian North Railway</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973984</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The degradation of permafrost can induce geohazards such as thaw subsidence affecting the performance of railway infrastructures. For example, along an 800-m-long segment Russian North Railway (from Pesets to Hanovey railway station), some zones of thaw subsidence were studied in summer 2018. The subsidence can be as high as 0.5 m. Drilling, landscape zoning, near-field transient electromagnetic sounding, and electrical resistivity tomography were carried out to assess the underlying stratigraphy and permafrost conditions. Engineering and geological conditions of the site are complicated by the presence of permafrost. Soils can be in thawed and frozen state at the base of the embankment. The spatial arrangement of thawed and frozen soils is discontinuous. The thaw settlement is due to the snow accumulation along the road embankment which insulates the ground surface in winter and prevents further ground freezing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Nov 2023 09:03:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973984</guid>
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