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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>ASSESSING THE BENEFITS OF SITE INVESTIGATION FOR TUNNELLING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271588</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper seeks to develop the advantages to an employer of a quality site investigation.  "Quality" need not mean "expensive", but the information derived must be relevant to the design of the works and to be suitable for mitigating contractual claims. The engineer should play a fundamental role at the site investigations stage, checking the progress of the investigation, perhaps specifying further drilling and testing, deciding whether an interpretive report should be presented to the tendering contractors and perhaps formulating ground reference conditions as a basis for contractor pricing of the work.  Discussions in the paper concentrate particularly on some of the main factors which influence the engineer's decisions before the works contract is let.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271588</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A FLOW CHART GUIDE TO SITE INVESTIGATION FOR TUNNELLING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271586</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An uncomplicated flow chart is used to demonstrate the place and importance of site investigation in a tunnelling contract, and the role that the engineer should play to ensure a cost-effective outcome for the project. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271586</guid>
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      <title>THE SOMPORT TUNNEL: COMPARISON OF TWO EXCAVATION CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/538927</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 8,597 m (5.34 mi) long Somport Tunnel currently under construction, is located in the Pyrenees, and is a vital link bridge between France and Spain along the European E-07 autoroute.  The construction plans for the project involve the new Austrian method which takes advantage of the remaining resistance of the land before it is decompressed for support. This method consists in an initial excavation before proceeding with its destruction, phased out over 4.5 months and implying a distance of some 600 meters (1,968 ft) between the two headings. Geological, hydro-ecological and geotechnical studies have highlighted the possibility of finding a water supply of karst source valued at some 400 liters (105 gal).  The present paper analyzes and compares the two construction methods that are currently being used, i.e. the conventional procedure of excavating advance sections before destroying them, and the procedure whereby a pilot bore is dug out with a tunnelling machine before being widened with explosives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/538927</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOR OF EXISTING BUILDINGS ABOVE THE LOS ANGELES METRO TUNNELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/539259</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The construction of the Los Angeles Metro's second segment in downtown Los Angeles is generally restricted to public rights-of-way.  In several instances, major directional changes of approximately 90 degrees are required on relatively large-radius curves to facilitate tunnel alignment shifts from one street to another and maintain operational speeds.  In these instances, the alignment has traversed private rights-of-way and passed below existing structures.  This paper describes the underlying geological conditions, tunneling-induced ground settlements and performance of several multi-story structures, including wood-framed apartment buildings and high-rise glass and metal-clad office buildings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/539259</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ESTIMATES OF SITE-DEPENDENT RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR NEW AND EXISTING HIGHWAY FACILITIES (METHODOLOGY AND JUSTIFICATION)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/487441</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Borehole-geotechnical data, Loma Prieta strong-motion data, and numerical modeling results constituted a new empirical basis to account for local geological conditions in earthquake-resistant design provisions.  This basis as proposed for incorporation into the 1994 and 1997 National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) provisions is updated and summarized here for consideration in revised American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) provisions.  These results provide unambiguous definitions of site classes and rigorous empirical estimates of site-dependent amplification factors in terms of mean shear-wave velocity.  The original simple four-step methodology for estimating site-dependent response spectra is updated and restated herein.  Alternative techniques and commentary are presented for each step to facilitate application of the methodology.  Essential aspects of the justification for the methodology as initially presented are summarized.  These results as incorporated into the NEHRP and other building code provisions provide a rigorous framework to estimate site-dependent response spectra for earthquake-resistant design.  Preliminary results from the Northridge and Kobe earthquakes are summarized.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jul 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/487441</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE INFLUENCE OF ROAD CROSS-PROFILE, SUBBASE AND SUBGRADE, AND PRECIPITATION ON THE BEARING CAPACITY OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/469234</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Between 1987 and 1991, eleven series of measurements of the bearing capacity of flexible pavements were carried out in 3 regions of the Republic of Slovenia.  The measurements were made on 57 test sections with lengths from 100m to 500m on roads with traffic.  The selected test sections have very similar pavement structures and quality of materials, but the subbase and subgrade material varied from clay to sandy gravel and crushed stone.  The climatic characteristics varied from harsh winters with mild summers, to a continental climate with harsh winters and hot summers.  Three types of cross profile were selected: cut, embankment, and formation level (ground).  The aim of these measurements was to determine the influence of subbase and subgrade materials, as well as of the quantity of precipitation and road cross-profile on the bearing capacity results measured by a Lacroix deflectograph improved by the technicians of our Institute.  During the project the data on pavement surface temperatures, precipitation, geological and hydrological conditions, the thicknesses and quality of materials in road construction, and the foundation soil constitution were obtained.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Nov 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/469234</guid>
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      <title>CUTTING OFF WATER IN QUEENS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/576530</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 1992, the New York City Transit Authority began the final design of tunnels to link an isolated subway stop in Queens to other routes in the vicinity.  The new tunnels required a cutoff wall system around the site to limit the drawdown of possibly contaminated nearby groundwater and there was concern that dewatering of the tunnel sight might upset peat deposits that underlie many surrounding buildings.  This article briefly describes the engineering and construction efforts required to overcome these and other geological problems. Work on the subway connection route is scheduled to be completed in the spring of 2001.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/576530</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PILE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/465263</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this document is to give guidance for the design and construction of piles in Hong Kong.  It is aimed at professionals and supervisory personnel involved in the design and construction of piles.  An introduction is provided in Chapter 1.  An outline of geological conditions pertinent to piling is given in Chapter 2, along with guidance on the scope of site investigations required for the design of piles.  Guidance on the types of piles commonly used in Hong Kong is given in Chapter 3.  Factors to be considered in choosing the most appropriate pile type and the issue of design responsibility are discussed in Chapter 4.  Guidance on methods of designing single piles and methods of assessing pile movement are given in Chapter 5.  The design of pile groups and their movement are covered in Chapter 6.  Given the nature of the geology of the urban areas of Hong Kong where granular soils predominate, emphasis has been placed on the design of piles in granular soil and weathered rock, although pile design in clay has also been outlined for use in areas underlain by argillaceous rock.  A summary of pile construction techniques commonly used in Hong Kong and a discussion on the range of potential construction problems, together with possible precautionary measures that may be adopted, are given in Chapter 7.  Chapter 8 describes the types of, and procedures for, static and dynamic load tests commonly used in Hong Kong.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/465263</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LANDSLIDES: INVESTIGATION AND MITIGATION. CHAPTER 4 - LANDSLIDE TRIGGERING MECHANISMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/462502</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The most common natural landslide triggers are described in this chapter, including intense rainfall, rapid snowmelt, water-level change, volcanic eruption, and earthquake shaking, and examples are provided in which observations or measurements have documented the relationship between triggers and landslides. Some geologic conditions that lead to susceptibility to landsliding caused by these triggers are identified.  Human activities that trigger landslides, such as excavation for road cuts and irrigation, are not discussed in this chapter.  To the extent possible, examples have been selected that illustrate landslide damage to transportation systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Jun 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/462502</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LANDSLIDES: INVESTIGATION AND MITIGATION. CHAPTER 14 - ROCK STRENGTH PROPERTIES AND THEIR MEASUREMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/462512</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The shear strength developed along potential rupture surfaces within a slope has an important influence on the stability of rock slopes.  In carrying out stability analyses, it is usually assumed that the rock behaves as a Mohr-Coulomb material in which the shear strength is expressed in terms of the cohesion and friction angle along the rupture surface.  The actual values of these two strength parameters are closely related to the geological conditions at each site, and any program to determine rock strength should start with a thorough examination of the geology.  In this chapter the relationship between geology and rock strength is discussed, and methods are described that are used to determine shear strength values.  The relationship between the strength of samples that can be tested in the laboratory and the strength of the rock mass is particularly important in determining design strength values for stability analysis.  It is rarely possible to test the rock mass in the laboratory because of difficulty in obtaining a large, undisturbed sample, and there are few machines available with the required load capacity.  Therefore it is necessary to use a combination of laboratory testing of small samples, empirical analysis, and field observations to determine a strength value, or range of values, that is representative of the rock mass on the rupture surface.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Jun 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/462512</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BATTLING PORTLAND'S BLOCKY BASALT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/426956</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes the excavation challenges that are facing contractors at a Portland, Oregon, light-rail tunnel excavation project.  Poorly interlocked basalt created problems for the tunnel boring machine, which was modified so excavation could continue.  The project involves the excavation and construction of 4.8-km (3-mi)-long twin tunnels that extend the light-rail system through a hill to the edge of Portland.  The geology of the area and excavation techniques are detailed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/426956</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DS2: DRILLED SHAFT DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/425982</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Groundwater inflow rate, equipment availability and cost, weather, and various geological circumstances are some of the uncontrollable and unpredictable factors that make drilled shaft construction highly complex.  Foundation subcontractors have become experts at making decisions regarding installation of drilled shafts in local conditions.  However, the knowledge of these experts is not easily obtained; thus, a decision support system called "DS2" has been developed to assist in the construction of drilled shafts.  Used correctly, DS2 can reduce construction costs by accessing a large quantity of expert advice that would otherwise be difficult and expensive to obtain.  DS2 consists of three prototype expert systems that interface with database, spreadsheet, and graphics packages.  A heuristic, rule-based, backward-chaining system allows DS2 to analyze geological information, recommend a construction method, prepare a preliminary cost estimate, and suggest key specification items.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jun 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/425982</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RECENT EXPERIENCE WITH THE MIXSHIELD UNDER DIFFICULT GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/424928</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The mixshield -- also called the hydroshield -- has, in the past, proven a reliable instrument for safe working face support. The basic principles of this support (trapezoidal pressure distribution over a compressed air cushion located behind an immersion wall) are well established and have stood the test. Still, a difficult geological profile requires additional measures to be taken in order to ensure the success of a shield drive. The author has chosen contract section 34 of the Essen underground railway to demonstrate this.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Apr 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/424928</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UNDERGROUND STATION DESIGN ISUES FOR LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT IN THE TWIN CITIES GEOLOGY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/405930</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study is intended to identify and analyze selected design issues for underground transit stations in the Twin Cities geology.  The first part of the study consists of six chapters in which key underground station design issues are discussed. The second part includes the development and analysis of conceptual designs for three potential  underground station sites: downtown Minneapolis, the University of Minnesota, and the airport.  These designs reveal a number of issues related to specific sites and are intended to establish a range of options to be further evaluated by system planners.  The report does not attempt to reproduce all station design provisions in the various applicable codes of practice, but does present many design suggestions culled from the authors' experience with underground building design and from the literature on transit station design and safety.  A brief summary of highlights and conclusions, where applicable, follows each chapter.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/405930</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>KUJI OIL STORAGE CAVERN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/378184</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Oil storage facilities consisting of groups of large underground caverns have been built at three locations in Japan. Construction of these cavern groups was achieved in a remarkably short time in spite of Japan's notoriously complex geological conditions. At the Kuji Plant, good results were producted by using a water seal control system as part of the data-based construction process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Jul 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/378184</guid>
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