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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJkYXRlaW4iIHZhbHVlPSJhbGwiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9InN1YmplY3Rsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJ0ZXJtc2xvZ2ljIiB2YWx1ZT0ib3IiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9ImxvY2F0aW9uIiB2YWx1ZT0iMCIgLz48L3BhcmFtcz48ZmlsdGVycz48ZmlsdGVyIGZpZWxkPSJpbmRleHRlcm1zIiB2YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7R2VvZ3JpZHMmcXVvdDsiIG9yaWdpbmFsX3ZhbHVlPSImcXVvdDtHZW9ncmlkcyZxdW90OyIgLz48L2ZpbHRlcnM+PHJhbmdlcyAvPjxzb3J0cz48c29ydCBmaWVsZD0icHVibGlzaGVkIiBvcmRlcj0iZGVzYyIgLz48L3NvcnRzPjxwZXJzaXN0cz48cGVyc2lzdCBuYW1lPSJyYW5nZXR5cGUiIHZhbHVlPSJwdWJsaXNoZWRkYXRlIiAvPjwvcGVyc2lzdHM+PC9zZWFyY2g+" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Experimental evaluation on bearing performance of tire cell-geogrid reinforced subgrades</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670022</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents an experimental investigation of the bearing performance and deformation behavior of tire cell and tire cell-geogrid reinforced subgrades under static loading. Three physical models were tested: an unreinforced subgrade, a tire cell reinforced subgrade, and a tire cell-geogrid reinforced subgrade. Instrumentation, including pressure cells and strain gauges, was carefully calibrated to ensure accurate measurement of vertical stresses and reinforcement strains. The experiments quantified the effects of reinforcement configuration on surface settlement, vertical stress distribution within the reinforced zone. Results show that tire cells substantially reduced surface settlement and redistributed vertical stresses beneath the loading plate, while the addition of a geogrid layer further enhanced stress spreading and structural stiffness. Geogrid tensile strains peaked near the load center and gradually decreased outward, indicating the tensile force of reinforcement mobilization. Overall, the tire cell-geogrid system provided a more uniform stress field and higher load-bearing stiffness compared with the unreinforced or tire cell-only models. The observed synergistic interaction between tire cells and the geogrid highlights the potential of tire cell-geogrid reinforcement approach for sustainable subgrade stabilization in transportation engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 09:11:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670022</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DIC-Based Investigation into Failure Mechanisms and Geogrid Optimization of Eccentrically Loaded Footings above Void</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ground loss from road tunnelling beneath surface buildings can generate localized subsurface voids, threatening the serviceability and safety of shallow foundations. This study performs DIC-assisted laboratory model tests to investigate the bearing response of an eccentrically loaded strip footing in sand above a tunnelling-induced void, with geogrid reinforcement adopted as a mitigation measure. The experimental program is organized by the following dimensionless groups: the eccentricity ratio e/B, the void burial depth H/D, the void horizontal position S/D and the geogrid embedment and length ratios u/B and L/B. Full-field DIC observations clearly reveal the evolution of failure paths and disturbed zones and provide the first comprehensive set of full-field displacement maps for the coupled footing–void–geogrid system under eccentric loading. The results show that increasing e/B reduces the ultimate bearing capacity, intensifies footing rotation,　and shifts the disturbed zone toward the unloaded side. The failure mode is governed by the combined effects of the void and the footing influence zone. For example, when the footing influence zone overlaps with the void, the stress path tends to develop toward the void, and the ultimate bearing capacity decreases accordingly. When the cover thickness or the void’s horizontal offset exceeds the footing influence zone, the failure mode can be approximated as a “no-void” condition.Geogrid reinforcement markedly improves the capacity and exhibits optima in u/B and L/B: a distinct optimal u/B appears at larger e/B, whereas a plateau-type optimal range emerges at smaller e/B, the required L/B increases with e/B. Under the present conweuration, void effects become negligible when H/B≈3. For geogrid mitigation, the recommended embedment depth is u/B≈0.2–0.4 for e/B≳0.3 (with u/B≈0.2 at e/B = 0.4), and the plateau range is u/B≈0.6–1.2 for e/B ≤ 0.1, a practical reinforcement length is L/B≈8.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 16:38:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667389</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>National Airport Pavement Test Facility Construction Cycle 9 Volume 3—Geosynthetic Test</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688793</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Construction Cycle 9 (CC9) was the ninth in a series of full-scale airport pavement tests performed at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Airport Pavement Test Facility, the fifth involving flexible pavements. It contained four test areas: fatigue, geosynthetics, cement-treated permeable base, and overload. This report addresses the geosynthetics test area, which consisted of two test items: LFC-3N with a geotextile separation fabric between the subgrade and subbase plus a Class B geogrid at the subbase/base interface, and LFC-3S with just the geotextile. These test items were subjected to simulated full-scale aircraft trafficking along with a control test item (LFC-4S) with similar materials and thickness but not containing geosynthetics. The goal of this test was to quantify any improvement in performance of the geosynthetic test items when compared to the control test item. Data were collected through laboratory and in situ testing, visual evaluation, and embedded pavement sensors. Researchers analyzed the effect of construction practices on pavement performance and compared pavement responses in all structural layers, in particular examining how the accumulation of permanent deformation is affected by the presence or absence of geogrid reinforcement and geotextile separation fabric. All three test items experienced structural failure before the end of traffic. Test items with geosynthetic elements had greater surface upheaval, rutting, and crack density than the control section; however, this was attributed to improper compaction of the sublayers during construction. The embedded sensors indicated that the geogrid increased the resistance to permanent deformation in the granular subbase layer. Despite accumulating higher surface rutting (attributed to the underlying compaction issues), the geogrid-reinforced test item LFC-3N exhibited lower upheaval than the other test items when trafficked beyond the pass where the failure criterion was met (1-in. dilative heave). The inclusion of geogrid aided in lateral confinement and resulted in lower permanent deformation in the subbase layer of LFC-3N than in the subbase layers of the LFC-3S and LFC-4S.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2026 16:48:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688793</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Novel 3D grid for reinforcing asphalt pothole repairs: Design, experiments, and numerical analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2654789</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Premature failure of asphalt pothole repairs commonly results from stress concentrations at the interface between the repair material and the surrounding pavement. To address this issue, a novel three-dimensional (3D) grid was developed as a composite reinforcement layer to mitigate interfacial stresses and improve the structural integrity of repaired pavements. Laboratory rutting and shear tests confirmed that the 3D grid significantly improves the rutting resistance and interfacial shear strength of pothole repairs. Finite element simulations were then conducted to compare the 3D grid with a conventional planar geogrid, demonstrating that the 3D configuration provides superior mechanical confinement and stress diffusion. Subsequent parametric analyses were performed to examine the effects of the elastic modulus of repair materials, pothole depth, loading position, base stiffness, and traffic wheel load. The results show that the 3D grid performs optimally in shallow potholes and under sidewall loading. It effectively mitigates edge stress concentrations caused by stiff bases and heavy wheel loads. Considering both cost and reinforcement efficiency, a grid aperture of about 40 mm and a protrusion height ranging from one-third to one-half of the pothole depth are recommended for field application. Finally, the limitations of this study and future research on further improving the 3D grid were discussed. These findings present a practical and cost-effective approach for improving the structural performance and service life of asphalt pothole repairs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Apr 2026 11:46:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2654789</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of geogrid stabilization on ballast breakage under monotonic triaxial loading</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647976</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Railway ballast particle breakage leads to fines generation, increases fouling, reduces drainage capacity, and ultimately weakens track performance. While geogrids are known to stabilize ballast by limiting particle movement and redistributing contact stresses, their effectiveness in reducing breakage, particularly at different ballast depths, remains unclear. This study employs a large-scale monotonic triaxial testing framework to evaluate particle breakage in clean ballast, with and without geogrid stabilization, under both loose and compacted density conditions. Each specimen was divided into four vertical zones: Top, Top-Mid, Bottom-Mid, and Bottom, and particle size groups were color-coated to enable breakage tracking. The results show that geogrid-stabilized specimens exhibited greater strength and stiffness in both density conditions. For loose ballast, geogrid inclusion reduced total particle breakage by approximately 27%, with the most significant reduction occurring in the middle zones. In contrast, for compacted ballast, the total breakage remained nearly unchanged with geogrid use; however, breakage was more evenly distributed across all zones, with noticeable reductions in the Top and Top-Mid zones. Corner breakage dominated in the middle zones, and splitting breakage near the top and bottom. Marsal’s breakage (Bg) index proved most sensitive for zone-by-zone evaluation. The findings highlight the benefit of geogrids in mitigating ballast degradation and emphasize the importance of zone-specific analysis under varying density conditions. The proposed monotonic triaxial framework provides a mechanistic baseline for future cyclic triaxial studies, where repetitive loading will further clarify long-term stress redistribution, particle migration, and cumulative breakage under realistic railway service conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2026 09:09:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647976</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterization of Reinforced Asphalt Pavement Structures Built over Organic Soils Employing Falling Weight Deflectometer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2191881</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many regions throughout Florida have shallow layers of plastic and organic soils under existing roadways. Due to low strength and extremely high compressibility characteristics of these soils, most of the roads built over these subgrades frequently exhibit vast amount of cracking, distortion, rutting and differential settlement, curtailing their useful life. This paper presents a case study in the use of a variety of pavement reinforcing products in an effort to alleviate excessive pavement distortion and degradation resulting from unstable foundation. A total of 24 test sections (each 500 feet long) were constructed which included 8 control sections, and 16 reinforced asphalt sections containing Glasgrid, PetroGrid, PaveTrac and Asphalt Rubber Membrane Interlayer (ARMI), at 2 different test locations representing significantly different site characteristics. Prior to rehabilitation, Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) tests were conducted at every 50 feet along the proposed test section alignment for evaluating the existing pavement capacity, and statistically determining the site variability among the test sections. Six months after the reconstruction project, FWD tests were repeated at the same locations ascertaining relative performance improvements of the test sections. The stiffness/strength of the test sections increased moderately, owing primarily to the reinforcements. The pavement performance over time, however, could be different depending on several factors, such as interlock between the grid and the asphalt and the restraint provided by each reinforcement; therefore, monitoring will continue for several years.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:24:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2191881</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANALYSIS OF PAVEMENT STRESS-STRAIN RESPONSE UNDER DYNAMIC LOADING WITH GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659331</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines load distribution and stress-strain behavior due to moving vehicles on road sections with and without geogrid reinforcement. Field measurements were taken from the Arughat-Okhale Road Section of Nepal’s Midhill Highway Project using a TATA Truck Tipper SK 1613 at the speed of 5 km/h. Data was collected with earth pressure and strain gauge sensors placed at the mid-thickness of the base course. Numerical models were developed to simulate both constant and accelerated vehicle motion (0.50 m/s2) with point and area load configurations. Results showed that area load configurations better matched field measurements. The study analyzed stress-strain distributions at critical points above the subgrade and base course. Geogrid reinforcement improved subgrade stress-strain, mitigating structural deficiencies, while enhancing base course stress-strain to reduce surface distresses. This methodology can be adapted to varying road conditions, traffic, and vehicle dynamics. Further research on different geogrid types and material models is recommended to optimize road design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:20:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659331</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Model Studies Using Reinforced RAP as Base Course in Flexible Pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659369</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Attempts are made in this article to explore the possibility of using Polymer reinforced Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a base course of flexible pavement based on limited model studies carried out in laboratory. Polymer geogrid and Polymer geocells were used as reinforcements in RAP which was placed on a soft clay bed with low CBR value (<2.0%) in a steel tank. Nonwoven geotextile was used as a separation layer between soft clay and RAP material to avoid intermixing soft clay with RAP. Several such laboratory model tests were done both on unreinforced and polymer reinforced RAP to study the beneficial effects of polymer reinforcements on RAP. Model tests were also done using unreinforced Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) which is commonly used as base course materials for conventional flexible pavement, to compare its load bearing capacity with that of reinforced RAP. Improvement Factor (IF) is defined as the ratio of load bearing capacity of reinforced materials over unreinforced materials at a specified settlement. The improvement factor on load bearing capacity of RAP reinforced with polymer geocell and polymer geogrid + polymer geocell in comparison to that of conventional WMM base course materials was observed to be 1.61 and 1.75, respectively. This improvement in load carrying capacity of polymer reinforced RAP as compared to that of conventional WMM base course materials suggests that polymer reinforced RAP can be used as alternative base course materials for cost-effective alternative flexible pavement construction. Cost analysis based on market rates indicates that alternative flexible pavement option with polymer reinforced RAP as base course is cost effective as compared to that of conventional flexible pavement with WMM base course.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 08:38:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659369</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field performance of recycled and virgin plastic composite geosynthetics in gravel roads: Moisture mitigation and structural benefits</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636186</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasing accumulation of plastic waste presents both an environmental challenge and an opportunity for sustainable infrastructure solutions. This study investigates the use of recycled plastic in composite geosynthetics for stabilizing unpaved gravel roads. The new composite geosynthetic, consisting of a recycled plastic geogrid bonded to a nonwoven geotextile, was compared with a similar virgin plastic product and a control section without geosynthetics. Three full-scale test sections were constructed in Buchanan County, Iowa, and their performance was evaluated under traffic loading from heavy trucks, farm equipment, and seasonal variations. Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD), Field California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, rut depth measurements, sand-cone tests for in-place density, and field sensor instrumentation for moisture and temperature were used to assess performance trends. Results demonstrate that recycled plastic composite geosynthetic increased bearing capacity by up to 30 %, improved stiffness and elastic modulus by 25 %, and reduced moisture content in base and subgrade layers by 10–20 %. These enhancements translated into minimized rutting, improved soil stability, and potential reductions in granular base thickness. The recycled plastic composite provided comparable performance to its virgin counterpart, underscoring its potential as a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable alternative. Beyond promoting circular use of plastics, this approach can reduce maintenance costs and extend the service life of unpaved roads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 16:28:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636186</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field test and numerical simulation study of geogrid reinforced gradient pile-supported embankment for controlling the settlement of bridge approach on expressways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636287</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Differential settlement between bridge abutments and embankments represents the main cause of expressway bridgehead bumps. Pile-supported reinforced embankments are commonly employed to mitigate such differential settlement. However, existing research has not fully elucidated the influence of pile spacing, geogrid layer configuration, and pile arrangement on the soil arching effect of the embankment and the differential settlement at the bridge head. This study therefore investigates a detailed application of geogrid-reinforced floating pile-supported (GRFPS) embankments for bridge approach settlement control. Field monitoring covered soil pressure, settlement, and geogrid strain measurements. Analysis showed that pile cap settlements began to increase gradually once the filling height H reached 2.4(s-a), while the pile-soil settlement ratio η remained stable. This signified full development of the soil arching effect. With increased pile spacing, the peak strain of the reinforcement at the subsoil surface increased by approximately 36 % owing to diminished soil arching efficiency. The effects of geogrid reinforcement layers, pile spacing, and gradient floating pile angle on the settlement of the bridge approach were studied using finite element simulation. The research findings indicated that the maximum coefficient of lateral earth pressure K for embankments with single-layer and double-layer geogrid reinforcements increased by approximately 20 % and 57 %, respectively, compared to an embankment without geogrid reinforcement. The outer arch height increased from 1.2(s-a) to 3.3(s-a) as the pile spacing increased. The influence of floating piles with different angles on the settlement of the bridge approach was further studied. It was found that the differential settlement between the abutment and embankment could be minimized when the gradient floating pile angle was less than or equal to 10 degrees or the pile spacing was less than or equal to 2.8 m.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 16:28:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636287</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Incorporating Knowledge from Sensor Data and In-Situ Testing into the Design Framework of Geogrid-Stabilized Pavement Aggregate Layers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661771</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A stiff mechanically stabilized layer (MSL) is achieved by installing a geogrid in a constructed pavement aggregate base/subbase. The inclusion of geogrid is known to improve pavement performance, yet a direct quantification and integration of geogrid benefits into pavement design has remained underutilized in many state transportation agency practices. This study attempts to address this gap by examining the integration of state-of-the-art sensor data and in-situ testing into the analysis and design of geogrid-stabilized pavement aggregate layers. Using automated plate load testing (APLT) on instrumented pavements with pressure cells and innovative Bender Element (BE) field sensors, a comprehensive paired testing effort was conducted on three pavement test sections constructed as part of the US-20 highway reconstruction project in Elkhart, Indiana. The field experiment included a control section with no geogrid and two geogrid-stabilized sections where a biaxial geogrid was installed in two different depths within the constructed unbound aggregate layers. The in-situ tests aimed to measure the composite resilient modulus and capture the deformation characteristics of the aggregate layers under repeated loading. Results demonstrated that sections stabilized with geogrids exhibited improved structural performance, evidenced by higher resilient moduli and reduced permanent deformation accumulations compared with the control section. Moreover, layer modulus enhancement ratios derived from shear wave velocity measurements with BE sensors indicated that geogrid sections exhibited increased local stiffness characteristics near geogrids. Based on the field study findings, a mechanistic approach was introduced to analyze geogrid-stabilized aggregate base/subbase and adequately incorporate their structural contributions into pavement design procedures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 10:06:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661771</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of the performance of a geogrid placed in a cement-treated subbase using accelerated pavement testing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643732</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road construction costs are high partly due to the scarcity and cost of good quality building materials. The inclusion of geosynthetics in flexible pavement structures has been shown to improve pavement performance. The study indicated the potential benefit of increasing the life of the pavement by adding a multi-shape geogrid layer to a cement-treated subbase. APT testing was conducted using the Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in South Africa. When the rutting data, deflection data and the stiffnesses back-calculated from FWD data are considered, it is evident that the inclusion of the geogrid into the cement-treated layer was beneficial and could increase the life of the pavement significantly. The addition of the geogrid to the structure led to an approximate 5% increase in the construction cost. This is negligible in comparison to the significant increase in pavement life. However, the results are valid for a relatively strong (10–30 million ESAL) design. Further work should include the use of the geogrid in a cement-treated base in a weaker pavement where the benefit could potentially be higher.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 08:41:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643732</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Low thickness platform on soft soil reinforced with rigid inclusions: 2D rolling load tests in centrifuge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2626051</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effect of rolling loads on a thin granular subgrade, reinforced with rigid inclusions (RIs) and based on soft soil, is investigated using centrifuge modelling with a 2D scale model at 1/10th scale. The inclusion coverage rate is 10%. The model consists of a sand mattress—optionally reinforced with a geogrid sheet—an analog soft soil made of expanded polystyrene, and regularly spaced vertical metal plates. This setup is placed in a transparent container to facilitate the analysis of loading images. Traffic loading is simulated using a weighted roller, and results reveal an evolution of the load transfer platform (LTP) behavior during the traffic. Both unidirectional and bidirectional rolling tests are performed to replicate linear service traffic. Arching effects and geogrid-induced confinement within the sand mattress are measured using flexible tactile sensors and load cells embedded in the RIs. The efficiency of reinforcement in terms of load distribution is quantified for the different test configurations. Experimentally, load transfer to the RIs is found to be greater when the geogrid reinforcement (GGR) is placed at mid-height of the thin LTP, compared to placement directly on the RI heads. Finally, a simplified analytical model is proposed to estimate the vertical load at the top of the RIs, induced by the combined weight of the mobile roller and the resistance to forward motion at the LTP surface]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2026 09:11:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2626051</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparative study on fiber reinforcement and geogrid for enhancing the long-term performance of asphalt pavements against rutting failure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2612735</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rutting remains a critical challenge for the long-term performance and durability of asphalt pavements, often resulting in structural failures and compromised road safety. This study evaluates the effectiveness of incorporating synthetic fiber reinforcements—namely Glass Fiber (GFM), Recycled Plastic Carbon Fiber (RPC), and SN-Fiber (SNF)—alongside geogrid systems to enhance rutting resistance under both short-term and long-term loading conditions. A series of laboratory tests, including the Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test (HWTT) and the Model Mobile Load Simulator (MMLS3), were conducted to assess the deformation behavior of the reinforced asphalt mixtures. The results revealed that the GFM and RPC mixtures significantly outperformed the un-modified Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) and SNF-reinforced mixtures, demonstrating superior resistance to permanent deformation and moisture-induced damage. In particular, the GFM mixtures exhibited the lowest rut depths and the most stable deformation profiles under repeated loading. Moreover, the inclusion of geogrids further improved rutting resistance, with conventional HMA mixes showing reductions in rut depth of up to 30 %.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Dec 2025 10:19:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2612735</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanistic evaluation of biaxial and triaxial geogrids and geocells reinforcing C&amp;D waste aggregate layers for sustainable flexible pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2609087</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Integrating geosynthetics with recycled aggregates in pavement construction presents a technically reliable and environmentally sustainable alternative to natural aggregates, aligning with circular economy principles. This study evaluates the structural performance of geosynthetic reinforced base layers constructed using 100 % recycled aggregate (RA), sourced from a construction and demolition (C&D) waste processing facility, and compares the performance of base layers prepared with natural aggregate (NA). A series of static plate load tests were conducted on reinforced and unreinforced sections over subgrades with CBR values of 3 % and 9 %, incorporating biaxial geogrids, triaxial geogrids, and geocells at varying depths. For the tested configurations, geocell reinforcement with a 150 mm cell depth achieved the highest modulus improvement factor and layer coefficient ratio placed corresponding to optimal placement depth (u/a of 0.33). Similarly, triaxial geogrid (GRD1) exhibited superior performance at a placement depth of (u/a of 0.33) among geogrids, while biaxial geogrid (GRD2) exhibited moderate improvements for both the test conditions (i.e., base layers with recycled and natural aggregates). Furthermore, unreinforced and reinforced pavement layers with recycled aggregates achieved resilient moduli within the range of 261.6 MPa and 746.6 MPa, enabling significant impact on the pavement layers while maintaining critical strains within permissible limits. The findings provide novel insights into the comparative structural behaviour of pavement layers constructed using recycled and natural aggregate consisting of wet mix macadam (WMM). Additionally, the quantified improvement factors can conform to mechanistic empirical pavement design frameworks, supporting the development of sustainable and structurally efficient pavement systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:56:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2609087</guid>
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