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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Assessing a New Tool for Early Detection of Endangered Turtles on Proposed Transportation Projects</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582592</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As turtle populations decline worldwide, there is an increased need for rapid and reliable monitoring of species to meet the need of increased regulatory burdens. The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) as a monitoring tool for rare species is becoming increasingly common, but there is a still a need to optimize methods in the laboratory and the field at a per assay level. Here, the authors evaluated the effectiveness of environmental DNA (eDNA) for detecting Blanding’s turtles and wood turtles across Minnesota. They developed two highly sensitive eDNA assays, sampled aquatic habitats across multiple seasons aligned with key life history stages of the turtles, analyzed occupancy and detection probabilities based on these sampling efforts, and assessed the costs associated with implementing these surveys. Both of the assays are developed up to the “Operational” level on the Thalinger eDNA validation scale and can be used with confidence for detecting turtles. The authors found that Blanding’s turtles are easier to detect in the late summer and early fall months and are more likely to occupy smaller bodies of water. Individual predictor for wood turtles were weakly supported and would benefit from increased replication targeting this species in future studies. The authors found that the per sample cost of this study was $79.38, however cost per detection varied with time of year and species. These eDNA assays are rapid, reliable tools for detection of Blanding’s and wood turtles at a reasonable cost and provide potential for greatly improved methods of monitoring these rare species throughout Minnesota.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Aug 2025 16:42:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582592</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Ecological, Genetic, and Disease Impacts of Translocations on Florida Scrub-jays (Aphelocoma Coerulescens) Impacted by Habitat Loss</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569131</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objectives of this project are to translocate Florida scrub-jays (FSJs) annually in Fall 2025 and 2026 from abundant populations in South Brevard to areas with low abundance and available habitat, supported by population viability analyses and the FSJ recovery coordinator. This includes evaluating potential recipient conservation lands, banding and collecting genetic and disease data from translocated birds, and monitoring their success as breeders. Additionally, the project aims to assess the genetic compatibility of translocated FSJs using existing genomic datasets to investigate kinship, genetic variation, and immunogenetic compatibility, which may impact translocation success. Finally, the project will determine the impact of pathogenic infections on translocated FSJs and how translocations affect pathogen transmission dynamics, including creating a pathogen database, characterizing pathogen presence and diversity, and testing associations between infections and genetic variation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jun 2025 09:55:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569131</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomarkers for Noise-Induced Sleep Disruption</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550834</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Noise experienced by the general population in proximity to airports and aviation flight routes can result in disrupted sleep. Sleep disruption and fragmentation may be mitigated by wearing earplugs or introducing broadband noise (e.g., pink noise) into the bedroom. However, these countermeasures are poorly investigated and understood. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels and Environment (also known as the Aviation Sustainability Center or ASCENT) has supported the University of Pennsylvania in investigating earplugs and pink noise to mitigate sleep disruption from simulated aircraft noise, using approaches such as physiological and neurobehavioral performance monitoring. The FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute complemented these efforts by receipt of blood samples collected from human subjects exposed to the simulated aircraft noise and monitored by the University of Pennsylvania. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from the blood followed by total RNA sequencing and differential gene expression analyses, which provided molecular insights about human responses to noise and the mitigations tested. Altogether 1,246 genes were differentially expressed in response to the experimental exposure condition (control without noise, pink noise at a level of 50 dBA, simulated aircraft noise, and simulated aircraft noise with a mitigation: pink noise at 40 dBA, pink noise at 50 dBA, or earplugs). There were 2,181 genes associated with awakenings during noise exposure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2025 11:59:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550834</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploratory Development of Biomarkers for Neurobehavioral Performance Impairment During Sleep Loss: Comparison Across Multiple Types of Sleep Deprivation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551049</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Inter-individual variation in response to insufficient or altered timing of sleep presents a challenge for the development of personalized approaches to fatigue monitoring and mitigation. Besides health impacts, insufficient sleep can result in impaired neurobehavioral performance and pose a substantial risk of injury and even mortality in safety-critical operations such as transportation. The present study provides a detailed exploration of physiological, neurobehavioral, and gene expression changes during sleep restriction, acute total sleep deprivation, and altered timing of sleep among 59 healthy volunteer participants who completed a 10-day inpatient study. Reducing the quantity or altering the timing of sleep significantly impacts self-reported estimates of sleep duration, polysomnography-recorded sleep stages, and neurobehavioral performance test results. Impaired neurobehavioral performance was associated with transcriptomic changes in gene expression. A comparison of current and prior research on total sleep deprivation indicated that reproducible candidate gene expression biomarkers exist for at least one metric of attention, specifically, Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) lapses. Candidate biomarkers of fatigue-related impairment were identified that responded to single neurobehavioral performance endpoints, as well as those that responded to multiple types or metrics of performance. Reproducible identification of biomarker candidates for PVT lapses during total sleep deprivation increases confidence in the ability to develop a molecular approach to fatigue-related impairment detection, while novel discoveries expanded the list of candidate genes to other impairment metrics. Molecular biomarkers for neurobehavioral performance impairment represent a potentially valuable tool to more precisely monitor the neurobehavioral performance deficits resulting from sleep loss, and further research and validation could one day augment fatigue risk management practices that historically emphasize scheduling and rest opportunities. The data generated from self-assessment, polysomnography, neurobehavioral performance, and molecular investigations provide a wealth of information made publicly available for further data mining and scientific advancements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2025 11:59:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551049</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Genetic Predictors of Destructive and Constructive Forms of Digital Behavior of Young Adults</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407837</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the context of globalization there is an increasing tendencies of manifestation of extremism, negativism, aggression, asocial and dissocial behavior on the Internet. However, the question of the biological determination of destructive and constructive forms and transformations of users’ behavior remains open. The study was aimed to search for genetic predictors of digital behavior among young adults. The study involved 115 people (51 males, 64 females) aged 18 to 22 years. In order to study the digital behavior, the authors used “Strategies of digital behavior” questioner (Abakumova I.V., Ermakov P.N., Romek V.G., Kolenova A.S., Grishina A.V., Zvezdina G.P.). Molecular genetic analysis was performed through the DNA isolation from buccal epithelial cells. Statistical methods included comparative analysis, very simple structure method (VSS), principal component analysis, and ANOVA. It is shown that the majority of the sample have the most pronounced active “constructive” form of digital behavior (45%), active “destructive” and passive “constructive” are expressed almost equally (27% and 28%). The active-destructive form of digital behavior is reliably more often observed in carriers of the combination of BDNF G/G, COMT G/A, and DRD2 T/T polymorphisms. For the constructive forms of digital behavior, no biological determination or association with the studied genes was established. The results about the association of COMT, BDNF, and DRD2 genes with the behavioral strategies of Internet users, on the one hand, are consistent with the general knowledge about their role, on the other hand, the data expand the existing ideas about the biological determination of digital behavior.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2025 16:02:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407837</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rhizosphere microbial community structure and PICRUSt2 predicted metagenomes function in heavy metal contaminated sites: A case study of the Blesbokspruit wetland</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2490949</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the microbial diversity inhabiting the roots (rhizosphere) of macrophytes thriving along the Blesbokspruit wetland, South Africa's least conserved Ramsar site. The wetland suffers from decades of pollution from mining wastewater, agriculture, and sewage. The current study focused on three macrophytes: Phragmites australis (common reed), Typha capensis (bulrush), and Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth). The results revealed a greater abundance and diversity of microbes (Bacteria and Fungi) associated with the free-floating E. crassipes compared to P. australis and T. capensis. Furthermore, the correlation between microbial abundance and metals, showed a strong correlation between fungal communities and metals such as nickel (Ni) and arsenic (As), while bacterial communities correlated more with lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). The functional analysis predicted by PICRUSt2 identified genes related to xenobiotic degradation, suggesting the potential of these microbes to break down pollutants. Moreover, specific bacterial groups – Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Cyanobacteria, and Bacteroidetes – were linked to this degradation pathway. These findings suggest a promising avenue for microbe-assisted phytoremediation, a technique that utilizes plants and their associated microbes to decontaminate polluted environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Feb 2025 11:32:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2490949</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prevalence, transmission and genomic epidemiology of mcr-1-positive colistin-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from international airplane waste, local resident fecal and wastewater treatment plants</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2460474</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The emergence and dissemination of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli (MCRPEC) represent a critical public health threat. Here, the authors conducted a prospective analysis of MCRPEC isolates from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), local residents' fecal (LRF), and international airplane waste (IAW) to investigate their genetic characteristics and transmission patterns circulating in human-environment domains. The MCRPEC prevalence was 2.43 % in WWTPs, 1.37 % in IAW and 0.69 % in LRF. MCRPEC showed substantial genetic diversity, encompassing 61 sequence types (primarily ST1011, ST101, and ST2705), 7 plasmid types (primarily IncI2), 8 phylogroups (primarily A and B1), 9 mcr-1-flanked lineages (primarily L5), 6 clusters (primarily C2 and C4), diverse serotypes, and 61.95 % transposon-containing strains. The mcr-1 gene co-existed with 46 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and 19 virulence factor genes (VFGs). Notably, 6 IncI2 plasmids carried the blaCTX-M, IS1380, and mcr-1 genes. MCRPEC from WWTPs harbored a greater number of ARGs (56.95 ± 5.99) but fewer VFGs (15.03 ± 6.40) compared to those from human-associated sources (LRF and IAW). ST1011, ST2705, IncHI2, and L7 were prevalent in WWTP-derived MCRPEC, whereas IncX4 and L3 were more common in human-derived MCRPEC. Genetic features such as ST101, ST48, IncI2, L4, L5, C2, and C4 were simultaneously present in strains from LRF, IAW, and WWTPs. Core genetic analyses also showed genetically similar MCRPEC strains across various geographic locations. The findings underscore the extensive dissemination, strong environmental adaptation, and clonal transmission of MCRPEC across diverse reservoirs, reinforcing the urgent need for coordinated multisectoral surveillance of human and environment interfaces to effectively mitigate further transmission.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Dec 2024 13:20:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2460474</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterization of bioaerosols associated with commuter transport micro-environments using high throughput sequencing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2460112</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Air quality inside commuter transport is an important public health issue. However, there is currently limited information on commuter exposure to the microbial fraction of airborne particles (i.e. bioaerosols) in different types of transport. Here the authors investigated the abundance and diversity of bioaerosols in public trains and private automobiles in the UK using molecular approaches. Overall, bacterial 16S rRNA gene abundances were significantly greater with the train (between 3.07×10⁵ and 8.97×10⁵ copies/m³) compared to the car (between 4.21×10⁴ and 4.78×10⁵ copies/m³) (p-value 0.019 < 0.05), with no significant differences found with train journeys throughout the day (p-value >0.05). In terms of microbial composition, significant differences were found between the two modes of transport, for both bacterial and fungal communities. Specifically, bacteria were dominated by Proteobacteria (trains: 37 %; cars: 30 %), Firmicutes (trains: 20 %; cars: 36 %), Actinobacteria (trains: 34 %; cars: 16 %) and Bacteroidetes (trains: 6.1 %; cars: 13 %). Within the fungi, Ascomycota were predominant in the train (80 %), while the car was dominated by Basidiomycota (70 %), which may be due to the time of year sampled. Additionally, a core bacterial and fungal microbiome, including human commensals and outdoor-originating micro-organisms, alongside several taxa of human health concern were found in the air of both modes of transport. This study provides an important insight into the aerosol microbiome in transport micro-environments, which is crucial for the evaluation of commuter exposure to potential health risks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Dec 2024 17:10:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2460112</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental RNA metabarcoding for ballast water microbial diversity: Minimizing false positives</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2444048</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While maritime transport boosts global trade by shipping bulk goods, it raises concerns about the spread of harmful bacteria via ballast water. Moreover, the dark and cold environments of ballast tanks often harbor extracellular DNA from dead organisms, leading to false positives in traditional environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding analyses. Here, the authors alternatively employed environmental RNA (eRNA) metabarcoding to assess its potential for reducing false positive in ballast water monitoring. They collected eDNA and eRNA in parallel from ballast water before and after disinfection in three vessels. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA V4-V5 regions and cDNA counterparts was conducted to compare bacterial community composition. The findings showed that over 80 % of the top 150 abundant amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were detected by both eRNA and eDNA metabarcoding. Samples sequenced separately using DNA and RNA consistently clustered together, indicating similar community recovery efficacy. However, 42 % of ASVs were detected exclusively in DNA, resulting in significantly higher bacterial diversity compared to RNA, which suggests false positives in the DNA method. In treated samples with higher dead cell counts, the RNA method showed significantly lower bacterial diversity, indicating its effectiveness in detecting live bacteria. In summary, eRNA metabarcoding offers comparable recovery efficiency while maintaining a lower false-positive rate than eDNA metabarcoding.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Nov 2024 09:48:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2444048</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The effects of air and transportation noise pollution-related altered blood gene expression, DNA methylation, and protein abundance levels on gastrointestinal diseases risk</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2424993</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Air pollution and transportation noise pollution has been linked to gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, but their relationship remains unclear. The authors extracted the significantly modulated genes and CpG sites related to air pollution (PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, and NOₓ) and transportation noise pollution (aircraft, railway, and traffic road noise) from previous published studies. Genome-wide methylation analysis and colocalization analysis with these CpG sites and GWAS data of GI diseases were performed to disentangle the relationship between pollution-related blood DNA methylation (DNAm) alterations and GI diseases risk. Summary-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) analysis assessed the impact of pollution-related genes on GI diseases risk across methylation, gene expression, and protein levels. Enrichment analysis investigated the implicated biological pathways and immune cell types. DNAm at cg00227781 [CD300A] (modulated by NOₓ exposure) and cg19215199 [ZMIZ1] (modulated by PM₂.₅ exposure) was significantly linked to increased noninfective enteritis and colitis risk, while cg08500171 [BAT2] (modulated by NOₓ exposure) is significantly associated with an increased gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) risk. Colocalization analysis provides strong evidence supporting a shared causal variant between these associations. Multi-omics levels SMR analysis revealed that pollution-modulated lower DNAm at 5 specific CpG sites were associated with increased expression of 4 genes (IL21R, EVPL, SYNGR1, and WDR46), subsequently increasing the risk of GERD, ulcerative colitis, and gastric ulcer. 7 circulating proteins coded by pollution-modulated genes were observed to be associated with 6 GI diseases risk. Enrichment analysis implicates immune and inflammatory responses, MAPK signaling, and telomere maintenance in these pollution-induced effects. The authors identified potential links between air and transportation noise pollution-related gene methylation, expression, and protein abundance with GI diseases risk, possibly revealing new therapeutic targets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Oct 2024 11:10:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2424993</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Standardizing Environmental DNA Methodologies for Coho Salmon</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2377863</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) is mandated to conduct Federal Endangered Species Act (FESA) Section 7 and California Endangered Species Act (CESA) consultations for projects potentially impacting federally and state-listed species. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), listed under both FESA and CESA, require precise data on presence/absence, distribution, and abundance for effective consultation and associated mitigation. California is also home to many other listed aquatic species. Caltrans maintenance and project delivery actions may require mitigation even when fish aren’t detected because of the potential for listed species to be illusive, their population numbers are low, and because traditional survey methods are sometimes invasive or inefficient due to methodologies having impact to habitats and right to enter requirements. Surveys can also be time consuming, labor-intensive and costly, and require a permit for capturing and handling listed species. Therefore Environmental DNA (eDNA) methods have the potential to simplify and expedite environmental review and permitting. eDNA serves as a powerful tool for aquatic species detection and monitoring by capturing genetic material that organisms release into their surrounding environment. This project undertook a rigorous examination of eDNA, exploring shedding and decay rates, analyzing eDNA transport in stream ecosystems, and demonstrating the robust capabilities of eDNA estimating species presence and distribution. These detailed studies lay the groundwork for the precise interpretation of eDNA data, affirming eDNA's efficacy in species detection. Moreover, the application of eDNA in this initiative has not only deepened comprehension of coho salmon ecology but also accentuated the methodology's vital role in modern conservation practices, ecological study, and the proficient governance of natural environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2024 16:15:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2377863</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gene Expression and Biomarker Utility in Postmortem Samples</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2368181</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study assesses the suitability of aviation accident autopsy samples as Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)  sequencing input and for detecting gene expression differences between Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-positive and THC-negative samples. Postmortem brain, lung, muscle, and blood samples were collected from 57 aviation accident fatalities and comparisons were made between each tissue based on the presence or absence of THC or its primary or secondary metabolites (28 positive, 29 negative). RNA was extracted, and global transcriptional analysis was performed using total RNA-Seq. Twenty-two genes in lung (18 of which had Entrez annotation data) and four in muscle showed significant differential gene expression between THC-positive and THC-negative samples. It is possible that the observed expression patterns between the THC-positive and THC-negative groups were induced by smoking and not by THC, as many of the observed genes were also reported in the literature to change in response to smoking. Cannabis use is often accompanied by other substance use, and evidence of co-use was observed among some subjects. Therefore, the authors cannot state conclusively that the observed differences between the THC-positive and THC-negative groups were due solely to THC consumption, only that significant differences exist when the subject groups are so segregated. Regardless, this study is the first of its kind in reporting RNA-Seq data from postmortem tissues collected from aviation accident victims and that said data are of sufficient quality to derive significant differences between subject groups.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2368181</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gene Expression and Biomarker Utility in Postmortem Samples [supporting dataset]</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2368182</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study assesses the suitability of aviation accident autopsy samples as Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) sequencing input and for detecting gene expression differences between Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-positive and THC-negative samples. Postmortem brain, lung, muscle, and blood samples were collected from 57 aviation accident fatalities and comparisons were made between each tissue based on the presence or absence of THC or its primary or secondary metabolites (28 positive, 29 negative). RNA was extracted, and global transcriptional analysis was performed using total RNA-Seq. Twenty-two genes in lung (18 of which had Entrez annotation data) and four in muscle showed significant differential gene expression between THC-positive and THC-negative samples. It is possible that the observed expression patterns between the THC-positive and THC-negative groups were induced by smoking and not by THC, as many of the observed genes were also reported in the literature to change in response to smoking. Cannabis use is often accompanied by other substance use, and evidence of co-use was observed among some subjects. Therefore, the authors cannot state conclusively that the observed differences between the THC-positive and THC-negative groups were due solely to THC consumption, only that significant differences exist when the subject groups are so segregated. Regardless, this study is the first of its kind in reporting RNA-Seq data from postmortem tissues collected from aviation accident victims and that said data are of sufficient quality to derive significant differences between subject groups.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2368182</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Utility of Capillary Blood for Gene Expression Studies [supporting dataset]</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2353860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Blood collection method selection is critical when analyzing blood gene expression. Multiple blood collection methods and sites exist, each with advantages and disadvantages. For human blood gene expression analyses, blood is commonly collected by venipuncture at the antecubital fossa (interior elbow) using a range of vacutainer tubes. Several vacutainer tube types contain RNA-preserving additives, all adequately preserving blood RNA. Most human subjects accept venipuncture, which collects sufficient high-quality blood and RNA suitable for gene expression analysis by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Venipuncture has drawbacks; it requires trained personnel, carries a risk of injury, is time-consuming, and is often unsuitable for in-the-field, at-home, or self-collection. Capillary blood collection by fingerstick is common and widely practiced but not often used for RNA-Seq analysis due to low and variable blood quantity, a lack of blood RNA preservation options, low RNA yields, and variable RNA quality. This study used total RNA-Seq to compare two different fingerstick blood collection, preservation, and RNA extraction methods with a commonly used venipuncture blood collection and RNA extraction method. The authors demonstrate that fingerstick blood collection produces RNA suitable for RNA-Seq, that each fingerstick method produces results more similar to one another than venipuncture-derived blood RNA, and that each fingerstick blood collection method can distinguish between experimental groups (male and female subjects). While the venipuncture method examined here is generally preferable to the fingerstick blood collection methods, particularly in well-controlled and resourced environments, capillary blood is suitable and useful for gene expression analysis.  The total size of the zip file is 19.2 MB. An .sh file is a script that can be run with the Bash Unix shell. It contains instructions written in the Bash command language. Users can execute the commands an SH file contains by calling the file in a Bash shell. (from https://fileinfo.com/extension/sh). The .xlsx and .xls file types are Microsoft Excel files, which can be opened with Excel, and other free available spreadsheet software, such as OpenRefine. The .csv, Comma Separated Value, file is a simple format that is designed for a database table and supported by many applications. The .csv file is often used for moving tabular data between two different computer programs, due to its open format. The most common software used to open .csv files are Microsoft Excel and RecordEditor, (for more information on .csv files and software, please visit https://www.file-extensions.org/csv-file-extension). The .rmd file extension is associated with the RStudio, an integrated development tool for Windows, macOS (OS X) and Linux operating systems, which allows users to create apps with R programming language. The .rmd file stores R markdown data (for more information on .rmd files and software, please visit https://www.file-extensions.org/rmd-file-extension-r-markdown-data).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 2024 17:12:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2353860</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Utility of Capillary Blood for Gene Expression Studies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2352881</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Blood collection method selection is critical when analyzing blood gene expression. Multiple blood collection methods and sites exist, each with advantages and disadvantages. For human blood gene expression analyses, blood is commonly collected by venipuncture at the antecubital fossa (interior elbow) using a range of vacutainer tubes. Several vacutainer tube types contain RNA-preserving additives, all adequately preserving blood RNA. Most human subjects accept venipuncture, which collects sufficient high-quality blood and RNA suitable for gene expression analysis by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Venipuncture has drawbacks; it requires trained personnel, carries a risk of injury, is time-consuming, and is often unsuitable for in-the-field, at-home, or self-collection. Capillary blood collection by fingerstick is common and widely practiced but not often used for RNA-Seq analysis due to low and variable blood quantity, a lack of blood RNA preservation options, low RNA yields, and variable RNA quality. This study used total RNA-Seq to compare two different fingerstick blood collection, preservation, and RNA extraction methods with a commonly used venipuncture blood collection and RNA extraction method. The authors demonstrate that fingerstick blood collection produces RNA suitable for RNA-Seq, that each fingerstick method produces results more similar to one another than venipuncture-derived blood RNA, and that each fingerstick blood collection method can distinguish between experimental groups (male and female subjects). While the venipuncture method examined here is generally preferable to the fingerstick blood collection methods, particularly in well-controlled and resourced environments, capillary blood is suitable and useful for gene expression analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2024 13:24:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2352881</guid>
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