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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Fleets fight fuel gelling from winter's chill with tricks of the truck maintenance trade</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1449222</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Feb 2017 10:52:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1449222</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>GROUT REACTS WITH WATER AND REQUIRES NO CATALYST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122606</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A NEW GROUT, DEVELOPED BY A JAPANESE COMPANY, CALLED TAKENAKA AQUA-REACTIVE CHEMICAL SOIL STABILIZATION (TACSS) IS SOMEWHAT MORE EXPENSIVE THAN CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS, BUT CAN TURN WATER-BEARING SAND INTO A SOLID MASS WITH A COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH UP TO 150 PSI. TACSS DOES NOT GEL INSTANTLY. IT DISPERSES THROUGHOUT THE WATER-BEARING SOIL AS A LIQUID, BUT WHEN IT STARTS TO GEL IT TURNS INTO A SOLID MASS WITHIN SEVERAL HOURS TIME. IT EXPANDS DURING THE GELLING PROCESS, PREVENTING WASH-AWAY BY WATER DURING THE PROCESS. WHEN INJECTED INTO WATERY SAND WHERE THE WATER IS STILL, TACSS CREATES A VOLUME OF GELATINIZED SAND 7.5 TIMES THAT OF THE FLUID INJECTED. THE GROUT HAS BEEN USED IN SEVERAL BUILDING PROJECTS, IN A SEWER TUNNEL AND IN A SUBAQUEOUS RAILROAD TUNNEL. IT HAS ALSO BEEN USED FOR INSTALLATION OF EARTH ANCHORS, AND CAN BE SPRAYED OVER WET GROUND TO PRODUCE A HARD SURFACE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:44:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122606</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>DEEP CONSOLIDATION OF GROUND BY CARBAMIDE RESIN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121932</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SOIL CONSOLIDATION BY CHEMICAL GROUTING IS NOW USED AND TENDS TO REPLACE THE FREEZING METHOD IN MANY CASES. EXTENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS PROVED THE EFFICIENCY OF THE TREATMENT WITH CARBAMIDE RESIN FOR SANDY SOILS, BY USING A 3-5% SOLUTION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID AS SETTING AGENT IN 8% VOLUMIC PROPORTION. TWO LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS WERE DEVELOPED THAT PERMIT PRESSURE GROUTING OF CHEMICAL SOLUTIONS IN THE SOIL SAMPLE, AS IN NATURAL SCALE CONDITIONS.  EXPERIMENTS SHOWED THAT A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID MUST BE INTRODUCED PRIOR TO INTRODUCTION OF THE RESIN SOLUTION. WHEN THIS ACID IS USED AS HARDENER, THE MIXING RATE MUST BE STRICTLY OBSERVED, OTHERWISE THE GELLING TIME IS VARIED. ON THE OTHER SIDE, THE MIXING, RATE IS MUCH INFLUENCED BY THE FACT THAT PART OF THE ACID REACTS DIRECTLY WITH SOIL PARTICLES. TO AVOID THESE DRAWBACKS, THE USE OF OTHER REAGENTS, NAMELY AMMONIUM CHLORIDE AND AMMONIUM PERSULFATE IS SUGGESTED.  IN THIS MANNER, THE GELLING TIME MAY BE BETTER CONTROLLED. THESE SETTING AGENTS ARE MIXED AS 20-30% SOLUTIONS, IN AMOUNTS OF 8-10% OF THE RESIN SOLUTION. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121932</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ULTRASONIC EMULSIFICATION OF OIL TANKER CARGO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2391</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this project was to study the feasibility of producing emulsified oil at a rate comparable with conventional tanker loading rates and to investigate the economic and ecological factors.  To determine blender parameters and emulsified oil characteristics, two crude oils and one fuel oil were chosen.  A Libyan light oil, a Venezuelan oil and #6 Fuel Oil were used.  Only two emulsifiers were used and they were base-neutralized sulfonated nonionics.  These are compatible with sea water and of low toxicity.  The emulsions tested were oil-in-water.  Oil was the internal phase and 3% of the total.  The tests on the emulsions were to determine stability under simulated transportation conditions, dispersibility in sea water, toxicity to fish, and product alteration.  Included were tests with safety aspects: evaporation rates, flash points, vapor pressures and rupture leak tests.  An economic study was made which shows emulsification costs of about 20 cents per barrel without considering possible offsets or side benefits.  ( Contract 14-12-559 )]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Dec 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2391</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FACTORS IN GEL FORMATION IN SOIL SUSPENSIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/128016</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A SUSPENSION DENSITY METHOD WAS USED TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THIXOTROPIC GELS CAN DEVELOP IN SOIL SUSPENSIONS AT LOW ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATIONS AND SO RESULT IN ERRONEOUS ESTIMATES OF PERCENTAGE CLAY. FACTORS INVESTIGATED INCLUDED SOIL SUSPENSION CONCENTRATION, PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION, CLAY MINERALOGY, TYPE AND CONCENTRATION OF ELECTROLYTE, AND TIME OF SETTING. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT MANY FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN THE SOL-GEL-LOC STRUCTURES OF SOIL SUSPENSIONS. THE REDUCTION OF FREE ELECTROLYTE CENTRIFUGING IS NOT ALWAYS SUFFICIENT TO PREVENT SOME GEL-FORMATION OCCURING. THIS IS ESPECIALLY SO WHEN USE IS SUBSEQUENTLY MADE OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND CALGON AS DISPERSING AGENTS. IN >PITE OF THE INCREASE IN PH AND PROTECTIVE-COLLOID EFFECTS OF THE DISPERSANTS THEY MAY STILL RESULT IN TOO HIGH AN ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION FOR STABLE SUSPENSIONS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 13 Feb 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/128016</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHLORINATED RUBBER PAINTS, NEW APPROACH TO AN OLD PROBLEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/106605</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CHLORINATED RUBBER PAINTS ARE USED MAINLY IN PLANT MAINTENANCE, BUT ALSO IN CONCRETE COATINGS, TRAFFIC AND SWIMMING POOL PAINTS, AND MARINE FINISHES. DIFFICULTIES IN SPRAYING, LOW SOLIDS CONTENT, POOR SOLVENT RESISTANCE, AND FACILE THERMAL DEGRADATION LIMIT THEIR USE FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION FINISHES. HOWEVER, FAST DRYING ENAMELS OF HIGH HARDNESS AND CHEMICAL RESISTANCE CAN BE OBTAINED BY PROPER FORMULATION WITH MEDIUM- OR LONG-OIL ALKYD RESINS. PROPER SOLVENT BALANCE AND HIGH AMOUNTS OF DRIER ARE REQUIRED. THICK THIXOTROPIC CHLORINATED RUBBER PAINTS CAN BE FORMULATED WITH CASTOR OIL THICKENERS, GELLING AGENTS, OR A COMBINATION OF BOTH. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/106605</guid>
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      <title>CONTROL OF CHEMICAL GROUT INJECTED IN SEEPAGE DOMAIN. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ELEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING, SAN FRANCISCO, 12-16 AUGUST 1985</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/284637</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An extensive series of 79 large-scale laboratory tests have been performed to determine the limiting conditions under which a chemical grout can be injected successfully into a cohesionless soil deposit permeated by water to form a cut-off.  Four different chemical grouts and five different soils, ranging from fine sand to pea gravel, were included in the experimental program.  The gel times of the grouts extended from a few minutes to more than half an hour, and seepage velocities as high as 60 cm/min were used.  The behavior of a given soil-grout system is strongly related to the viscosity of the grout and moderately dependent on the effective grain size of the soil.  Both of these properties influence the extent of the dilution that takes place, and dilution, in turn, delays the gelation of the grout and lowers its viscosity, and thereby exerts a dominant effect on the distribution of the grout in the soil mass.  For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 287689. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Mar 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/284637</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LOW TEMPERATURE FLUIDITY OF LUBRICATING OILS UNDER SLOW COOL CONDITIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/210173</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A Slow Cool Fluidity Test (SCFT) was developed to detect gelation of oils.  In this test, SAE 10W multigrade oils of known poor field experience solidified at temperatures ranging from -11 to -17 deg C.  The test was based on field temperature histories, and was found to be more reliable than other standard and experimental industry tests in detecting gelation tendencies.  The SCFT consists of a 0.10 deg C per hour cool from above the oil's cloud point to the lowest use temprature expected.  Fluidity is determined by the time for the oil to flow 30 mm when a standard ASTM pour point test jar is turned from vertical to horizontal.  The effect of additives such as pour point depressant type and quantity can be determined by utilizing the SCFT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/210173</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH IN CEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/201069</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is divided into two parts: Portland and Sorel Cements.  Studies of phosphate doped silicates including thermalanalysis and strength testing of alpha and beta dicalcuim silicate solid solutions were made.  Findings relating to stabilization and strength development, chemical makeup of raw mix and fired samples, hydration products, compressive strengths on paste and mortar samples are reported.  Tests show that alpha C2S develops C-S-H gel and strength faster than beta-C2S.  Also, a greater and faster gel and strength development were obtained for samples prepared from reagent grade chemicals rather than natural materials.  Additionally, repeated firings increase gel formation and strength development in beta-C2S samples. Findings are reported of the conditions under which major phases of magnesium oxychloride cement are stable.  The precipitation of various solid phases, their transformation with time, and their areas of stability were investigated in a broad concentration range of magnesium chloride and sodium hydroxide.  Experimental data includes concentration of reactants, pH values, and analyses of solid phases at various time intervals.  In all, four phases, pure or mixed, were identified.  (FHWA)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Sep 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/201069</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LABORATORY TESTS WITH TWO CHEMICAL GROUTING MATERIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/37469</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Experiments on sealing water leakage in Norwegian road tunnels by chemical grouting have been carried out since 1965.  In these, lignin sulphite solutions have been employed.  Some simple laboratory investigaitns have been performed to obtain better knowledge of the properties of the solutions.  For comparison, some experiments with AM-9 have been performed.  Lignin sulphite solution gelatinizes on the addition of sodium bichromate (Na2Cr2O7) as an oxygen agent.  The speed of gelatinization depends on the amount of sodium bichromate and the temperature.  Usually ferric chloride is added to accelerate the process.  The relation between viscosity during gelatinization and the amount of chemicals edded is presented digramatically in figures 3-10.  These diagrams also indicate the conditions necessary for the production of a gel with the required properties.  The lignin sulphite gel sticks well to both moist and dry rock surfaces.  After gelatinization the gel will swell if water is added.  By drying, the gel soon crumbles.  On additing water again, further disintergation of the gel advances.  AM-9 has a very low viscosity (close to water), the gelatinization takes place suddenly and is completed in few seconds.  The AM-9 gel is elastic, and slips from moist and dry rocks surfaces.  After gelatinization the gel does not swell noticeably if water is added.  On moderate drying the gel will shrink without cracking.  When rewetting the gel swells to its initial volume. /Author/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 May 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/37469</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GROUTING IN ROAD TUNNELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/37470</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Grouting in tunnels is intended to stop water leakage or to reinforce the rock.  The type of grout should be adapted to the job, and one may use solutions, emulsions or suspensions.  Grouting against water leakage in existing road tunnels has been performed by Lignin Sulphite solution which gelatinates when potassium bichromate is added.  The viscosity increases gradually while injecting but the gel time may be controlled by the concentration of potassium bichromate and the accelerator ferric chloride. When water is added after hardening, the gel swells a little, this often improves the sealing.  Pump and injection pipe packers are important parts of the grouting equipment.  The pump has to ensure adequate and stable grout pressure and the injection pipe must have an exapnding collar to seal against the drill hole wall. Results have been good where rock fissures are few and relatively open.  Where rock is very fractured and the fissures are closed it is very difficult to obtain a good result.  ;Author; result. /Author/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 May 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/37470</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A REVIEW OF THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY'S RESEARCH PROGRAM ON THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/35324</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Under contract to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Calspan Corporation developed methods to treat, control and monitor spilled hazardous materials.  One of the most successful spill countermeasures applied was a dry, finely-granulated blend which would, within seconds after contact with spilled liquids, begin their transformation into tough, immobile gels which could be easily controlled and removed.  This blend is a "universal gelling agent" in the sense that it can immobilize essentially all hazardous liquid spills within foreknowledge of the liquid composition.  The blend contains powdered polymeric components optimized separately for interaction with aqueous liquids, chlorinated organics, alcohols, and nonpolar hydrocarbons.  It also contains a fumed silica fluidizer, which provides ease of field application and imparts longer term stiffening of all gels formed.  The "universal gelling agent" has been demonstrated to be effective on a variety of medium scale (55-gallon drum) spills on both land and water.  For special uses, such as organophosphrous pesticide spill control, the blend can be reformulated to include de-toxifying (oxidizing, hydrolytic) ingredients as well.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Mar 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/35324</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>METHOD OF GELLING TANKER CARGOES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/4096</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The instant disclosure is directed to a method for solidifying marine tanker hydrocarbon cargoes to prevent the escape of the hydrocarbon from damaged compartments. The formation of suitable gels contain the hydrocarbon and thus avoid pollution of the sea and nearby shores.  Gelling agents are disclosed which permit gellation to occur at a controlled rate, making them particularly suitable for use abroad tankers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Apr 1972 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/4096</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SAMPLING OF COHESIONLESS SOILS WITHOUT DISTURBING THE PARTICLE PACKING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE USE OF CHEMICAL GROUTS FOR SAMPLING GRANULAR SOILS WITHOUT DISTURBING THEIR GEOMETRIC ARRANGEMENT IS DISCUSSED. TESTS WERE CARRIED OUT ON CUBICAL SAMPLES OF GRAVEL, MEDIUM AND FINE SAND PREPARED IN AS LOOSE A PACKING AS POSSIBLE. LEAD SHOT PATTERNS WERE EMBEDDED IN THE SAMPLE AND X-RAY TECHNIQUES USED TO DETERMINE ANY STRAINS WITHIN THE SAMPLES. RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE POURING AND GELLING OF THE GROUT DID NOT CAUSE ANY NOTICEABLE STRAINS AS LONG AS COMPLETE SATURATION WAS MAINTAINED DURING THE GELLING PROCESS. /RRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Sep 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121279</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SELECTION OF CHEMICAL GROUT FOR MATTMARK DAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/128267</link>
      <description><![CDATA[FOUR CHEMICAL GROUTS, TWO NEARLY IDENTICAL SODIUM SILICATES (ALGONIE AND CONSONDA), AND 2 POLYMERS (BAKELITE AND POLYTHIXON) UNDERWENT EXTENSIVE LABORATORY EVALUATION. FIRST, THE GROUTS ALONE WERE EXAMINED WITH REGARD TO VISCOSITY-TIME BEHAVIOR, GELATION TIME, TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE, STABILITY, DEFORMABILITY, AND TOXIC PROPERTIES. BAKELITE WAS ELIMINATED BECAUSE OF ITS RIGID DEFORMABILITY. THE SECOND STEP TESTED GROUT-SOIL INTERACTION: THE INJECTABILITY AND PERMEABILITY REDUCTION OF ALGONITE AND POLYTHIXON WERE EXAMINED IN LABORATORY INJECTION TESTS. BOTH GROUTS REDUCED PERMEABILITY BY AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE, BUT POLYTHIXON HAD TO BE ELIMINATED BECAUSE OF ITS LIMITED INJECTABILITY. FINALLY, LONG-TERM TEACHING TESTS OF SYNERESIS. SATISFACTORY RESULTS LED TO THE RECOMMENDATION OF THIS GROUT FOR EVENTUALLY SUCCESSFUL APPLICATION. THIS EVALUATION PROCEDURE IS GENERALLY VALID FOR ANY GROUT SELECTION. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 May 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/128267</guid>
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