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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>MONITORING OF LNG VAPORS - PHASE I</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/144175</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report documents the development and subsequent field testing of two rapid response instruments for the detection of methane gas in the vapor resulting from an LNG spill. The instruments were: a laser instrument with a 0.005 second response time and 0.1% sensitivity, and a two-band differential radiometer (TBDR) with a 0.15 second response time and 1% sensitivity. A thermistor sensor was also developed for the rapid (0.2 second) measurement of vapor temperature. The implementation of this instrumentation for Spill Tests LNG-18, LNG-19, LNG-20 and LNG-21 at China Lake, California is also described in this report. Some comparisons were made between the JPL measurements and those of other organizations involved in the China Lake test program. Good correlation was found, for example, between the laser methane measurement and that of a nearby sensor during LNG-18. During LNG-21 the vapor temperature of methane was also measured and found to be linearly related to the methane concentration over the 2-10% range. In addition to the two methane concentration instruments, progress in the laboratory associated with this program was made on the development of a modified TBDR device to measure the concentration of oxygen in the vapor cloud, and in the development of infrared fiber-optics for advanced laser detection of methane and other species. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Mar 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/144175</guid>
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      <title>VENTILATION REQUIREMNETS IN HOLDS FOR CONTAINER SHIPS WHEN THEY CARRY DANGEROUS GOODS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/71660</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New IMCO regulations are being proposed for the ventilation of holds on container ships when they carry dangerous goods. The objective of this thesis is to determine the extent to which ventilation is necessary with below deck storage of flammable liquids, also toxic and flammable gases.  To accomplish this, two mathematical models have been developed to predict the rate of change of the vapor or gas concentration and propagation in holds.  First model developed to study the concentration built-up for toxic and flammable gases for non-ventilated and ventilated holds. Second model developed to study the concentration built-up DOCUMENT for volatile flammable liquids when the holds are ventilated at rates of zero ventilation and upwards.  The conclusion of this analysis is that a ventilation of three and a half times per hour is enough to reduce the risk considerably for a toxic concentration build-up for toxic gases and keep the flammable concentration below the flammability range for flammable gases and liquids.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 May 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/71660</guid>
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      <title>GAS ALARM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19470</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Continuous monitoring of areas where explosive gas vapors may occur is performed by the new Davis Instrument Series 3800 Combustible Gas Alarm System from Scott Aviation.  The completely solid state instrument senses combustible gas in air through a diffusion-type head and indicates the concentration in terms of 0-100% of the lower flammable limit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Jul 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19470</guid>
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      <title>DISPERSION OF HYDROCARBON GAS DURING THE LOADING OF TANKERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/12631</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The experiments described briefly in this paper have contributed very significantly to the knowledge of the dispersion of hydrocarbon gases during tanker loading.  In Stage C and its analysis an attempt has been made to obtain generalized quantitative data and to deduce design guidelines from them.  It is considered that useful progress has been made towards the latter objective, but the experience gained emphasizes the grave difficulties in obtaining generally applicable fully substantiated rules. The work done so far suggests further lines of research to improve knowledge of the subject.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/12631</guid>
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      <title>CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS AREAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/12614</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to avoid explosions, the first requirement is to control or exclude, as far as possible, the formation of a flammable atmosphere and, secondly, to eliminate or reduce to an acceptably low level of probability the means of ignition.  As applicable to tanker-terminal operations, this paper seeks to discuss the classification of hazardous areas in regard to the probability of the occurrence of flammable atmospheres, to give the background of the OTTSG approach to classification, and to discuss the application of the recommendations in the Guide to cargo handling.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Sep 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/12614</guid>
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      <title>CARGO TANK CLEANING AND VAPOR CONCENTRATION STUDIES, S.S. RALPH B. JOHNSON</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/8536</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The results of vapor concentration tests taken during a ballast voyage are presented.  Sampling occurred before, during and after tank cleaning, done either by Butterworthing or the "Yo-Yo" procedure.  The tank vapor concentrations were expressed in terms of flammability levels at 50, 30 and 10 foot levels.  One hour after stripping, the atmosphere at the 50 and 30 foot level was within the flammable range.  Forty hours after stripping all sampling levels tended toward homogeneity above the upper flammability limits.  Ballasting left vapor concentrations in the flammable range at the 30 and 10 foot level while the vapor concentration at the 50 foot level remained above the upper flammability level.  In time, the tank atmosphere became uniform throughout and concentrations remained around the middle of the flammable range. Butterworthing reduced the vapor concentrations slightly and tended to make the tanks homogeneous.  The Yo-Yo procedures succeeded in cleaning the tank for clean ballast but did not gas-free the tank to a level considered safe for man to enter.  Gas-free tanks were then accomplished by ventilation after ballasting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 May 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/8536</guid>
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      <title>GAS CONCENTRATION AND STATIC ELECTRIFICATION STUDIES DURING TANK WASHING ON THE S.S. MOBIL MERIDIAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/8539</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report contains the results from gas concentration and static electrification studies performed in expoxy-coated tanks of a 50,000 DWT vessel during a 6-day ballast voyage. Gas concentration data are presented after cargo discharge and before, during and after tank washings consisting of sea water, sea water and detergent, and heated sea water with detergent.  The electrification studies include measurements of field strength and polarity, corona current, and radio noise compiled under similar conditions in the center and wing tanks that were both clean and oil coated. The report suggests further investigation into the relationship between gas concentration and maximum field strength, time to reach maximum field strength, and field polarity.  It concludes that electrical discharges occur in tanks during wash proceedings and can pose a dangerous situation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 May 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/8539</guid>
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      <title>A STUDY OF TANK ATMOSPHERES AND ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA ABOARD THE TEXACO NORTH AMERICA AND THE TEXACO HAMBURG</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/8541</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A study of the atmosphere and electrical phenomena aboard a VLCC was conducted during a ballast voyage.  Hydrocarbon vapor composition, concentration, and distribution were satisfactorily monitored.  The "Yo-Yo" Cleaning System and the Golar Vent system proved to be safe and effective in removing hydrocarbon vapor to 10% LEL, however, the Yo-Yo system was slow and required large quantities of sea water, while appreciable water and oil accumulation tended to limit the latter system's effectiveness and caused a gas buildup. Gun clean tank washing machines were faster and more effective than the Victor Pyrate machines in removing sludge following vapor removal, but both caused rapid gas buildup, which remained stratified in all tanks.  Cleaning and gas-freeing procedures were applied to a similar VLCC preparing for drydock and experienced equal success. During tank-washing procedures a maximum (38 KV/sq. m.) electrostatic field intensity was recorded, evidence of light emissions was photographed and rf currents as high as 220 ma were measured.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 May 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/8541</guid>
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