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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Fillet Welds Properties Performed by Cold Metal Transfer Robotic Metal Active Gas Welding Technology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475204</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article is the result of research evaluating the quality of fillet welds used in the production of rear seat backrests for passenger cars and manufactured robotically by Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) robotic Metal Active Gas (MAG) welding. When robotizing the process, parameters such as the speed of the process itself, accuracy and quality of the welded joints are important. Dual-phase ferritic-martensitic steel HCX 590X was used for the experiment and four weld nodes were evaluated. The quality of welded joints was evaluated by visual and capil-lary methods. Based on the metallographic analysis, the weld depth of the weld root was evaluated. The measured values were subsequently processed by statistical method ANalysis Of Variance (ANOVA). The research confirmed that the final quality of the welds depends on the depth of the weld root weld into the Base Material (BM). This parameter has the greatest effect on the welds made and results in the entire product being taken out of service.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Dec 2024 17:02:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475204</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dissimilar Hardox and Low-Alloy Steel in Excavator Structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2444775</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the structure of excavators and other transport vehicles, it is observed that there is an increasing necessity to weld elements from the Hardox steels. The paper verifies the possibility to obtain accurate DMW (dissimilar metal welds from totally different grades of Hardox 450 steel with S355J2 steel). The microstructure and mechanical tests of the obtained various welds were analysed. Argon-based shielding gases with micro nitrogen additions were used for MAG welding. Gas mixtures with micro nitrogen additions of up to even 2000 ppm and their use in welding are an absolute novelty. The purpose of the manuscript was to find the correct parameters of making dissimilar joints with such modern mixtures and to determine the most suitable mixture for welding Hardox steel and low-alloy steel for use in the automotive industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Oct 2024 11:16:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2444775</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effect of multiple weld repairs on fatigue strength of bogie frame of railroad vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329870</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the welded structure of railroad vehicles, the bogie frame requires a service life more than 25 years, cracks occur in the weld zone owing to the application of repetitive fatigue loading during operation. When cracks occur and propagate in the weld zone, they are removed through gouging, and gas metal arc welding is performed for repair. After the first weld repair, the second weld repair process is performed if crack is visible in the same area. In this study, the effects of repetitive repair welding on the fatigue characteristics were investigated using materials applied in railway vehicle structures. Three types of specimens (weld specimen, first weld repairs specimen, and second weld repairs specimen) were prepared, and fatigue and residual stress tests were performed. The results indicated that the weld specimen had the longest fatigue life, and the first weld repairs specimen had the shortest fatigue life. The fatigue life of the second weld repairs specimen was longer than that of the first weld repairs specimen. Residual stress tests and finite-element analysis results indicated that the first weld repairs specimen had the shortest fatigue life among the specimens tested, because the highest residual stress was generated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Feb 2024 12:27:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329870</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>High Cycle Fatigue Resistance of 700 MPa and 960 MPa Strength Categories High Strength Steels and Their Gas Metal Arc Welded Joints</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973475</link>
      <description><![CDATA[High cycle fatigue tests were performed on two strength categories (700 MPa and 960 MPa) of high strength steels, on quenched and tempered (Q+T) and on thermomechanical (TM) types, on base materials and their welded joints, as well as on different mismatch conditions (matching (M), undermatching (UM), overmatching (OM), and matching/overmatching (M/OM)). Specimens cut and in full machined from base materials and welded joints, furthermore cut from welded joints were tested. Measured and analyzed data were compared and discussed. Statistical approach was applied during the evaluation of the experiments, which have been allowed for the expansion of the results and increasing their reliability. The parameters of the high cycle fatigue strength or design curves were calculated based on the Japanese (JSME) testing and evaluating method, which uses basically 14 specimens. The article presents and evaluates the results, comparing with each other and with literary data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Sep 2023 11:39:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973475</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Thermal Deformation Analysis for Gas Pressure Welding of Rail</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2062933</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The author developed a thermal deformation analysis model using numerical calculation in order to quantitatively understand the deformation behavior of rail gas pressure welding. They found that the degree of deformation at the center of the rail base and the jaw part of the rail head are smaller to that of other parts. Furthermore, they also identified that hot cracks occur in these parts in crack simulation tests. This paper describes the developed thermal deformation analysis model for rail gas pressure welding and presents test results validating this method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Feb 2023 08:51:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2062933</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Weld Process Parameters on the Geometric Variability of the Gas-Metal Arc Welds</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1818297</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In an attempt to develop gas-metal arc-welded (GMAW) sheet steel coupons with tightly controlled weld geometry for fatigue testing, it was discovered that the very slight changes in welding process parameters strongly influence the weld geometry. The extent of fusion zone, horizontal and vertical leg lengths, and depth of penetration were considered to define the weld geometry. In order to elucidate the sensitivity of weld geometry to process parameters, a study was conducted on welding of various types of specimens. The paper reports the results of variations in weld geometry with small changes in process parameters. In addition, through several examples, it is demonstrated that variability in the weld geometry is unavoidable even with very tight weld process control.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2022 10:22:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1818297</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Long-term metal fume exposure assessment of workers in a shipbuilding factory</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1930532</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to assess the metal fume exposure of welders and to determine exposure rates for similar exposure groups in a shipyard through the use of Near-field/Far-field (NF/FF) mathematical model and Bayesian decision analysis (BDA) technique. Emission rates of various metal fumes (i.e., total chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni)) were experimentally determined for the gas metal arc welding and flux cored arc welding processes, which are commonly used in shipyards. Then the NF/FF field model which used the emission rates were further validated by welding simulation experiment, and together with long-term operation condition data obtained from the investigated shipyard, the predicted long-term exposure concentrations of workers was established and used as the prior distribution in the BDA. Along with the field monitoring metal fume concentrations which served as the likelihood distribution, the posterior decision distributions in the BDA were determined and used to assess workers' long-term metal exposures. Results show that the predicted exposure concentrations (Cp) and the field worker's exposure concentrations (Cm) were statistically correlated, and the high R2 (= 0.81-0.94) indicates that the proposed surrogate predicting method by the NF and FF model was adequate for predicting metal fume concentrations. The consistency in both prior and likelihood distributions suggests the resultant posterior would be more feasible to assess workers' long-term exposures. Welders' Fe, Mn and Pb exposures were found to exceed their corresponding action levels with a high probability (= 54%), indicating preventive measures should be taken immediately. The proposed approach provides a universal solution for conducting exposure assessment with usual limited number of personal exposure data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Apr 2022 10:44:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1930532</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation on the Effect of Pulsed Frequency on Microstructure and Hardness of Alloy C-2000 by Current Pulsing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1742859</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of current pulsation frequency on the weld bead microstructure, segregation and hardness of Hastelloy C-2000 weldments. Bead on Plate (BoP) welds were made by using Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding method (PCGTAW) at eleven different frequencies. The weld bead width and depth of penetration was measured with the help of Dinolite macro analyzer. The microstructure of weldments are further examined through optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to identify the type of grain, grain coarsening and extent of the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). The grain structure turn into finer and equiaxed in all cases and there was an optimum frequency range over which the significant grain refinement was observed. Microsegregation of alloying elements were computed with the aid of Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Vickers Hardness Tester was used to measure the hardness of the weld samples at ambient conditions. The same optimum frequency range matched with maxima in hardness. The excellent blend of metallurgical characteristics and hardness was realized for the weldments fabricated with 20Hz pulse frequency.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Nov 2020 09:27:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1742859</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Austenitic Filler Wires on Duplex Stainless Steel 2205 Weldment Made by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1742849</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Duplex stainless steel (DSS) 2205 grade is welded with austenitic filler wires (ERNiCrMo-3 and ERNiCrMo-4) using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process to operate at marine environments. Microstructure using optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopes (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS) are utilized to examine the metallurgical characterization of DSS 2205 weldments. Microhardness, impact, and tensile tests are employed to obtain the mechanical properties of weldments. Secondary precipitates such as Mo23C6 and Cr23C6 are formed in the ERNiCrMo-3 weldment which reduced the mechanical properties. In this study, ERNiCrMo-4 filler wire is provided enhanced mechanical properties for welding DSS 2205.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2020 16:35:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1742849</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental and numerical investigation on welding simulation of long stiffened steel plate specimen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1740887</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents the results of metal inert gas T-joint fillet welding tests of small scale rectangular stiffened steel plates longer than the standard test specimen. In the literature the focus is typically on plates with a small aspect ratio and the present work deals with plates of higher aspect ratio, which are the typical ones in marine structures, aiming to determine if there is any significant effect of welding along the longitudinal direction. Nonlinear thermo-elasto-plastic finite element models are adopted to evaluate the temperature distribution, welding induced distortions and residual stress in the stiffened plates of shipbuilding steel. Given the difficulty in data acquisition of temperature-dependent properties of the material, a simplified model of the properties is proposed, based on the values at room temperature. Good agreement is observed between the measured and simulated temperatures, indicating that the current finite element approach is appropriate to simulate the welding process. The proposed simplified material model can be efficiently used in the finite element analysis of welded steel structures. It is concluded that the welding parameters have more significant influence on the structural responses than the dimension of the plate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2020 12:24:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1740887</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strain-Based Design and Assessment in Critical Areas of Pipeline Systems with Realistic Anomalies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1735536</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pipelines may experience large longitudinal strains from ground settlement/movement and/or other unusual upsetting events. Failures from high longitudinal strains can have serious consequence to human lives and environment. These pipelines need to be designed and maintained using so-called strain-based design and assessment (SBDA). Recent systematic development of SBDA has been largely limited to nominally straight sections of pipelines with the same nominal pipe properties, wall thickness, diameters, and mechanized gas metal arc welding (GMAW) girth welds. Welds connecting fittings to the rest of the pipelines tend to have less uniform properties than mechanized GMAW welds and could be subjected to higher strains than mainline welds. Many pipelines in their lifetime can experience corrosion and mechanical damage. Current SBDA methodology does not cover welds to fittings and pipelines with anomalies. The objective of this project was to develop practical and ready-to-use guidelines and tools for SBDA of pipelines containing fittings, and corrosion and mechanical damage subjected to high longitudinal strains. The technology developed here enables stakeholders to focus on potentially the weakest link in their systems in the design of new pipelines and the maintenance of existing pipelines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Oct 2020 15:34:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1735536</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gas Metal Arc Welding Process Parameter Optimization to Reduce Porosity Defect in a Longitudinal Seam Welding of Pressure Vessels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1704264</link>
      <description><![CDATA[

Pressure vessels are critical equipment used in industries for storing liquids or gases at a pressure significantly different from ambient conditions. Porosity is one of the major weld defects in pressure vessels that leads to failure during inspection and as well as during its service. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process is widely used in industries to fabricate pressure vessels using carbon steel “IS 2062 E250BR” material for storing compressed air. The main objective of this article is to reduce the porosity defect in the longitudinal seam (LS) welding of the pressure vessels. Detailed analysis is carried out to identify the parameters which are influencing the porosity defect. Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approaches are used to find the optimum value of the weld parameters which produce weld without porosity or any major defects in the pressure vessel. An experimental setup has been established and welding experiments have been conducted under a controlled environment. Experiments were conducted without any external disturbances ensuring clean weld surface and filler wire without any moisture, rust, oil, and the presence of any organic materials. For all the weld specimens, visual and radiography examinations were carried out to identify the severity of porosity. A porosity index is proposed in this study for conducting statistical analysis. Statistical analysis shows current, travel speed, gas flow rate, and torch angle have a linear relationship and stickout distance has a nonlinear relationship with porosity. In square term, stickout distance has a significant influence on porosity defect. In two-way interaction studies, current and gas flow rate, current and torch angle, and travel speed and torch angle have a significant influence on porosity. Confirmatory tests were carried out to validate the optimum weld parameters obtained in this study.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2020 09:43:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1704264</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Corrosion Resistance Alloy C-2000 Fabricated by Conventional Arc Welding Technique</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1660537</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the current work the metallurgical and tensile properties of the weld joints of alloy C-2000 were investigated. Welding technique employed in this study is Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG) and Pulsed Current Tungsten Inert Gas (PC-TIG) welding with autogenous mode and Ni-Cr-Mo rich ERNiCrMo-10 filler wire. The results show that PC-TIG weldment obtained the refined microstructure compared to the TIG weldment. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed the extent of Cr segregation was observed in all the weldments. PC-TIG welding shows reduced segregation compared to the corresponding TIG. X-ray diffraction (XRD) corroborated the existence of Ni3Cr2 phases in the weld fusion zone. Tensile test results show the PC-TIG weldment obtained marginally higher tensile properties comparing over the corresponding TIG weldment. The strength of the weldments is inferior in all cases in comparison to base metal.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2020 09:22:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1660537</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical and Metallurgical Analysis of HSLA Steel for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding with Different Shielding Gases</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1660436</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The special designed HSLA (High Speed Low Alloy) Steel is most commonly used in Naval Steel Structures and aircraft structures due to its indigenous properties. The aim of this paper is used to investigate the effect of shielding gases in the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process. DMR 249A [HSLA] plates were welded by GTAW by using helium and argon as shielding gas with a flow rate of 16 L/min, the interpass temperature is 140 degree Celsius and the heat input is less than 1.2KJ/min where the impact toughness, Tensile and micro hardness was studied with different shielding gas and the metallurgical properties were analysed in the base metal, heat affected zones and weld zones. A detailed study has been carried out to analyze the elements using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The properties of the high speed low alloy steel carried out reveals a better mechanical properties suitable in naval applications.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Feb 2020 09:30:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1660436</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparative study of joining processes of high conductivity electrolytic tough pitch copper used in automotive industries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1482092</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper the effects of conventional Gas Tungsten Art Welding (GTAW) process with constant current and pulsed current and Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process on Electrolytic Tough Pitch (ETP) copper which is used as bus bars and rotors in automotive industries are investigated. Autogenous welding was carried out on 4mm thick 99.9% pure ETP copper using GTAW process with constant and pulsed current. Another set of plates of size 300mm ×75mm×4mm were welded using FSW process. The tensile strength, micro hardness and micro structure of the joints were studied. The studies indicated that FSW joints were having better strength and hardness than GTAW joints with constant current and pulsed current due to the formation of fire equalled grains.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Oct 2017 09:09:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1482092</guid>
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