<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJkYXRlaW4iIHZhbHVlPSJhbGwiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9InN1YmplY3Rsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJ0ZXJtc2xvZ2ljIiB2YWx1ZT0ib3IiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9ImxvY2F0aW9uIiB2YWx1ZT0iMCIgLz48L3BhcmFtcz48ZmlsdGVycz48ZmlsdGVyIGZpZWxkPSJpbmRleHRlcm1zIiB2YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7R2Fuc3UgUHJvdmluY2UgICggQ2hpbmEgKSAmcXVvdDsiIG9yaWdpbmFsX3ZhbHVlPSImcXVvdDtHYW5zdSBQcm92aW5jZSAoQ2hpbmEpJnF1b3Q7IiAvPjwvZmlsdGVycz48cmFuZ2VzIC8+PHNvcnRzPjxzb3J0IGZpZWxkPSJwdWJsaXNoZWQiIG9yZGVyPSJkZXNjIiAvPjwvc29ydHM+PHBlcnNpc3RzPjxwZXJzaXN0IG5hbWU9InJhbmdldHlwZSIgdmFsdWU9InB1Ymxpc2hlZGRhdGUiIC8+PC9wZXJzaXN0cz48L3NlYXJjaD4=" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>S-M creep damage model of sulfate saline soil under freeze-thaw and stress coupling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701414</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the deformation issues of saline soil roadbeds in the cold regions of Northwest China under the coupled effects of freeze–thaw cycles and loading, this study focuses on typical saline soils from the Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province. Through integrated freeze–thaw and creep tests, the effects of freezing temperature, number of freeze–thaw cycles, and stress level on the creep characteristics of the soil were systematically analyzed. The experimental results indicate that freeze–thaw deformation is primarily governed by water-salt phase changes, exhibiting an alternating pattern of “frost heave and thaw shrinkage.” The strain accumulates progressively with decreasing temperature and increasing freeze–thaw cycles, though the rate of increase gradually diminishes. Structural damage is predominantly concentrated within the first three cycles. The freeze–thaw creep damage evolution equation, established based on axial strain increments, reveals that the freeze–thaw damage variable (DTN) is jointly influenced by temperature and the number of cycles, with greater sensitivity to the latter. The creep behavior of saline soil is jointly controlled by the coupling of stress, temperature, and freeze–thaw cycles. Under high stress levels (≥150  kPa), the synergistic degradation effect of freeze–thaw and stress becomes pronounced, leading to a sharp increase in steady-state creep strain and a retardation of the creep process. Building on this, a coupled damage-based S-M creep constitutive model for saline soil was developed by incorporating freeze–thaw and stress damage variables. This model, characterized by few parameters and clear physical significance, effectively characterizes the creep response under coupled freeze–thaw and loading conditions, providing a theoretical basis for long-term deformation prediction of saline soil roadbeds in cold regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2026 08:35:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701414</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Risk Assessment of Tunnel-induced Building Settlement using FEM and Burgers Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696124</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To ensure the safety and serviceability of operating tunnels and surrounding buildings, numerical predication of tunnel-induced building settlement was performed by using finite element analysis, in conjunction with Burgers model. Taking the Pingtian Expressway in Gansu Province as a case study, the reliability of the Burgers model was validated against on-site monitoring data of cumulative settlement, by utilizing Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm, and it showed a R² value of 0.980. A comparison was made between scenarios with and without concrete reinforcement, and the collapse-induced responses were further estimated under various collapse lengths and heights. The results indicated that surface settlement decreased by 11.67% to 98.09% when concrete reinforcement was installed, with greater sensitivity to collapse height. A statistical analysis of the risk assessments indicated that the building in Lujiawan encountered a risk level II of damage, only if the collapse height and collapse length exceeded 60 m, as the maximum surface settlements were greater than 10 mm. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for designing dual-tunnel excavations in regions with similar geological conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:51:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696124</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How government and platform policies influence delivery riders' behavior: A theoretical and empirical study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673449</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To uncover the mechanisms underlying the frequent traffic violations committed by food delivery riders during deliveries, this study constructs a “mechanism-behavior” evolutionary game model involving government, platform, and rider stakeholders. Centered on rider payoffs and incorporating order allocation, reward-punishment, and salary mechanisms, the model investigates the impact of policies on rider behavior. Empirical data collected from eight intersections in Wuwei City, Gansu Province during July–August 2023 were used as benchmark parameters, while homologous data from January 2024 served as a control group for comparative evolutionary analysis. The results validate the applicability and explanatory power of the proposed model. Riders' behavioral decisions are primarily driven by the trade-off between economic incentives and risk costs, shaped by the regulatory mechanisms implemented by both government and platforms. The findings indicate that the government and platforms can effectively regulate rider behavior only when the combined cost of joint government supervision and subsidies to platforms is less than the benefits obtained under this strategy, and when the sum of the platform's active supervision cost and subsidies to riders is less than the platform's revenue plus the government's subsidies to the platform. Moreover, riders' strategy will effectively converge toward traffic compliance only when the total fines imposed by the government and the platform exceed the additional income gained from traffic violations. Subsidies provided by the government to the platform or by the platform to riders alone cannot drive the three participants to converge toward positive strategies. Within a certain range, reducing regulatory costs for the government and platforms, while increasing penalty intensity and detection rates for rider violations, can promote the convergence of tripartite strategies toward proactive and cooperative outcomes. These findings provide a scientific basis for platforms to optimize reward–penalty algorithms and for governments to formulate technology-enabled regulatory policies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jun 2026 09:13:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673449</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue-induced degradation of self-healing properties of asphalt mixtures: An energy-based characterization and a fatigue life prediction method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676375</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While the interaction between fatigue and self-healing influences the fatigue life, the accuracy of predictions is currently limited by the application of fixed healing parameters. To quantitatively analyze the fatigue-induced evolution of self-healing properties, this study simplified the indirect tensile (IDT) fatigue-healing test and developed a modified healing model. The effects of aging, dynamic water cycles, temperature, and loading level on the self-healing properties were also evaluated. Furthermore, a fatigue life prediction method incorporating quantifiable healing parameters is established within the hot mix asphalt fracture mechanics (HMA-FM) framework. Validation is performed by comparing the predicted and measured fatigue life from IDT fatigue tests, using laboratory and field-cored specimens. Results indicated that the normalized healing rate (hr) serves as a measure of self-healing degradation during fatigue, showing insensitivity to healing time. While limited aging increased the asphalt mixture tensile strength and modulus, it reduced the self-healing properties and fatigue life. The self-healing properties decreased with dynamic water cycles, transitioning from an initial decline to a slower reduction. Although polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) had minimal effect on the healing rate at low stress levels, it markedly mitigated the degradation of self-healing property at high stress levels by retarding damage accumulation and aging. The logarithm of the predicted fatigue life varied linearly with aging, dynamic water cycles, and temperature. Of note, incorporating healing parameters improved fatigue life prediction accuracy by 24–45% compared to conventional models that lacked or employed fixed healing parameters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2026 16:23:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676375</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment on the environmental temperature variation induced temperature and strain effects inside cement concrete pavements based on long-term FBG monitoring information</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652407</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The internal information of pavement structure is difficult to be accurately obtained by mechanical theory due to the multimedia of component materials and the complex interfacial contacting conditions, and the lab tests are affected by model scale and simplification of loads. Therefore, it is of great significance to accurately obtain the internal information of the structure. The fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology has thus been adopted to monitor the long-term information of temperature fields and temperature variation induced strain inside the pavement structure. Based on the long-term monitoring data, statistical analysis aided with regression algorithms has been performed to establish the temperature prediction model at each depth of the cement concrete pavement. The results show a high quadratic polynomial correlation between pavement temperature and pavement depth. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed models and techniques, finite element simulation analysis based on ABAQUS software is performed. The feasibility and accuracy of the developed pavement monitoring system for long-term continuous structural health monitoring is proved. The field data indicates that the heat transfer weakening effect due to the structural materials has a gradual lag in the time between the peaks and valleys of the temperatures at each layer of the structure. By analyzing the temperature variation induced strain field of the pavement structure, certain data references are provided for the preventive maintenance, design and construction of rigid pavement structures. The study provides scientific instructions for assess the performance of the pavement under long-term environmental temperature actions and efficient temperature prediction model for preventive control of the large temperature gradient induced deformation effect in rigid pavements in Gansu Province.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 14:44:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652407</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of the Frost Damage Susceptibility of Highway Tunnels in Plateau Transition Regions: Example Taken from Gansu Province in Northwest China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601599</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Highway tunnels in cold regions are susceptible to frost damage. Assessment of the frost damage susceptibility of cold region tunnels (CRTs) is important for the planning, construction, and maintenance of tunnel projects. As a plateau transition region in northwest China and impacted by mountain permafrost and seasonally frozen ground, Gansu Province plays a vital role in the highway transportation network of China. In this study, firstly, the damage data of 116 highway tunnels were collected in Gansu Province based on an annual survey conducted in 2023. The statistical result shows that more than 82.8% and 66.4% of the surveyed tunnels have experienced cracks in the concrete lining and severe water leakage, respectively. The occurrence frequencies of icing on the concrete lining and pavement icing in the surveyed tunnels were 12.9% and 5.2%, respectively. Besides, 14 environmental factors of thermal environment, geotechnical characteristics, and hydrogeological conditions were selected to establish an assessment model on the frost damage susceptibility of CRTs. Based on the model, a frost damage susceptibility map of highway tunnels in the study region was created. The results show that the extreme low air temperatures contribute most to frost damage in mountain permafrost areas and some seasonally frozen ground areas with high mineralization of groundwater and freezing–thawing sensitivity of the surrounding rock. The model estimated that 14.4% and 62.2% of the study region had a high and medium frost damage susceptibility of tunnels. In regions with a low frost damage susceptibility of tunnels, the occurrence frequencies of icing on the concrete lining and pavement icing were 3.8% and 2.5%, respectively. As the frost damage susceptibility of tunnels increased, the occurrence frequencies of two types of damage increased to 33.3% and 22.2%. The damage investigation and assessment results will provide a reference for optimizing insulation design and frost damage prevention of CRTs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 16:07:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601599</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Automated Design of Interchange Horizontal Alignment Based on Genetic Algorithm</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2612379</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The design of interchanges is one of the key factors for highway alignment design. The current research on the alignment design of interchange focuses on algorithmic optimization of parameters based on existing scheme design. The use of computers to achieve semi-automated alignment design work still consumes a lot of labor and resources in the early stage of the design of the preliminary scheme. Therefore, this study proposes an automated procedure for designing horizontal alignment of highway interchanges.A database with an inquiry function of interchange alignment parameters was established using existing cases. A model for calculating the parameters of horizontal alignments and an automation model were constructed. The optimization results of this model were solved using the genetic algorithm and the alignment was plotted in AutoCAD. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach was demonstrated in a real-world case study that designed an interchange in Yuanshanzi Village, Gansu, China. The comprehensive evaluation of horizontal alignment costs and vertical alignment optimization showed improvements, with the fitness function value of the automated scheme improving by 22% over the manual design. This study developed a database and innovatively combined the database with an alignment optimization model. To address challenges in the design process, the starting point trial algorithm and the third endpoint constraint calculation method were proposed, thereby achieving a fully automated design workflow that includes preliminary scheme generation. This approach significantly reduces manual work during the preliminary design phase and provides a novel theoretical and technical framework for automated interchange alignment design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Oct 2025 13:11:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2612379</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Damage constitutive model of manufactured sand concrete for bridges under composite salt freeze-thaw cycles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2541063</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to promote the application of manufactured sand concrete (MSC) in bridge structures under the typical Western cold-salt environment, this paper takes two common manufactured aggregates in Gansu as raw materials to prepare C50 manufactured sand concrete used for bridges to carry out composite salt freeze-thaw cycle tests and uniaxial compression tests.The stress-strain full curve of composite salt under different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles was obtained; Lemaitre's strain equivalence principle and Weibull's function distribution were used to establish the damage constitutive model of MSC; and the change rule of each damage variable under different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles of composite salt was explored.The results showed that with the increase of the number of composite salt freeze-thaw cycles, the peak stress and modulus of elasticity of MSC gradually decreased and the peak strain gradually increased, and that the salt-freeze resistance of tuff manufactured sand concrete (TMSC) was better than that of granite manufactured sand concrete (GMSC). The established damage constitutive model is in a high degree of agreement with the results of the experimental stress-strain curves, and the model can well reflect the stress-strain relationship of MSC under different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles of composite salt, so that the macroscopic mechanical properties of the structure can be correctly predicted;The total damage variable D of MSC showed an ‘S’ shaped growth with the increase of strain, and the curve of the total damage variable of each specimen was slow before reaching the peak strain, and then the curve increased steeply after reaching the peak strain, and the structure was damaged rapidly.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2025 11:58:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2541063</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A VNS-NPGA approach to multi-objective optimization of hub-and-spoke logistics network</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534490</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To realize low-cost freight transport in the logistics network and improve the network operation efficiency, a multi-objective optimization model and the corresponding algorithm for a hub-and-spoke logistics network are proposed based on the multi-level location of hub points and channels layout. By considering the structure of the multi-level hub-and-spoke logistics network and the features of the connectivity between the hub and spoke points, the multi-objective optimization model is constructed with two objectives of minimizing the total network operation costs and the total network service time. By considering the characteristics of decision variables and models, a variable neighborhood search (VNS)-niched Pareto genetic algorithm (NPGA) approach with a three-stage encoding structure chromosome is proposed, where the VNS algorithm nested in NPGA is used for individual variable neighborhood search to optimize individual channel level genes, and NPGA is adopted to solve the multi-objective optimization model. To evaluate the performance of the proposed VNS-NPGA approach, a real-life case study based on a small-scale Australia Post data set was conducted, and 25 nodes of the Australia Post and 14 nodes of the Gansu Province 3-level hub-and-spoke logistics networks were established, respectively. The analysis results indicated that the network structure of multi-level hub points could avoid the detour problem existing in the traditional hub-and-spoke network, and showed better applicability in the narrow geographical structure. Compared to the traditional multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, VNS-NPGA can obtain better solutions through the distributed optimization of channel levels, avoiding the problem that a single algorithm cannot effectively deal with coupling relationships in genes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2025 10:12:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534490</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue characteristics of recycled asphalt mastic under strong ultraviolet radiation in Gansu, China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2499835</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To investigate the secondary aging problem of reclaimed asphalt pavements in Gansu, China caused by the influence of strong ultraviolet (UV), the fatigue damage characteristics and fatigue life of reclaimed asphalt mastic under different conditions were evaluated. Firstly, the effect of different factors on fatigue performance of recycled asphalt mastic was analyzed by linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test combined with SPSS software. Secondly, based on the modified S-VECD model, the fatigue life of recycled asphalt mastic was predicted. In addition, the fatigue performance of the recycled asphalt mastic was analyzed for its attenuation law based on the simulation of the strong UV environment in Gansu Province by the indoor accelerated aging test. The test results show that the fatigue life of the asphalt mastic is longer when using modified asphalt at higher temperatures with a low filler/binder ratio. The degree of influence of the following four factors on fatigue life is in the sequence of asphalt type > filler/binder ratio > temperature > mineral powder filler type. Re-aging decay rate of fatigue life to matrix asphalt mastic is greater than the first aging decay rate, while the SBS asphalt mastic is the opposite. For intense UV environment in Gansu, it is recommended to use the recycled modified asphalt mastic to enhance the anti-aging performance of recycled asphalt pavements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Mar 2025 09:46:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2499835</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety Evaluation Methods of Road Traffic Based on Gray Cluster Theory</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2203569</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article analyzes the characteristics and the applicability of the gray cluster theory, taking the traffic statistics of Jiangsu, Jilin, Beijing, Chongqing and Gansu as examples, and arriving at the conclusions that the road traffic safety levels of Beijing and Chongqing are relatively higher, the level of Jiangsu is ordinary, while the levels of Jilin and Gansu are relatively lower. This paper, aiming at road traffic safety assessment based on the gray cluster theory, explores the analysis thread and research steps, as well as analyzes the reasonableness of the results. What's more, the authors propose their own ideas on the selection of the evaluation indicators, the determination and processing of whitening values of different gray classes. In addition, this paper also carries on the forecast to this theory's application prospect and the trend of development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Jul 2024 17:24:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2203569</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Slope Stability and Evaluation of Reinforcement Effect under Seismic Forces</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2378863</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Taking a loess roadbed high slope in Sanyangchuan area of Tianshui City as the study, GeoStudio software was used to conduct numerical simulation to analyze the stability of the slope under earthquake conditions, and anchor was used to strengthen the unstable slope and evaluate the reinforcement effect. The results show that when the peak acceleration is 0.25 g, the slope is unstable by using the time-history analysis method and the Newmark method. By comparing the safety factors obtained by the time-history analysis method and the pseudo-static method, we can see that the safety factor is estimated by the high average safety factor, and the minimum dynamic safety factor is the safest evaluation standard. According to the different incidence angles of bolt reinforcement, numerical simulation results show that the reinforcement effect is better when the incidence angle of bolt is 19 degrees. Meanwhile, among the three evaluation methods, M-P method may overestimate the stability of slope, and Janbu method is more conservative, while Bishop method is more reasonable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 May 2024 09:28:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2378863</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the Resource Allocation Effectiveness of Road Freight Station in Chinese Western Region Based on DEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2281601</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper uses the Gansu province as a representative example to illustrate the construction and operation of road freight stations in the Chinese western regions. By a qualitative analysis, it brings forward several existing problems of freight stations, such as uneven layout, degraded functions, outdated service, and difficulties in financing. According to the input data detailing the construction investment and the number of employees, and the output data detailing an annual conversion output, it applies a C²R model of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to figure out the relative effectiveness, scale profit, and adjustment scheme of station's resource allocation or seven different areas in Gansu Province. The result reveals that the Tianshui area is an effective one. In order for other areas to reach the DEA level effectiveness, some input or output values need to be improved in terms of the calculated adjustment scheme.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 2024 16:58:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2281601</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Subgrade Compaction for Different Soils Using Nondestructive Lightweight Deflectometer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344596</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Insufficient compaction of the subgrade can result in nonuniform deformation, leading to severe subgrade distress. To address this issue and find a new method for rapid detection and evaluation of subgrade compaction, the lightweight deflectometer (LWD) was used to analyze the dynamic deformation modulus (Eͮvd) of subgrades filled with four types of soils—silt (ML), well-graded gravel (GW), lean clay (CL), and poorly graded sand (SP)—in different regions of Gansu province, China. Concurrently, the degree of compaction (Doc) was measured using the sand replacement method (SRM) to establish its correlation with dynamic deformation modulus (Evd). A strong correlation between the degree of compaction and dynamic deformation modulus was established for soils ML, GW, CL, and SP, and suitable formulas were selected based on curve variations. The developed formulas enabled back-calculation of the dynamic deformation modulus requirements corresponding to different degrees of compaction ranging from 90 to 100, facilitating direct queries and quick field checks. Results demonstrated that the LWD, as a reliable rapid detection method, effectively controlled subgrade compaction quality in field construction. Moreover, it extended the testing area and increased measurement frequency, thus providing a practical means for quickly evaluating the qualification rate and uniformity of subgrade compaction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 2024 16:58:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344596</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Bearing Behaviour of Buried Double Corrugated Steel Culvert with High Fill considering Spacing Effect</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2337721</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, field tests and numerical simulations are combined to investigate the earth pressure distribution and deformation characteristics of double corrugated steel culvert (DCSC) with different culvert spacings. The results show that with an increase in the horizontal earth pressure caused by the horizontal squeezing of the DCSC, the constraint effect on the culvert enhances. Comparing with the single corrugated steel culvert (SCSC), the bearing capacity of the DCSC is greatly improved. In addition, deformation calculation models of the SCSC and DCSC are established to investigate the deformation characteristics. Based on the Winkler’s foundation model, the relationship between the deformation and passive deformation resistances on the left and right sides of a culvert is established. Introducing critical culvert spacing Lcr, the influence of the culvert spacing on the deformation characteristics of the DCSC is revealed. Further, the relationship between Lcr and culvert radius R is derived. By analysing correlations between culvert deformation and the influencing factors, i.e., height of fill, compressive stiffness of fill and culvert spacing, the deformation calculation models of the SCSC and DCSC proposed in this study are verified.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Mar 2024 10:11:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2337721</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>