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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Archetypal business models for MaaS: An empirical typology of operational MaaS firms</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704095</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mobility as a Service (MaaS) has often been presented as a coherent model of integrated mobility, but in practice providers have implemented it through markedly different business models. Although the prior research has examined some of these configurations, we still lack comparative empirical evidence on how operational MaaS providers actually structure and sustain their business models. To address this gap, we develop an empirically grounded typology of business model archetypes among operational MaaS providers. Drawing on an inductive multiple-case study of 50 firms worldwide, supported by documentary evidence as well as by interviews and surveys with MaaS stakeholders and experts, we identify five archetypes: Mobility Platforms, Highly-diversified Providers, Lowly-diversified Providers, Enablers, and Mobility Embedded Providers. These archetypes differ systematically in terms of market orientation, degree of service integration, asset ownership, geographical scope, revenue architecture, scalability, and core strategic orientation. Our findings make visible the distinct trade-offs, risk profiles, and viability conditions associated with alternative MaaS configurations, thereby offering a stronger empirical basis for future research on provider viability, scalability, and governance. At the same time, the study provides practical value by offering providers a benchmark for positioning and refining their business model, as well as by helping policymakers and public authorities to design more targeted procurement, support, and governance interventions aligned with the specific MaaS configuration at stake.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 15:57:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704095</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis of the Impact of Environmental Innovation in Land Transportation: Exploring Determinants of Efficiency and Firm Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2775369</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study that investigates the interplay between different types of environmental innovation, innovation efficiency, and company’s performance within the land transportation industry.  The authors used data from 58 Korean transportation firms in the 2023 Korea Innovation Survey, in which environmental innovations are systematically categorized into business process and product/service types.  They used a multi-method approach: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), regression analysis, and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). Their analysis found that some innovations, specifically the adoption of renewable energy, positively affect both efficiency and performance.  In contrast, other innovations, such as business process-oriented energy and carbon reduction measures, do not always consistently yield benefits and may even reduce efficiency in the short term.  In addition, results from fsQCA show that bundled innovation strategies, rather than isolated practices, can result in superior performance; however, the authors note that these strategies are adopted by only a small subset of pioneering firms.  The authors conclude that integrating complementary innovations into a cohesive portfolio may be the most effective approach to advance both sustainability and competitiveness in the transportation sector. They discuss policy and managerial implications, including targeted incentives, regulatory support, and capability- building.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:55:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2775369</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Towards π-ports: System characterization, integrated framework and future research</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2767517</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Achieving a sustainable and resilient logistics system under the Physical Internet (PI or π) paradigm hinges critically on the readiness of maritime ports to enable the required transformation. As a potentially high-friction point in the movement of physical goods, a harmonized framework that enables seamless π-port operations is needed. This paper develops such a framework to guide the systematic transformation of π-ports through a systematic literature review and a bibliometric analysis of research on port transformation, smart ports, and PI logistics. The proposed four-layer π-port framework integrates the Physical Layer, Digital Layer, Business and Financial Transactions Layer, and Governance and Decision Layer into a coherent architecture, and connects infrastructure, information flows, business transactions, value mechanisms, and multi-level decision-making. Rather than treating these dimensions in isolation, as existing port studies tend to do, the framework explicates their interdependencies as a prerequisite for effective π-port functioning. Priority research challenges are identified across interoperability standards, synchromodal coordination, decentralized governance, adaptive real-time decision-making, and national and local port contexts. By integrating physical operations, digital systems, business models, and governance into a single conceptual framework, this study provides an interdisciplinary foundation for researchers, port planners, and policymakers pursuing the transition to hyperconnected, resilient, and sustainable maritime logistics systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:55:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2767517</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pay-per-minute bike-sharing pricing strategy nudges cyclists toward unsafe behaviours: A bicycle simulator study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743002</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pay-per-minute bike-sharing pricing strategies can act as a monetary incentive for cyclists to minimize their travel time, potentially leading to negative consequences for road safety. This study investigates the effects of time-based fees on bike-sharing users through a bicycle simulator experiment involving 30 participants (15 females, aged 19–28). Participants rode along a path composed of roundabouts and unsignalized T-intersections under two experimental conditions presented in randomized order. In the Private Bike (PB) condition, participants were instructed to ride as they typically would in the real world. In the Bike Sharing (BS) condition, participants were informed that €0.06 would be deducted from their final payment for each minute of riding. Generalized Linear Mixed Models were employed to analyze the effects of the experimental condition on route choice at roundabouts (i.e., using the dedicated crosswalk versus riding within the roundabout ring), waiting time and crossing speed at crosswalks, riding speed on straight segments, and gap-acceptance behavior at T-intersections. In the BS condition, participants tended to wait less before crossing, rode faster, and accepted shorter time gaps. These findings raise concerns on pay-per-minute bike-sharing pricing strategies, which can significantly nudge cyclists toward unsafe behaviors, despite the very small size of the monetary incentive.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:55:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743002</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Startup partnerships for digital transformation in container shipping and logistics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711904</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines how incumbents structure partnerships with startup firms during digital transformation. Research on corporate–startup collaboration has paid limited attention to the temporal structuring of value across partnership phases. To examine this gap, we draw on a multiple-case analysis of startup partnership programs initiated by Maersk, CMA CGM, Kuehne + Nagel, and DB Schenker. We develop a framework of four building blocks that link value phases to temporal considerations to explain how partnerships are structured and evolve over time. The first two building blocks emphasize conceptualization and empirical verification. We show how the value proposition is shaped by fixed temporal milestones, and how value delivery unfolds incrementally through activity-based segmentation and geographic footprint. The next two building blocks extend the framework through conceptualization and empirical illustration. We illustrate how incumbents adapt value through dynamic financial involvement, either through “option creation” (ad hoc paths) or “option exercise” (targeted paths), and how value capture reflects cyclical scenarios that may prompt firms to renew their startup engagement strategies. Our findings contribute to a process-oriented understanding of the temporal dynamics of value creation in corporate–startup partnerships and offer practical insights for incumbents seeking to structure and sustain such collaborations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 11:21:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711904</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mitigating the Financial Impact of Carbon Risk in Airlines: The Role of Management Practices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the financial impact of carbon risk on airlines and the moderating role of management practices across different business models. Using unbalanced panel data from 53 publicly listed airlines, the results show that higher carbon risk significantly reduces profitability. The moderating effects vary by airline business models. Board skill sets mitigate the negative impact in low-cost carriers, while board size plays a positive role in full-service carriers. In airline-within-airline groups, efficient governance and strong financial management, particularly investment and market capitalisation, help reduce carbon-related financial pressure. The findings highlight the importance of aligning board governance and financial strategies with business models to improve airline financial resilience during the green transition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 2026 14:02:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2743231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>From charging bottlenecks to resilient cities: Can the Battery-as-a-Service model bridge Europe's mobility and energy transitions?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2710224</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As European cities electrify mobility under growing grid constraints, Battery-as-a-Service (BaaS) is gaining attention as a potential bridge between transport and energy systems. Yet in Europe, its development remains fragmented across vehicle types, business models, and regulatory settings. This paper reframes BaaS from a standalone technological option to a socio-technical and planning challenge unfolding at the intersection of mobility systems, energy infrastructures, and urban governance. Combining a scoping review of 303 peer-reviewed publications with a European-focused synthesis, comparative analysis of BaaS configurations, and structural-spatial assessment of selected providers, the paper shows that global research remains dominated by optimization-oriented perspectives, while European research places stronger emphasis on energy integration and institutional embedding. The findings indicate that the main barriers to BaaS diffusion in Europe are less technological than organizational, regulatory, and spatial. To support urban decision-making, the paper proposes the City Readiness Analytical Framework for Transition (CRAFT), which translates these insights into a structured diagnostic framework for assessing local readiness, risks, and integration pathways.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 10:04:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2710224</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Transport Systems and Their Development—Literature Review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579453</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transport is an important element of a local, interregional, and global economy. For this reason, the condition and development of transport systems, their links, entire chains, and sectors, are systematically assessed. This article reviews the literature (by the PRISMA method on WoS database), using the keywords: “assessment”, “development”, and “transport systems”, to identify the most frequently used methods and assessed factors. Initially found 108211 records, narrowed down to 90 (including open access, English language, published 2019—May 20, 2024). Based on the research, several quantitative and qualitative methods were indicated (with the dominant role of MCDM methods, suggested as a tool for building a model allowing the comparison of transport systems) and the main groups of assessed factors (transport factors, economic factors, safety factors, social factors, political and business environment factors, and natural environmental factors, suggested as factors to be assessed in a model). The research results presented constitute the basis for building a model that enables the comparison of the transport systems of individual branches under various geopolitical conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:16:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579453</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How truck drivers and transport companies co-shape career sustainability: A comparative case study in the Netherlands</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720763</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines how truck drivers interpret and exercise agency regarding career sustainability, within an occupation marked by spatial constraints, limited upward mobility, and strong job autonomy. Using a comparative case study design, the authors analyzed seven cases in various transport companies, grounded in 31 interviews with truck drivers, their direct supervisors, HR managers, and directors. The aim was to understand how agency plays out across organizational and occupational social spaces, and how this agency shapes truck drivers’ career trajectories. Findings reveal an agency paradox: while drivers report a strong sense of agency—expressed through ownership and individuality in their job, this perceived agency is identity-driven and constrained by existing structural organizational boundaries. Supervisors and other managerial actors often expect drivers to demonstrate long-term, life course agency, yet rarely offer needed support or resources. As a result, career development of truck drivers remains limited, reinforcing a culture of “good enough” satisfaction and static occupational roles. Findings highlight the critical role of social context in shaping how agency is interpreted and enacted in transport companies. These insights call for interventions that foster actual rather than perceived agency, including clearer supervisory roles, attention to health-related job demands, and efforts to challenge occupational stigma, and that aim for fostering truck drivers’ career sustainability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:49:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720763</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mobilization of Industrial Capacity Building for Advanced Biofuels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688612</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Biofuels have a vital role to play in reducing emissions in transport if an EU coordinated approach for capacity development of essential industrial value chains of advanced biofuels needed to achieve the EU targets for 2030,2040, and 2050, is employed. Two main categories of financing support are identified as necessary: (a) for industrial production development, linked to the volumes of biofuels produced and (b) for feedstock supply mobilization, linked to feedstock supply volumes. For 2030, the corresponding financing needs are estimated at €3,849 – 7,499 million per year for industrial installations and €700 – 1,245 million per year for farmers/collectors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:48:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688612</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring Airport Business Models: A Comprehensive Bibliographic Review and Contingency Framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691073</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airport business models have transformed significantly over the past four decades, driven by airline deregulation, corporatisation and privatisation, the rise and hybridisation of low-cost carriers (LCCs), digitalisation, and tightening environmental constraints. Although a substantial literature exists on airport efficiency, regulation and ownership, work explicitly conceptualising “airport business models” remains fragmented and often descriptive. This paper synthesises insights from 59 peer-reviewed studies spanning business model conceptualisation, ownership and governance, airport competition, LCC dynamics, resilience and COVID-19 impacts, and environmental sustainability. Building on the business model canvas adapted to the airport context, the review identifies six archetypal airport business models—commercial-primary hub, regional development-oriented, LCC-optimised, platform-based digital ecosystem, resilience-oriented, and sustainability-integrated. Empirical evidence suggests no single universally optimal configuration: model viability is contingent on traffic scale, governance and ownership form, competitive structure, airline composition, regional economic context and exogenous shocks. The paper proposes a contingency framework linking model choice to these conditions and outlines transition paths as circumstances evolve. It concludes by identifying research gaps around longitudinal model transitions, quantitative resilience metrics, and the integration of sustainability and digital servitisation into airport strategy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jul 2026 16:39:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691073</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Business Model (BM) Transformations in Business-to-Business (B2B) Digital Multimodal Logistics Platform Ecosystem: Insights from Prospective Marketplace Sellers and Buyers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686177</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Digitalization and sustainability imperatives are transforming the logistics industry; however, the evolution of business models (BMs) in emerging business-to-business (B2B) digital multimodal marketplaces has not been thoroughly explored. This study investigates how one of the first B2B digital multimodal marketplace ecosystems – designed to calculate emissions and promote more sustainable logistics services – might affect the BMs of sellers and buyers. We used a qualitative research design based on the Business Model Canvas (BMC). To gather data, we analyzed the current (AS-IS) and future (TO-BE) BMs. Additionally, we created detailed questionnaires structured around the BMC framework, which were completed by representatives from seller and buyer actor groups. A hybrid deductive-inductive coding approach allowed us to integrate the established BMC framework with emergent themes. Our analysis reveals significant potential transformations in the key activities, followed by potential changes in key resources, channels and revenue streams. Most BM changes centre on adding emission calculation as a new value-proposition element, which in turn triggers adjustments in the other BMC blocks. These insights deepen the theoretical understanding of how digital logistics marketplace ecosystem might drive BM transformation, while also highlighting the anticipated challenges, risks, and necessary adjustments managers in the logistics industry should address when integrating a digital marketplace ecosystem. This study is one of the first to analyze likely changes in the BMs of companies adopting a B2B digital logistics platform ecosystem. Additionally, it is the first to explore a multimodal and environmentally conscious platform ecosystem.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 13:29:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686177</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The cost effects of investment co-ordination under alternative vertical structures in railway systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680146</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main purpose of this study is to investigate how structural separation policies (especially vertical separation and the holding company) affect the costs of the rail industry, and to explore the mechanisms through which these cost impacts occur. We contribute to the past literature by focusing on investment coordination/misalignment costs and how these might vary across different railway structures. We also provide a substantially more up-to-date view of the impact of rail reforms than in previous cost function studies. A total cost function is used with a dataset involving 33 European and East Asia railway companies (1994-2017). We find that there is no “one size fits all” vertical structure from the point of view of cost minimisation and that the optimal structure from a cost perspective depends on both train density and the intensity of infrastructure investment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jun 2026 09:40:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680146</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Cluster-Based Approach to Assessing Competition in the Transport Sector</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671760</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transportation sector requires competitive analysis to comprehend the market, identify competitors’ tactics, and make informed decisions to maintain competitive advantages and satisfy changing client demands. Competitive assessment requires objectivity and comprehensiveness, necessitating the use of mathematical and statistical methods. This research examines the competitive environment of the Russian transport sector by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the 21 largest transport enterprises in Russia. Using clustering through Ward’s method and K-means, the research categorizes the industry into four distinct competitive groups: competitive superiority, sustainable competitive position, crisis competitive position, and competitive parity. Through this segmentation, the strengths and weaknesses of each group are evaluated, providing insights into the industry’s landscape. The standout market leader identified is “Russian Railways” JSC, which is recognized for its dominant position as the primary railway company in Russia. This research contributes to the field by employing clustering algorithms to analyze the competitive dynamics of Russian transport enterprises.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:50:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671760</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Peculiarities of Accounting for Investments and Leasing in a Transport Company</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671756</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research discusses the peculiarities of accounting for investments and leasing in a transport company, offering a comprehensive analysis of the methods and approaches to account for these operations. In the context of the rapid development of the transport industry and the active implementation of new technologies in logistics, effective management of investments and leasing becomes a critical success factor for companies in this sector. The first part of the research focuses on accounting for investments in fixed assets owned by the transport company. It examines the specifics of accounting for vehicle acquisition, operation, and depreciation, including recording maintenance and repair costs. The second part of the research addresses the accounting for vehicle leasing. Particular attention is paid to various leasing models, their impact on the company’s financial position, and methods of accounting for lease payments. In the concluding part of the research, the authors offered practical recommendations for optimizing the accounting of investments and leasing in a transport company based on the analysis of best practices and advanced trends in managerial accounting. The possibility of automating accounting processes using specialized software and information systems is also considered, making it possible to increase efficiency and accuracy in financial accounting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:50:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671756</guid>
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