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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Identifying Gaps in Transit Infrastructure and Potential Solutions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2677556</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A lack of access to transit stops (due to safety concerns, poor first and last mile connections, a lack of shelter to protect from weather elements while waiting, etc.) often presents a significant barrier to using transit services, even when the service itself is well designed. However, for most bus transit projects, the feasibility study at the project planning stage only focuses on a buffer zone of 250 feet around any bus stop, as mandated and required by National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Such feasibility studies suffer from two drawbacks: (i) because of the limited spatial extent, they fail to capture the infrastructure gaps that may prevent people from utilizing the services; and (ii) because of limited interaction with current and potential users of the system, they fail to identify user-focused solutions to these gaps. Thus, such feasibility studies may overestimate the potential ridership while also lacking support from the local communities. As Colorado DOT (CDOT) starts implementing its planned bus rapid transit (BRT) services along some of the most heavily traveled corridors within the Denver Metro area, it is important to understand the infrastructure gaps and identify potential solutions to deliver the most benefit possible from transit infrastructure dollars.

The aim of the proposed project is to identify how and what infrastructure gaps need to be considered before evaluating the success of a transit-related investment. It also aims to create a set of potential solutions for those gaps, through user input of preferences and cost considerations. The research team uses one of the five proposed bus rapid transit projects within Denver Metro area as case study for this proposed project, complementing CDOT's ongoing work towards the BRT projects. Federal Boulevard BRT, the proposed case study BRT, is planned along one of the most heavily used travel corridors in Denver. The objectives of the project are: (i) to understand the current infrastructure needs to facilitate transit use, such as a lack of bus stop infrastructure, safety concerns, first and last-mile connectivity issues, etc.; and (ii) to identify solutions that best address the needs of the current and potential users. The proposed project will address these objectives through targeted data collection using surveys and app-based travel diary for the BRT catchment area larger than the required feasibility study (using a half-mile buffer around the bus stops instead of 250 feet as done in the NEPA study).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Mar 2026 13:33:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2677556</guid>
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      <title>Air Quality Inside Buses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676946</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2024, transit buses accounted for approximately 50.4% of total public transportation ridership in the United States, serving more than 3.86 billion riders. In-bus environmental quality plays a critical role in the health and safety of operators and passengers, as well as in overall system performance. Even on short trips, poor indoor air quality can cause discomfort and symptoms such as drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, and fatigue. TCRP Research Report 261: Air Quality Inside Buses presents research findings and practical approaches to air management in transit buses to help maintain a comfortable and safe environment for operators and passengers under normal and emergency conditions, including those involving airborne infectious diseases. The report also provides a comprehensive review of existing studies and current air management practices, with a focus on system configurations and their performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Mar 2026 08:56:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676946</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Collaborative freight transport service with high-frequency bus transit systems: Optimal bus operation strategies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659490</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the presence of a rapidly growing demand for urban delivery, existing bus services are recommended to offer collaborative freight transport services, especially during off-peak hours when the bus service capacity is excessive for passenger transportation. While the impact of freight transport on the transit service quality has not been explicitly considered in the literature on the topic of collaborative freight transport, this study aims to investigate, from a bus operator’s perspective, how to determine the optimal bus operation strategies to ensure the freight transport demand can be met while a certain level of bus passenger transport service quality is maintained. A mathematical programming approach is applied to formulate the problem, with the objective of minimizing both the operator’s costs, consisting of the bus operation costs and penalty imposed from unsatisfied freight transport demand, and users’ costs focusing primarily on the passengers’ travel time costs. The main bus operation strategies include bus vehicle seating capacity, fleet size, and bus headway, to be optimized to achieve the objective from the operator’s perspective. A generalized Benders decomposition-based solution algorithm is developed to solve the formulated problem efficiently, with completed algorithmic convergence proof. Numerical experiments are carried out to validate the model formulation and solution efficiency. Some of the numerical results indicate a tendency for bus headway to be set longer, leading to longer waiting times, and lower service quality for passenger transport, especially when freight transport demand is high. This highlights the importance of this study in offering bus service operators analysis tools in managing the trade-off between supplying freight transport service and the compromised passenger transport service quality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 17:10:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659490</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Nudging urban travellers towards greener travel modes: A virtual reality experiment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627441</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cities worldwide face increasing pressure to reduce carbon emissions from transportation systems, yet implementing new transport policies often involves high costs and uncertainties. This study introduces an immersive virtual reality (VR) tool as a flexible, low-cost approach for evaluating travel demand management (TDM) strategies before real-world deployment. In a repeated discrete choice experiment (1,260 observations), participants chose between a taxi (high carbon) and a bus (low carbon) across multiple scenarios, each featuring variations in cost, travel time, and carbon attribute levels. Three nudge interventions were designed to highlight environmental impacts at three different decision points. The findings demonstrate that strategically timed nudges offer policymakers a scalable tool to promote sustainable urban mobility by integrating salient environmental feedback into decision-making contexts. These results underscore VR’s potential to simulate realistic policy interventions and generate inputs to quantify the impact of different types of interventions alongside travel attributes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 14:51:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627441</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Advancing electric bus transit system optimization with bus rotation across routes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658110</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Battery electric buses (BEBs) face significant operational constraints that limit their flexibility, especially in rotating vehicles across multiple routes. This study focuses on addressing this limitation by introducing a strategic modelling approach that incorporates BEB rotation as a decision variable into an integrated planning optimization model. The proposed model jointly determines the optimal bus-to-route assignments, charging infrastructure siting and sizing, battery capacities, and charging schedules while accounting for electricity real-time pricing (RTP) rates, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions charges, and battery degradation. Results of a real-world transit network demonstrate that enabling BEB rotation in the planning phase reduces total system costs by 37.88%, with a 12.18% reduction in capital costs and a 59.42% reduction in operational costs. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to validate the proposed model, highlighting the influence of varying key parameters, including energy consumption, infrastructure costs, charging power, electricity RTP rates, and GHG emissions charges on the optimized outcomes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 11:55:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658110</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Breaking a harmful feedback loop: Mitigating bus queuing and headway irregularity on busy corridors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627431</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We unveil that a previously-unreported and undesirable feedback loop can be created when bus queues frequently form at congested curbside stops along a corridor. Buses caught in this loop exhibit growing variation in headways as they travel from stop to stop. Bus and patron delays resulting from these queues accumulate in like fashion and can grow large on long, busy corridors. We show that this damaging feedback loop can be abated by applying various bus holding strategies at a corridor’s entrance. Specifically, holding buses not only helps reduce headway variations—a well understood benefit—but can surprisingly also mitigate bus and patron delays. We further introduce a modest variant to the simplest of these strategies, which releases buses at headways that are slightly shorter than the scheduled values. It turns out that this variant strategy can effectively compensate for bus delays caused by holding by reducing bus delays at queued stops. Benefits can outweigh costs in corridors that contain a sufficient number of serial bus stops. The simple variant is shown to perform about as well as, or better than, other bus-holding strategies proposed in the literature in terms of saving delays, and is more effective than other strategies in regularizing bus headways. We also show that grouping buses from across multiple lines and holding them by group can be effective when patrons have the flexibility to choose buses from across all lines in a group. Findings come by formulating select models of bus-corridor dynamics and using these to simulate part of the Bus Rapid Transit corridor in Guangzhou, China.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 09:14:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627431</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A method for determining pickup and delivery locations of intercity customized bus based on passenger demand and POIs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627412</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Intercity customized bus is a new mode of road passenger transport that relies on the internet platform to obtain passengers' reservation travel demands and provide passengers with “door-to-door” transport service between cities. The determining of Pickup and Delivery locations is essential for its operation, as it provides the possibility of “door-to-door” direct transport service. Existing methods for determining Pickup and Delivery locations mainly focus on clustering passenger demand data, which will lead to the problem of passengers and drivers having difficulty in quickly finding sites in the road network. Therefore, this study aims to propose a new method for determining Pickup and Delivery locations both considering passenger demand data and POIs. Based on the passenger reservation data and AutoNavi Map API, suitable POI categories are selected to derive the actual walking distances and routes between passengers and different POIs. Through two rounds of screening, The POIs with the wider service coverage and the smallest actual walking distance for passengers was selected as the sites. The results show that by utilizing the new method for determining Pickup and Delivery locations, we identified the locations of suitable sites and controlled the actual walking distance of passengers within 500 m in the road network, which will provide convenience to both drivers and passengers. This study will provide a reference basis for optimizing the site setting in intercity customized bus.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 09:14:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627412</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predicting pedestrian crash risk around bus stops: A multi-city random forest approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663751</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pedestrians account for more than one-fifth of global road fatalities each year, with bus stops in metropolitan areas being high-risk locations due to crowding and frequent crossings. Developing effective interventions to enhance pedestrian safety requires a deep understanding of the built environment factors that contribute to pedestrian crashes across different urban settings. Since pedestrian injuries and fatalities are primarily preventable, applying diverse datasets from various countries is essential to identify and compare the key built environment features influencing pedestrian crashes around bus stops. This study evaluates and predicts the key built environment factors affecting pedestrian crashes within buffer distances of 50, 150, and 250 m around bus stops, using datasets from New York (United States), Toronto (Canada), and Greater Melbourne (Australia) between 2012 and 2016. Three modeling approaches, Random Forest (RF), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and Ordinal Logistic Regression (OLR), were applied with systematic hyperparameter tuning, and the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) was applied to address class imbalance. Model performance was compared across cities, buffer sizes, and training–validation–testing splits, and external cross-city validation was conducted to evaluate transferability. Results show that RF consistently outperforms MLP and OLR by capturing nonlinear interactions between built environment features more effectively, with the best-performing RF models for New York and Toronto using a 250-meter buffer, demonstrating that larger buffer distances better capture the influence of the built environment on crash occurrences. Furthermore, Common Important Features (CIF) and Common Important Subfeatures (CIS) are extracted to rank and compare the most influential factors affecting pedestrian crashes in each case study. This information may be used to persuade political leaders to develop, implement, and support pedestrian safety measures around bus stops.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 14:02:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663751</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prioritizing at-risk bus drivers: A safety-constrained burnout severity classification model using information gain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657075</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Job burnout is a critical occupational hazard that compromises the safety of public transport systems. Prevailing classification methods, however, often fail to establish a reliable, monotonic relationship between burnout severity and safety performance. To address this, the authors developed a novel framework that incorporates a safety-performance constraint, which requires the proportion of violation-involved drivers to increase with burnout severity. The authors constructed an information gain-based optimization model to identify the optimal burnout severity classification under this constraint. The framework was validated on a dataset of 1461 bus drivers, demonstrating its effectiveness. The model stratified drivers into four distinct tiers based on MBI-GS scores: no burnout [0, 0.87], mild (0.87, 2.27], moderate (2.27, 4.53], and severe (4.53, 6.00]. A clear, monotonic risk gradient was observed, with the proportion of drivers committing safety violations increasing consistently from 38.97 % (no burnout) to 46.26 % (mild), 51.40 % (moderate), and 60.00 % (severe). Comparative analyses confirmed the superiority of the proposed framework over conventional methods (Weighting and Dimensional Criteria). The framework achieved stronger correlations of the classified burnout levels with underlying burnout scores (r = 0.947 vs. 0.909 and 0.899) and safety outcomes (r = 0.131 vs. 0.093 and 0.088), higher information gain (IG = 8.6 × 10−3 vs. 4.3 × 10−3 and 3.9 × 10−3), and superior cluster validity (DBI = 0.4884 vs. 0.5693 and 0.9344). This indicates that, beyond most faithfully representing the continuum of burnout severity captured by the raw scores, the framework also enables a more precise characterization of violation risk. By translating burnout severity into a four-tiered risk classification with empirically defined violation rates (38.97 % to 60.00 %), this work provides transit agencies with a precise tool for identifying at-risk drivers and implementing targeted interventions, ultimately enhancing road safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 13:59:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657075</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A dynamic bus lane strategy for integrated management of human-driven and autonomous vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2626083</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study introduces a dynamic bus lane (DBL) strategy, referred to as the dynamic bus priority lane (DBPL) strategy, designed for mixed traffic environments featuring both manual and automated vehicles. Unlike previous DBL strategies, this approach accounts for partially connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) capable of autonomous trajectory planning. By leveraging this capability, the strategy grants certain CAVs Right-of-Way (ROW) in bus lanes while utilizing their “leading effects” in general lanes to guide vehicle platoons through intersections, thereby indirectly influencing the trajectories of other vehicles. The ROW allocation is optimized using a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model, aimed at minimizing total vehicle travel time. Since different CAVs entering the bus lane affect other vehicles’ travel times, the model incorporates lane change effects when estimating the states of CAVs, human-driven vehicles (HDVs), and connected autonomous buses (CABs) as they approach the stop bar. A dynamic control framework with a rolling horizon procedure is established to ensure precise execution of the ROW optimization under varying traffic conditions. Simulation experiments across two scenarios assess the performance of the proposed DBPL strategy at different CAV market penetration rates (MPRs). Results show that, compared to the benchmark strategy, the proposed DBPL strategy reduces private car travel time by up to 22% across two road scenarios, achieves further gains of up to 34% under higher traffic volumes, and remains virtually unaffected by dense bus arrivals, all while maintaining bus priority. It also adapts effectively to different bus stop locations and right-turn ratios, ensuring only the necessary number of CAVs enter the bus lane to optimize flow, and consistently surpassing existing methods in all tested conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 09:01:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2626083</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Bus Stops on Pedestrian Safety at Signalized Intersections</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113535</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Of all road users, pedestrians are considered the most vulnerable mainly due to the lack of body protection, mass, and speed. There are many factors that affect the occurrence of a pedestrian involved crash—exposure (e.g., pedestrian and traffic volume), injury severity (e.g., speed and vehicle type), roadway and environment (e.g., proximity to bus stops, presence/proximity of facilities (store, building, school)) and intersections. Among the factors, the presence and proximity of transit bus stops are the distinctive risk factors in the pedestrian involved crashes in urban areas. The objective of this study is to understand the influence of bus stop locations on pedestrian safety near signalized intersections. To accomplish the study objectives, pedestrian safety data collected at a sample of signalized intersections in Texas were used and a safety performance function was developed. It was found that bus stops within 300 ft from the center of the intersection increase pedestrian crashes by 48%. Other variables that also had an influence on pedestrian safety are entering vehicular volume, pedestrian crossing volume, the maximum number of lanes crossed by a pedestrian at an intersection, and left-turn signal phasing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 08:30:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113535</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The impacts of multimodal network design on air transportation resilience under disruptions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647789</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Each year, disruptions in the air transportation network result in significant economic and social impacts, with millions of passengers stranded and billions of dollars lost in revenue. In practice, the design of this network has prioritized cost efficiency, structuring routes to maximize revenue. This has led to the adoption of the hub-and-spoke model by many airlines, which has minimized the number of routes, consolidating them to a select number of hub airports. However, these hubs also act as critical chokepoints—propagating disruptions and impacting flights across the network. Previous studies have examined both reactionary solutions and passenger behaviors due to air transportation network disruptions. This has included air traffic flow management, such as metering, and interregional passenger leakage, where passengers choose to fly out of a more distant hub rather than a local airport due to factors including flight frequency, lower airfares, itinerary quality, and perceived disruption risk. In this work, we propose a proactive measure that seeks to improve air transportation network resilience by optimizing the network’s underlying topology in the presence of modal choice. Specifically, we consider direct bus lines—which can provide frequent, low-cost, airside-to-airside service and circumvent air traffic-related delays—as a drop-in alternative to routes that would otherwise be serviced by shorter, less frequent regional flights. To demonstrate this, we present a formulation of the uncapacitated multi-allocation hub location problem to construct an optimal network given this alternative. The results of this model not only provide feet operators with a tool to enhance the air travel experience, but also encourage a broader discussion concerning potentially different regulatory approaches towards air transportation disruption management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647789</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Injury Severity of Bus Crashes: A Random Parameters Logistic Model with Heterogeneity in Means Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613264</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban bus crashes in China have become a growing concern due to the expansion of bus systems, leading to increased injuries, fatalities, and property damage. Nonetheless, existing research has given limited attention to a comprehensive analysis of the bus crash severity in terms of heterogeneity, which may suffer from a biased and incorrect result. This study addresses this gap by analyzing bus crashes in Hong Kong from 2009 to 2019 using a random parameters logistic model with heterogeneity in means, confirming its necessity for interpreting crash severity through AIC indicators. Particularly, special junction and driver age under 45 variables produce heterogeneity, as well as careless maneuver, illegal maneuver, cross-roads, two ways, dual carriageway, more than 2 carriageways, speed limit over 80 km/h, multiple involved vehicles, vehicle age, and time of crash 21:00–6:59 significantly affect the crash severity level. The findings provide important insights for policymakers to enhance urban bus safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613264</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Evaluation of Bus Vehicle System Stability Based on Entropy Weight TOPSIS Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the public transportation system, public transport vehicles have an important position that cannot be ignored. The maintenance and support of public transport vehicles have always been a relatively important issue. In order to quantify the stability of public transport vehicles and comprehensively evaluate the performance and reliability of various vehicle systems. Based on the vehicle maintenance conditions of various public transport vehicles, this study established a vehicle system stability evaluation model. Considering 12 vehicle subsystems, such as the engine system, transmission system, and circuit system of public transport vehicles, the entropy weight method is used to determine the importance of evaluation indicators in each dimension. Finally, the TOPSIS evaluation method is established to give a comprehensive score to a single vehicle model. Thus, the quantified situation of the stability of operating vehicle models is obtained, providing a reasonable decision-making basis for vehicle operating units and maintenance workshops and further promoting the sustainable development of public transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613258</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Correlation between Urban Road Classifications and Bus Route Layouts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613253</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The planning and layout of bus routes are influenced by the classifications of roads, and an effective alignment between these two elements can enhance the efficiency and service quality of public transportation. This study examines the relationship between urban road classifications and bus route layouts in Zhengzhou to optimize public transportation efficiency. Urban roads are categorized into expressways, arterial roads, secondary roads, and local streets, while bus routes are classified as urban routes, BRT, express routes, and feeder routes. Statistical analyses are conducted on bus lengths, the proportion of each road classification traversed by the bus routes, and the proportion of bus routes associated with each road classification. Normality tests and correlation analysis are done. The results show that most bus routes traverse arterial roads. A positive correlation is observed between bus types and the percentage of bus route length traversing arterial roads, suggesting that lower bus types are associated with a lower proportion of arterial roads. The findings aim to enhance transportation network efficiency and convenience.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613253</guid>
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