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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Energy-efficient stockyard scheduling in dry bulk ports with belt conveyor sharing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697038</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improving the energy efficiency of ports is central to sustainable transport. While research on port energy reduction is extensive, the energy-intensive field of bulk transportation has received limited attention. This paper addresses a critical source of energy waste in dry bulk port operations: prolonged belt conveyor (BC) empty-running caused by uncoordinated stockyard equipment scheduling. We propose an energy-efficient stockyard scheduling model that considers BC sharing to jointly optimize stacker-reclaimer (SR) assignment and BC control. The objective is to minimize both task dwell time and total BC energy consumption. The problem is formulated as an integer programming model based on a coupled space-time network (STN) framework, using independent STNs to capture individual equipment trajectories. This formulation disentangles complex operational constraints, models SR-BC coordination via concise coupling constraints, and embeds logical constraints directly into the network construction, thereby reducing computational complexity. To solve large-scale instances efficiently, we develop a customized adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm with tailored destroy and repair operators. The effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm is validated using varying-scale instances derived from a dedicated coal terminal in China. Results demonstrate that our method can reduce total BC energy consumption by 17% on average while maintaining competitive operational efficiency compared to practical scheduling modes. This improvement translates to substantial and cumulative economic and environmental benefits through daily operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jul 2026 09:16:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697038</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A LiDAR-based approach for real-time bulk coal extraction in cargo holds</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607067</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate bulk coal extraction in cargo holds is crucial for ensuring the operational safety and efficiency of automated cleaning systems. This paper presents a LiDAR-based approach tailored for real-time coal feature identification in cargo holds. First, a self-adaptive mechanism is proposed to filter redundant point cloud data, dynamically adjusting to the dimensions of the cargo hold. Next, an angle prediction method is developed based on the structural characteristics of the cargo hold, ensuring precise heading estimation. Subsequently, point cloud registration is performed to determine the robot’s pose and generate comprehensive global point cloud data. Finally, the registered data are projected into spherical coordinates, enabling the identification of coal point clouds based on their angle of repose. The proposed method achieves a data processing rate of 10 Hz. Experimental validation carried out in both simulated and real-world environments, including Dushan Port, demonstrates the capability of the method for accurate and efficient coal extraction, effectively addressing the challenges posed by uneven coal surfaces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607067</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Chemical of the Quarter: Understanding Coal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2677553</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Coal is regulated in maritime transportation by the U.S. Coast Guard, the Department of Transportation, and the International Maritime Organization. It presents several hazards in shipping. Coal emits methane, a flammable gas, which can create combustible atmospheres in transport. Coal may also undergo oxidation, a process during which oxygen is depleted and concentrations of CO₂ or CO build in the cargo space. Some coals may react with water, producing flammable and toxic gases, such as hydrogen, or acids, which may cause corrosion. In addition, coal is subject to spontaneous heating, which can lead to spontaneous combustion in the cargo space. All vessels carrying coal are subject to Coast Guard inspection as part of the service’s responsibility to enforce maritime transportation requirements for all solid bulk cargo.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 14:47:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2677553</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hybrid Concrete-Steel Piles and Precast Concrete Deck Expedite Construction of Bulk Handling Wharf</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559487</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As part of an ambitious expansion program, the Port of Barranquilla (Colombia) embarked on the development of a pile-supported multipurpose marginal wharf for Handymax bulk carriers in their main river terminal. Due to pile length constraints associated with the production of prestressed concrete piles as well as the presence of a competent limestone (coral)/marl stratum encountered at variable elevations, a hybrid piling solution consisting of prestressed concrete pile segments with variable length open-end tubular steel stinger welded at their tips was selected. The piles were high capacity, verified through extensive pile dynamic testing. A wide variety of precast concrete elements [reinforced concrete (RC) two-span beams, RC U-beams, pretensioned concrete deck panels, and RC cut off wall panels] were used for the deck construction. This expedited the wharf construction process. The project also involved the installation of a shoreline protection system both underneath the wharf and alongside the west bank of the river outside the wharf footprint. The combined hybrid pile and precast concrete deck solution lent itself to a very fast construction process. The use of hybrid piles with adjustable stinger lengths allowed the installation of piles in a site with erratic competent soil elevations while meeting the required axial load capacity, whereas the extensive use of precast concrete elements in the deck speeded up the deck construction by at least 3 months.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jun 2025 15:53:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559487</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization of ESG actions in Naval Terminal through the Compliance area</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2489154</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The pillars of environment, social and corporate governance at the naval terminal are of utmost relevance, which it is carries out 70% of the bulk loading of soybean meal in the Santos Harbor, and responsible for 40% in Brazil. This study aims to present the optimization of ESG actions developed by the compliance area. A project was developed based on financial, social, and environmental materiality, implementation of internal audits and monitoring for certifications. This is a exploratory research carried out by the naval terminal compliance area. Implementation of a reporting channel, due diligence for suppliers, and Certifications: ISO 9001 (Quality Management System), ISO 14001 (Environmental Management System), GMP Plus (Good Manufacturing Practices and Food Safety) and ISO 45001 (System of Occupational Health and Safety Management), HACCP Certification - Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Point (Food Safety on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points). These actions contributed to ensuring excellent quality in its bulk loading processes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2025 14:52:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2489154</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Second Trim Correction in Draught Survey Procedure – Accuracy Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2439994</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The basic method for determining the mass of dry bulk cargo, loaded on the ship or unloaded from the ship, is the Draught Survey procedure. This procedure is quite simple, however is highly susceptible to mistakes and accidental errors. Moreover, it is also affected by some systematic errors. The difference between the mas of cargo at the loading and discharging port (cargo shortage) bigger than 0.5% then such cargo shortage generally becomes the subject of a Cargo Claim. In this study the systematic error that concerns the formula of second trim correction in Draught Survey procedure is discussed. The results of calculations performed with the commonly used the second trim correction formula are compared with the results obtained during calculations with the use of Bonjean Scale. The calculations carried out with the use of Bonjean Scale, have been validated based on the ship’s documentation. For the purpose of this study the small bulk carrier was selected. The results of performed calculations shows the significance of the systematic error of the second trim correction for a ship with higher trim values.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Oct 2024 09:11:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2439994</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New Petroleum Products Terminal Port of El-Dekheila, Alexandria, Egypt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2217661</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The new MIDTAP Petroleum Products Loading Facilities, located on a "greenfield" site on the Mediterranean coast at the Port of El-Dekheila in Alexandria, Egypt, will handle both the liquid bulk and dry bulk products produced by the new MIDOR refinery located some 20 km away. These products include gasolines (regular and premium), diesel, jet fuel and petroleum coke. This presentation describes the facility and its operations and discusses the planning process and project delivery methods used to execute the project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Aug 2024 11:24:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2217661</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>High-Precision Ship-Loader-Shore Collaborative Localization in Bulk Carrier Cargo Hold Clearing Scene</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335348</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cargo hold clearing of bulk carriers is an important operation process in the port, but the above processes are usually manual operations limited by the complex environment inside and outside the cabin, such as the hatch blocking the view and the dusty cargo hold, etc., resulting in insufficient intelligence and low efficiency and high risk in the clearing process. For this reason, this paper presents a ship-loader-shore collaborative localization (SLS-CL) system to lay the foundation for the autonomous operation of the clearing machine, which provides a no-blind zone perception and high-precision collaborative localization in cargo hold clearing scene. Besides, to unify the localization of multiple coordinates accurately, a collaborative calibration method considering point cloud normal vectors and intensity values is proposed to obtain the precise positions of the garb and loader. Subsequently, an efficient 2D structure constrained collaborative localization method is proposed that employs an unscented Kalman filter, which improves the efficiency and accuracy of collaborative localization by constraining the position of the grab and loader to the fitted hatch plane in the SLS-CL system. Finally, experiments with the simulation and real-world scenarios are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:17:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335348</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparative Study on the Measures to the Safety Management of Bulk Liquid Dangerous Goods Storage in Port Areas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975708</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this work, the international and Chinese standards of bulk liquid dangerous goods terminal storage and handling are compared and evaluated. The safety management of ship operation in port and the safety management of terminal operation are selected as the key contrasting indexes of the port operation of bulk liquid dangerous goods. Afterwards, a revised proposal for the safety management of bulk liquid dangerous goods in port is proposed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Nov 2023 10:46:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975708</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulation and optimization of transfer system for ore terminal with complex waterways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2278516</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Terminal towing and barging operations play a critical role in cargo transfer within ports, especially in complex waterways. Scheduling of barges and tugs is influenced by various factors, such as speed, and the operation planning must consider the constraints of channel traffic. Additionally, the transfer system involves constructing and operating berths, transshipment equipment, barges, tugboats, and other resources. Effective scheduling and resource planning are crucial for achieving sustainability. To illustrate this point, the authors analyze the estuary barging process in a real-world case. The authors utilize the Anylogic platform to simulate the entire process of ore terminal loading, river transportation, and sea transshipment. Furthermore, the authors employ simulation-based optimization methods to enhance the system’s performance. The authors' case study has yielded valuable management insights, including: (1) Key variables related to shipping speeds and resource allocation are identified and optimized; (2) A specific tug dispatch rule has been verified to outperform other options in terms of efficiency and emissions; (3) The potential benefits of constructing and enabling an additional terminal have been identified. The authors' exploration provides quantitative support for decision-making related to vessel scheduling and resource planning in engineering projects for ore terminals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 2023 09:25:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2278516</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulation Study of Dust Spatial and Temporal Distribution in Dry Bulk Cargo Port Yard Based on Production Operation Characteristics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2237564</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, with the continuous development of the dry bulk shipping market, dry bulk ports remain busy, and dust pollution has become severe. Considering the production operation characteristics in dry bulk cargo port areas, an AERMOD-based simulation model is established in this paper, aiming to study the spatial and temporal distribution of dust in yards under different storage strategies and various surface water contents of dry bulk cargo. The results show that the dust intensity is 33.6% higher when the production operation characteristics are taken into account, dispersing dry bulk cargo with high dust intensity can effectively reduce the overall dust intensity of the yard, and keeping the surface water content of dry bulk cargo at 6%–8% has the best economic benefit. This study provides decision support for the development of storage strategies and dust suppression measures in dry bulk port yards.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Sep 2023 16:23:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2237564</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Factors Contributing to the Risks of Cargo Liquefication Accident in Bulk Carriers (A Qualitative Approach)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1977366</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Liquidation of cargo in bulk carrier has been identifying as a major hazard affecting the bulk carrier shipping and has resulted to several loss of lives. This study assesses the liquidation problem in bulk carrier shipping, it also discusses the mechanisms by which cargo liquefaction occurs in bulk carrier and the factors influencing the risks of occurrence, based on a qualitative approach. Based on the findings and survey, the unsafe storage condition, poor compliance with the testing and certification of cargoes, poor loading plan, have been identify as some of the root casual factors influencing the risk of liquidation problem in bulk carrier. This study will contribute to increasing the awareness and understanding of the problem of cargo liquefaction and will facilitate the development of regulations that reflects the realities of this problem and assist in the development of future recommendations for mitigation plans against the liquidation problem in bulk carrier.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Aug 2022 15:02:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1977366</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analytical investigations of vibratory transportation of pool materials on a horizontally stepped surface</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993298</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The work is devoted to the study of the process of vibratory transportation of bulk cargo on a special surface oscillating in a horizontal plane. The stepped surface allows the authors of the work to use vibrations in the horizontal plane, which is already an energy-saving type of transportation, since it is known that much less power is required to create horizontal vibrations than for inclined or vertical vibrations. This work explores the transportation process comprehensively: the geometric parameters of the steps and the desired parameters of the particles of the transported bulk cargo are determined and justified, all stages of the movement of the simulated cargo are established, all phase angles are mathematically determined. The possible directions of movement of the simulated load are established, depending on the kinematic parameters of vibration displacement, set by the working body. The dependence for the average speed of the movement of the cargo is obtained, and the dependence of the speed of the movement of the cargo on its coefficient of friction on the working surface is also determined.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Jul 2022 11:28:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993298</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Selected Quality Characteristics of Sea Salt Important During Transport and Storage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1896306</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Salt is obtained in various regions of the world and using differing technologies. The origin of the salt and its production methods influence its composition, properties and application possibilities. In recent years, sea salt has attracted a lot of interest, as it is commonly believed that it is richer in minerals than pure evaporated salt. One of the oldest methods of extracting edible salt in the world is the evaporation of seawater. Salinas are found in coastal zones of seas and oceans around the world. The salt obtained in the salin is transported to its destination by various means of transport, including sea transport. Taking into account the classification of sea cargo, salt is classified as solid mass cargo, and due to the physicochemical properties of salt, the transport of this product by sea requires security. The aim of this study was to present selected quality parameters of sea salt that are important in its transport and storage. Parameters relevant from the point of view of transport, storage, technology and processing, which are important in shaping the quality of sea salts were compared in salts obtained in various European salinas vs. Himalayan salt. These parameters included water activity, degree of granulation and discharge angle and embankment angle. The paper also presents the characteristics of sea salts from microscopic analysis and an assessment of the correct labeling of the product, which is important for the consumer of the packaged product. In land transport, not only sea salt is transported in bulk, but also the product in commercial packaging, most often weighing 1 kg.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Dec 2021 14:43:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1896306</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Chemical of the Quarter: Understanding Methyl Methacrylate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1880714</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Methyl methacrylate is a component of many materials, from adhesives, resins, and plastics to car paints, toner inks, oil additives, and dental and medical products. It is used in large volumes for production of poly (methyl methacrylate), also known as PMMA or its trade name of Plexiglass. Methyl methacrylate is shipped in drums or in bulk by rail car, tanker, or barge. The polymerization reaction is highly exothermic so this material must always be shipped with sufficient concentration of inhibitor and must not be exposed to excessive heat. The Coast Guard enforces maritime transportation requirements for hazardous materials such as methyl methacrylate. Regulations found in 46 CFR Subchapter O and 49 CFR Subchapter C are in place to minimize the risks associated with transporting bulk and packaged hazardous materials and include requirements for marking, labeling, and vessel transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Sep 2021 09:33:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1880714</guid>
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