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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Space Environment Landscape Design of Metro Station Entrances with TOD Mode in China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684195</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Metro station entrances, acting as junctions between subterranean and surface architecture, are pivotal to commuters’ journey experiences. This paper discusses the practical applications and challenges of space environment landscape design for metro station entrances in China under the mode of transit-oriented development (TOD) and proposes landscape design key points and strategies for metro entrances. Under the rubric of TOD, the design method can be considered to integrate five factors: (1) Green infrastructure at entrances harmonizes with local environs and employs diverse, climate-appropriate flora, facilitating a naturally comforting ambience. (2) The design of signage systems should be lucid, distinctive, and city-specific, offering an intuitive and visually arresting guide for commuters. (3) The emphasis on human-centric design incorporates public facilities and accessibility features to cater to diverse commuter needs, particularly with consideration for the differently abled. (4) The aesthetic conception of metro entrances strives to integrate culture, technology, and regional characteristics, enhancing their uniqueness and city-specific identity. (5) The relationship between entrances and surroundings, crucially, calls for a blend with local traffic and architectural contexts, thereby forging efficient transportation links and satisfying surrounding architectural demands. Through the organic combination of these five components, a comprehensive perspective and prospectus can be formed on metro entrance design. In addition, this paper can provide professionals with more targeted and effective implementation suggestions for landscape design of metro station entrance spaces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 17:02:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684195</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Does location of entrance/exit matter? Reexamining built environment factors of commuter ridership using high-quality LBS data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583545</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Previous studies have primarily concentrated on metro ridership and its built environment, while often neglecting the role of entrances or exits in each metro station. This oversight can be attributed to the difficulties of applying large-scale spatial data with sufficient precision to accurately identify ridership associated with single entrances or exits. In this study, the authors used a new type of Location Based Services (LBS) data, the commuter Origin-Destination (OD) data, to calculate Entrance/Exit Ridership (EER) in Xiamen, China. Using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model, and the Random Forest (RF) model with the Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), they explored how EER and the Proportion of Entrance/Exit Ridership (PEER) are subject to the built environment factors at the global level and the station level. The results indicated that more travelers are distributed in some regions of the island and some business parks, but these stations also demonstrate wide heterogeneity in terms of PEER. The density category variable shows a high positive correlation with EER, and shopping POI and intersection have a negative correlation with EER. Compared with EER, PEER is more relevant to more variables, especially the variables related to entrance/exit characteristics. According to the RF model, the influence of built environment variables on the EER and PEER also shows nonlinear and threshold effects. Their findings show that planners should consider the location and number of entrances/exits combined with built environment, in addition to the distribution of working and resident population. This study aims to improve passenger experience through enhanced travel convenience and comfort, providing a foundation for evidence-based policy development and urban design strategies in transit-oriented development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Sep 2025 08:45:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583545</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research into the Design of Tunnel Photovoltaic Sunshades Based on Visual Efficacy Experiments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aiming at the problem of “black hole effect” at tunnel entrances, this study proposes a widely applicable design method for photovoltaic sunshade, which not only verifies the theoretical effect of the design scheme through a combination of simulation and experiment, but also provides sufficient theoretical basis for the design selection of sunshades. This study is divided into the following key stages. First, analyzing the shortcomings of existing studies and clarifying the importance of driver reaction time as a safety indicator. Second, constructing an evaluation framework integrating economy, safety, and visual comfort to ensure the comprehensiveness and scientificity of the evaluation of design options. Then, proposing a series of pre-selected sunshade design options and simulating the illumination changes of each viewpoint in different scenarios by means of the visual efficacy experiments. Subsequently, two-factor ANOVA and simple effect analysis are used to study in depth the mechanism of the influence of the combination of sunshade length and light transmission rate on drivers’ reaction times, and to reveal the role of the key design parameters. Finally, the combined weight and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is used for comprehensive evaluation and to determine the optimal design scheme. Taking Rongwu Expressway Yingerling Tunnel in China as an example, according to the research and analysis, the recommended design scheme of photovoltaic sunshade is as follows: the total length is 80?m, the combination of light transmittance is 0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2-0.1, and the length of each section is 16?m.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2025 16:31:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556955</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CFD-based design of air wall water blocking for underground garage entrances and exits</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533780</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the increasingly perfect underground garage construction process, the underground garage entrance water blocking problem is getting more and more attention. This paper proposes a kind of air wall water-blocking device applied to underground garage. The device is installed on the side of the straight and curved paths at the entrances and exits of the spiral underground garage. It utilizes two fans to blow the water to the drain on the other side to achieve unobstructed access to stop the water. In this paper, CFD simulation is firstly carried out on the straight road of the spiral underground garage to verify the feasibility of the program. The accuracy of the simulation results was verified by building a straight road model and conducting experiments. After that, an equal-scale 3D model of the spiral underground garage was built. Orthogonal experiments on the effects of inlet water flow velocity, fan wind speed at the straight road and fan wind speed at the curved road on the water blocking effect were carried out by using CFD simulation. A preliminary range of water velocity of 2.250 m/min to 6.786 m/min was obtained experimentally, and this range of water velocity was used as an input parameter for the simulation. The results show that the speed of water flow at the entrance of the garage and the wind speed of the fan at the straight road have a greater effect on the water blocking effect than the wind speed of the fan at the curved road. When the wind speed of the fan at the straight road is 25 m/s, proper adjustment of the wind speed of the fan at the curved road can realize a good water-blocking effect of the spiral underground garage entrance within the range of water flow rate of 2.250 m/min ~ 6.786 m/min. Therefore, in the practical application of using the air wall water blocking scheme to realize the underground garage entrance water blocking strategy is to give priority to improve the wind speed of the fan at the straight road to improve the effect of water blocking.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Apr 2025 12:29:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533780</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of the current technologies used for the physical security and safety of selected railway tunnel portals as a case study in the Czech Republic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2352764</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The security and safety of the railway tunnels require technical measures, information processes, and trained experts. Proper implementation and integration of these elements is crucial to protect lives, property, and the operation of the rail network. The purpose of this study is to identify and describe technological security and safety measures at the portals of selected railway tunnels greater than 1000 m in the conditions of the Czech Republic and their subsequent evaluation. The method of semi-structured interviews with experts with experience in the implementation of security and safety measures was used for the elaboration. SWOT analysis was used to assess the safety level of selected railway tunnels. The evaluation was carried out based on multi-criteria decision making and pairwise evaluation on the principle of Fuller’s triangle. The technical solutions of two currently known technological solutions in the case study for accident elimination based on lidar detection supplemented by cameras are characterized by fundamental differences. The solution in the Ejpovice tunnel focuses on the detection of objects in the immediate vicinity of the portal or already entered it. The solution in the Březenský tunnel focuses on a larger detection zone extending tens of meters in front of the tunnel portal and is divided into two parts with different logic, the pre-alarm and the alarm itself. Integration of individual elements into a proactive and automated system that uses modern AI-based analytical algorithms and respects the process and technology specifics of the railway environment is important for the safety and security of the railway tunnel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Apr 2024 09:38:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2352764</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the feature of buildings with entrances of underground stations and introduction of entrances facilities of buildings by applying urban development systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2050217</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, the authors surveyed the entrances/exits of all 216 underground stations in the wards of Tokyo, and provides a detailed analysis of the buildings with entrances of stations. Result shows that (1) in recent years, entrances have tended to be located on private land and railway sites, (2) 69.5% of entrances of stations located in buildings are in the four central wards of Tokyo, and (3) the number of "complex" pattern of connections between buildings and entrances of stations has been increasing since the 2010s. In addition, it was found that, (4) since in 1990s, the building construction projects that uses urban development systems have improved entrances facilities of stations, such as installation of elevators, common corridors and expansion of subway concourses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Nov 2022 11:36:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2050217</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Deviation of Pedestrian Path due to the Presence of Building Entrances</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1864546</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Commercial areas, especially urban ones with numerous buildings, are becoming increasingly prone to congestion because of their popularity. Visual inspections show that interactions between pedestrians and building entrances affect the distribution of pedestrian trajectories, which influences the utility of pedestrian spaces and the design of urban shopping areas. Herein, the authors analyse the dynamics of pedestrian deviations around building entrances. The authors used a video recorded using an unmanned aerial vehicle to determine pedestrian trajectories in a Chinese commercial walking space. First, the candidate variables affecting deviation behaviours were determined via correlation testing. Second, two regression models were developed by considering the deviation behaviours of pedestrians walking past a building entrance. The models suggest that the starting position of a pedestrian’s deviation, the total pedestrian flow at the building entrance, the density in an area in the vicinity of the entrance, and the number of interacting pedestrians impact the total distance traversed during path deviation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Jul 2021 15:25:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1864546</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison of NARNN and ARIMA Models for Short-Term Metro Passenger Flow Forecasting</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1634882</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate short-term forecast of real-time metro passenger flow is essential for improving the operation and management level of a metro system. This research establishes the linear model ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) and nonlinear model NARNN (nonlinear autoregression neural network) respectively to forecast the short-term entrance passenger flow of a metro station. The application experiment is based on AFC data of Confucius Temple station of Nanjing metro line three. Prediction time interval is set as 5 and 15 min. Comparison results show that accuracy of both models is higher in 15 min interval than in 5 min interval. NARNN has greater accuracy and adaptability than the ARMIA model. However, there is slight lag in the forecast of the NARNN model, while the prediction errors of the ARIMA model increase with time. The results indicate a requirement for optimal or combined methods to improve the accuracy of shorter time interval forecasting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Apr 2020 09:00:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1634882</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prediction of Daily Entrance and Exit Passenger Flow of Rail Transit Stations by Deep Learning Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1513476</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The prediction of entrance and exit passenger flow of rail transit stations is one of key research focuses in the area of intelligent transportation. Based on the big data of rail transit IC card (Public Transportation Card), this paper analyzes the data of major dynamic factors having effect on entrance passenger flow and exit passenger flow of rail transit stations: weather data, atmospheric temperature data, holiday and festival data, ground index data, and elevated road data and calculates the daily entrance passenger flow and daily exit passenger flow of individual rail transit stations with data reduction. Furthermore, based on the history data of passenger flow of rail transit stations and relevant influence factors, it applies the deep learning method to choose the relatively optimal hidden layer node by means of the cut-and-try method, set up input data and labeled data, select the activation function and loss function, and use the Adam Gradient Descent Optimization Algorithm for iterative global convergence. The results verify that this method accurately predicts the daily entrance passenger flow and daily exit passenger flow of rail transit stations with the prediction error of less than 4.1%. Finally, the proposed model is compared with the linear regression model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Jun 2018 16:53:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1513476</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Rail Transit Accessibility on the Selection of Shanghai Expo Entrances</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1113657</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rail transit is the main part of Expo passenger organizing. It plans to attract about 50% passengers. The relationship between rail transit and Expo entrances is very important. It is very significant to think about and take advantage of mass rapid transit (MRT)'s accessibility during spatial planning on urban mega-event such as Expo. Firstly, this paper proposes a hypothesis of how rail transit accessibility effects the selection of Expo entrances. Passengers will choose such entrances that have higher rail transit accessibility. Secondly, through the systematic analysis of the relationship between rail transit accessibility and the number of imported passenger, this paper establishes the model of entrance location potential based on rail transit accessibility. It argues that the entrances' location potential depends on entrances' scale and the level of rail transit accessibility. Rail transit accessibility is confirmed by the nodes connection of rail station, distance impedance between nodes and rail capacity. At last, through the correlation analysis between the number of imported passenger and relative entrance location potential of every entrance, this paper concerns how rail transit accessibility affects the selection of Expo entrances and the results of the effect.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Sep 2012 16:42:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1113657</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Guide to Determine Motor Vehicle Accident Preventability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/782732</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report discusses vehicle fleet safety, accident investigation, and accident preventability.  It notes that defensive driving is a good basis for reviewing collisions.  It relates how to set up an accident review committee and the procedures for setting a standard for safe driving performance. The report details the utilization of National Safety Council guidelines to establish traffic accident preventability.  Collisions covered in the report include the following collision types: front-end; rear-end; those occurring at intersections; those occurring while backing up; collisions at grade crossings; while turning; while being passed; while passing; collisions involving pedestrians; those  involving lane encroachment; involving passengers; involving opposing vehicles; involving fixed objects; while parking; in bad weather; involving private property; those due to mechanical failure; those occurring in driveways, shopping centers, alleys and plant entrances; single vehicle collisions; collisions involving opposing vehicles; and other incidents and collisions.  The second part of the report describes case studies that illustrate various collision types and their preventability.  Vehicles involved in the traffic accidents depicted by the case studies include automobiles, buses, trucks and tractor-trailers.  The case studies examine the preventability of various types traffic accidents, most of which are mentioned in the first part of the report.  In addition, one case study covers collisions with animals (deer), an accident type not mentioned in the first part of the report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jun 2006 09:14:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/782732</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FLOW AT ROUNDABOUT ENTRIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269596</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hitherto the entry/circulating flow relationship at roundabout entries has been studied by either a semi-empirical or an empirical approach.  A new approach which involves simulating traffic at roundabouts on a computer is now considered.  The simulation has been applied to study the interaction between the entry and circulating flows at five entry sites.  Comparison of results from the simulation model with observed data shows that the simulation represents reality fairly well.  The simulation also predicts as well as, if not better than, two of the generalised relationship established by the former approaches.  For the covering abstract of the seminar see TRIS 450556.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 21:56:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269596</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHICAGO AREA EXPRESSWAY AND TOLLWAY DATA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/118719</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A TABLE DETAILING THE CHRONOLOGY OF EACH EXPRESSWAY, INCLUDING ITS EXTENSION, WAS PREPARED FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES. EACH EXPRESSWAY WAS LISTED WITH ITS BEGINNING AND ENDING POINTS, ITS ROUTE NUMBER, IT LENGTH IN MILES, ITS OPENING DATE, AND ITS LOCATION. TOLL EXPRESSWAY FACILITIES OUTSIDE THE CATS CORDON LINE AND THEIR LENGTH WERE ALSO LISTED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:02:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/118719</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SIMULATION OF TRAFFIC FLOW AS A BASIS FOR INTERCHANGE DESIGN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/115192</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A SIMULATION PROGRAM HAS BEEN DEVELOPED FOR EVALUATION OF INTERCHANGE DESIGN AND SPACING. THE DESIGN CRITERIA ESTABLISHED BY THE GENERATED OUTPUT OF DISTANCES NEEDED FOR ACCOMPLISHING VEHICLE INTERCHANGE TO AND FROM THE THROUGH FREEWAY LANES ARE /1/ THE LENGTH OF AUXILIARY LANE BETWEEN LOOPS OF A CLOVERLEAF INTERCHANGE,/2/ THE MINIMUM DISTANCE NEEDED BETWEEN ENTRANCE AND EXIT RAMPS OF SUCCESSIVE INTERCHANGES WHERE THERE IS AN AUXILIARY LANE BETWEEN THE ENTRANCE AND EXIT RAMP AND 3/ THE LENGTH OF ACCELERATION LANE NEEDED TO PERMIT MERGING OF ENTRANCE RAMP VEHICLES. THE DESIGN NEEDS CAN BE GENERATED FOR VARIOUS TRAFFIC DEMANDS. /BPR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Aug 2004 18:46:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/115192</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHANNELIZATION OF VEHICLE TRAFFIC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/113847</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SINCE THE MOTORIST TENDS TO SELECT THE SHORTEST, MOST OBVIOUS COURSE, CHANNELIZATION SHOULD BE DESIGNED AND EXECUTED FOR THE MOTORIST TO MAKE ONLY ONE DECISION AT A TIME. CHANNELIZATION DEVICES SHOULD BE INTRODUCED GRADUALLY SO THAT THE DRIVER HAS SUFFICIENT WARNING TO AVOID THE OBSTRUCTION. THUS, SPEED AND DENSITY OF TRAFFIC HAVE A FUNDAMENTAL INFLUENCE ON THE TYPE AND LAYOUT OF AN INSTALLATION. ONE TYPE OF DESIGN WHICH MAY FUNCTION PERFECTLY WHEN SUBJECTED TO DENSE SLOW-MOVING TRAFFIC MAY BE A PROLIFIC ACCIDENT BREEDER AND HAVE A LOW EFFICIENCY UNDER A HIGH SPEED MOVEMENT OF LOW DENSITY. THE DESIGN MUST AT ALL TIMES BE GOVERNED BY THE MECHANICS OF MOVEMENT OF THE VEHICLE AND THE REACTION OF THE DRIVER. DESIGN FEATURES THAT CAN BE IMPROVED BY ENGINEERING DESIGN ARE: (1) SEPARATION OF THE STREAMS OF OPPOSITE-DIRECTION TRAFFIC, (2) ELIMINATION OF ALL GRADE CROSSINGS, (3) ELIMINATION OF ALL LEFT TURNS, (4) THE EXCLUSION OF PEDESTRIANS FROM MOTOR WAYS, (5) THE REMOVAL OF FIXED OBJECTS FROM WITHIN A REASONABLE DISTANCE FROM PAVED ROADWAYS, (6) THE USE OF CURBING ONLY WHERE IT WILL PROVE TO BE A SAFETY FEATURE, AND (7) THE PROVISION OF ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION LANES AT POINTS OF ENTRANCE AND EXIT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Aug 2004 18:13:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/113847</guid>
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