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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Numerical Modeling of Permanent Ground Deformation Hazard to a Natural Gas Pipeline in California</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2217241</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An extensive Permanent Ground Deformation (PGD) study was conducted on a proposed natural gas pipeline to be located north of Sacramento, in Colusa and Butte Counties, California. The majority of the 30-inch (76.2-cm) diameter and 25 mile long buried steel pipe will be cut and cover construction; however several portions of the pipeline will be installed by horizontal directional drilling methods (HDD). The natural gas pipeline will traverse areas of two potential PGD hazards: faulting deformation and lateral spreading. The pipeline crosses the Willows fault, and an HDD portion of the pipeline will underlie the Sacramento River where a potential lateral spreading hazard exists. A detailed analysis was carried out to evaluate the magnitude of PGD and potential impacts to the pipeline associated with each of these potential PGD hazard sources. This paper addresses PDG associated with faulting. Two and three-dimensional numerical modeling of fault deformation using the finite difference computer program FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) are presented and discussed. FLAC was used to simulate the fault rupture mechanism considering a 3.3-foot (1-meter) reverse and 1.8-foot (0.55-meter) strike slip displacement across the fault at approximately 1600 feet (488-meter) below the ground surface. The model captured the resulting ground surface deformation patterns. The 3D FLAC results were used in detailed stress-strain evaluations of the pipeline response using another commercially available finite element computer program, ANSYS. Results compared favorably to the allowable limit states that have been established in the American Lifelines Alliance Guidelines for the Design of Buried Steel Pipe.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Jun 2024 09:24:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2217241</guid>
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      <title>Mixed Methods Approaches to Wildfire Evacuation: Modeling Behavior, Simulation, and Equity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2289635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This dissertation presents several aspects of short-notice wildfire evacuation, using empirical findings from the 2018 Camp Fire in Butte County, California. The author examines the manner and timing in which people find out about and begin evacuating in a short notice wildfire. Using these findings, the author builds a simulation model of such a disaster, and examines different worst-case scenarios. Lastly, the author uses thematic analysis to reveal findings from first-person interviews with fire evacuees. This topic is important due to the prevalence of wildfires in California and the chance of future no/short-notice wildfires occurring in the future. In particular, the Camp Fire was extremely deadly and destructive. It is imperative that the author studies these large-scale events to improve response and planning. In this dissertation, the author relies on data from two post-evacuation surveys as well as interview data taken at post-fire shelters. This unique dataset allows us to answer several questions about this specific event. The author uses the qualitative findings to add context to the quantitative results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2023 10:25:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2289635</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Modeling roadway temperatures for wildfire evacuation and assessment of pavement damage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2222644</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wildfires can cause enormous loss of assets and human lives, and thus, timely evacuation from the wildfire zone is critical to saving lives. Understanding evacuation route conditions, including traffic and temperature data, is imperative for safe evacuation. This study modeled the temperature conditions of an evacuation roadway within a wildfire zone, using the 2018 Camp Fire in Butte County, California as an experiment. The numerical modeling program, FlamMap, was used in this study to analyze the temperature conditions of an evacuation route. The results show that the temperature of the evacuation roadway increased quickly in a matter of a few hours. The change of roadways temperatures ranged from 3°C to 297°C within five hours after ignition, depending on the specific location along the roadway and other conditions. The results from this study can be used to understand temperature conditions for effective evacuation and to estimate roadway damage as well.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Aug 2023 09:34:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2222644</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Caltrans Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments: District 3</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1671083</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report, developed for the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), summarizes a vulnerability assessment conducted for the portion of State Highway System (SHS) in Caltrans District 3. Although the SHS can be vulnerable to many different types of disruptions, this assessment specifically examined SHS vulnerabilities from long-term changes in climate. Climate change and extreme weather events have received increasing attention worldwide as one of the greatest challenges facing modern society. Many state agencies—such as the California Coastal Commission (CCC), the California Energy Commission (CEC), and the California Department of Water Resources (DWR)—have developed approaches for understanding and assessing climate change on California’s natural resources and infrastructure. State agencies are invested in defining the implications of climate change and many of California’s academic institutions are engaged in developing resources for decision-makers. Caltrans initiated the current study to better understand the vulnerability of California’s SHS and other Caltrans assets to future changes in climate. The study has three objectives: 1) Understand the types of weather-related and longer-term climate change events that will likely occur with greater frequency and intensity in future years, 2) Conduct a vulnerability assessment to determine those Caltrans assets vulnerable to various climate-influenced natural hazards. 3) Develop a method to prioritize candidate projects for actions that are responsive to climate change concerns, when financial resources become available. The Caltrans study focuses on the 12 Caltrans districts, each facing its own set of challenges regarding future climate conditions and potential weather-related disruptions. The District 3 report is one of 12 district reports that are in various stages of development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Dec 2019 16:36:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1671083</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Highway 149 Environmental Impact Mitigation Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/880174</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes a project by the California Department of Transportation which involved the creation of a 400-acre vernal pool, freshwater marsh and riparian habitat in order to mitigate road work on a four-lane freeway with interchanges. Located on Highway 149 in Butte County, California, the project saw the completion of the marsh on a parcel next to the highway rights of way. The marsh had natural drainage running through it, so the challenge involved contouring the site so that the water would flow through a series of wetlands and swale at varying elevations and then feed into the main marsh. A clay liner was used to ensure that the marsh would hold water. Water that in the past had sheeted across the highway and created flooding was now channeled off the road and into the marsh.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2009 07:38:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/880174</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Patching Roads with Full-Depth Reclamation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/865853</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes how road managers for two northern California counties have pioneered full-depth reclamation for patching asphalt roads. In Butte County, which has a mix of rural and metropolitan areas, the county engineer is using a new attachment for a wheel loader to perform full-depth reclamation or soil stabilization. Many of the county’s roads began life as gravel roads and later received a chip seal. With money tight, most work is focused on repairs. The new attachment allowed the county to complete more than 100 patches of areas ranging from four-feet square to lane-width patches that are hundreds of feet long. Each project can be done far more quickly and less expensively than saw-cutting the area, digging it out, hauling the material away to a landfill, and bringing in new material, grading and compacting it. Similarly in Lake County, which is largely rural, full-depth reclamation using a modified version of the attachment has found patching to be very durable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 31 Aug 2008 08:11:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/865853</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>BUTTE COUNTY RIDERSHIP AND COORDINATION STUDY: FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/338419</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Feb 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/338419</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PERFORMANCE AUDIT OF OROVILLE AREA TRANSIT, FY 1982 83 THROUGH FY 1984 85</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/228139</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/228139</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PERFORMANCE AUDIT OF BUTTE COUNTY ASSOCIATION OF GOVERNMENTS, FY 1982 83 THROUGH FY 1984 85</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/228140</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/228140</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PERFORMANCE AUDIT OF CHICO AREA TRANSIT SYSTEM, FY 1982 83 THROUGH FY 1984 85</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/228143</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/228143</guid>
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