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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Repair of Harbor Facilities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2187212</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes work to provide civil engineering based arguments for the maintenance and repair of a harbor lakewall and breakwall system. A condition survey for three important harbor facilities was completed in an attempt to introduce some factual data into a discussion that seemed to be undefined and perhaps endless. Three concrete structures were inspected, their condition evaluated, and recommendations made for work that was needed and realistic. The results were introduced into the debate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2187212</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An SPH study of cross-sectional shape effects on coastal structures subject to regular wave forces</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2638261</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wave loads induced by extreme events are devastating to coastal communities with vulnerable infrastructure. Structures such as breakwaters and coastal bridges, should be properly designed to withstand wave loads. Cross-sectional shapes are important in wave-structure interaction but there is a lack of systematic comparison between different shapes on their wave forces. This paper presents a study on how structural shape modifications can lead to reduction of wave forces. Various cross sections are considered, including a discontinuous shape that has an overhang that forms a corner discontinuity (such as the common box girder bridge), and continuous shapes that have a smooth geometric transition. Continuous shapes include both concave and convex sides. Different regular wave scenarios are created with different wave characteristics and relative structural elevation. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is employed and a 1:10 scaled laboratory experiment was first conducted to validate the numerical scheme of SPH. The numerical study shows that continuous shapes can reduce wave forces by more than 50 % in some scenarios compared to the discontinuous shapes, because continuous shapes have smooth geometric transitions to avoid abrupt change in the flow velocity of waves, thus eliminating impact forces that occur on the side-overhang intersection of discontinuous shapes. The results show the importance of shape modification on reducing wave forces, which can lead to both new construction and retrofit insights that enhance coastal resilience.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2638261</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An experimental study on the hydrodynamic performance of a stepped floating breakwater</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660606</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study experimentally investigates the hydrodynamic performance of a three-tier stepped floating breakwater, with a specific focus on optimizing its wave energy dissipation mechanisms. The stepped geometry functions as an effective dissipative structure. Through systematic physical model tests, the effects of relative draft, incident wave height, and mooring configurations on wave attenuation, motion response, and mooring force were examined. Results indicate that optimal wave energy dissipation performance, characterized by a maximum dissipation coefficient and a minimum transmission coefficient, is achieved at a relative draft (Dr/h) of 0.20 when subjected to shorter waves (B/L > 0.376). Conversely, when subjected to long-period waves, a deeper draft of Dr/h = 0.40 is required to maintain moderate attenuation (Ct < 0.7). Incident wave height was found to have a relatively minor influence, primarily affecting the pitch response amplitude operator (RAO) and normalized mooring forces. Furthermore, mooring configurations significantly impact the hydrodynamic performance of the stepped floating breakwater. While the taut mooring configuration suppresses motion response and achieves superior wave attenuation (Ct < 0.5) across the tested wave conditions, this comes at the cost of substantially higher mooring forces, presenting a critical trade-off for engineering design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Apr 2026 14:30:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660606</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical investigation of structural dimension effects on the extreme wave attenuation characteristics of floating breakwaters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2656449</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study systematically explores the impact of structural dimensions on the extreme wave dissipation performance of rectangular semi-submerged floating breakwaters based on a weakly compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model. Model accuracy is first verified against laboratory data for submerged horizontal plates test case. Wave height comparison between calculated results and experimental data shows a good agreement. Reflection, transmission, dissipation and overtopping coefficients under solitary waves are then analyzed. The results indicate that as the relative length increases, the reflection coefficient and dissipation coefficient increase monotonically with a gradually slowing growth rate, and eventually approaches 0.5 and 0.7, while the transmission coefficient exhibits a monotonic decrease toward 0.2. Short structures are dominated by wave transmission, whereas long structures are dominated by wave reflection and dissipation. It is recommended to take a relative length of 5–10 for a floating breakwater to achieve a balance between wave attenuation capacity and economic. Meanwhile, fitting formulas for the three coefficients, that apply to solitary waves, T = 0.6 m, and L/T = 0.1–50. were proposed. The determination coefficient R² for all fitted formulas exceeds 0.92. This study provides a support for the structural optimization of similar deep-water floating breakwaters and the design of extreme wave protection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2026 09:40:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2656449</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigations on alleviation effect of Bragg breakwater on harbor resonance induced by irregular waves</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674132</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study employs a fully nonlinear Boussinesq model, FUNWAVE 2.0, to study the effect of periodic undulating topography (called as “Bragg breakwaters”) on harbor resonance induced by incident irregular waves. The continuous variation of the spectral peak frequency of irregular waves within a certain range is considered for the first time, focusing on revealing effects of its variation on the following parameters: (1) the optimal mitigation effects for individual resonant modes, (2) the overall optimal mitigation effect for the whole harbor resonance, and (3) their corresponding optimal wavelength ratios defined as twice the ratio of the topographic wavelength to the surface wavelength. Results demonstrate that the Bragg breakwater can effectively mitigate harbor resonance excited by irregular waves with varying spectral peak frequencies, not limited to the situations where the spectral peak frequency exactly matches one of eigenfrequencies of the harbor. However, the optimal wavelength ratios for individual modes are different from those for the whole harbor resonance, with both depending on the spectral peak frequency. Critically, when the spectral peak frequency varies between the two eigenfrequencies of adjacent modes, the optimal wavelength ratio for the lower mode consistently exceeds 1.0, while that for the higher mode remains below 1.0.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:44:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674132</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic dynamics of composite breakwater on liquefiable sandy seabed with the consideration of geometric nonlinearity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2631483</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Liquefaction induced by earthquake may cause large displacement of breakwater structures and large deformation of seabed foundation involving geometric nonlinearity. Under such condition of finite deformation, the influence of geometric nonlinearity on the results of numerical simulation cannot be ignored. However, the factor of geometric nonlinearity has not been fully considered in most numerical simulations of the seismic dynamics of breakwaters. In this study, a geometrically nonlinear algorithm for saturated soil was developed under the framework of the FEM software FssiCAS firstly. Then, the rationality of the developed geometric nonlinearity module in FssiCAS was verified adopting two case studies: (1) One-dimensional large deformation consolidation of saturated foundation, and (2) seismic liquefaction instability of an underwater liquefiable sand slope. Finally, based on the developed numerical module, simulations of the seismic dynamic response of a composite breakwater with different widths of rubble mound built on a liquefiable seabed were conducted. The results show that the assumption of geometric linearity will overestimate the horizontal displacement and rotational deformation of the breakwater, but has a minor impact on the modelling results of the vertical settlement of the breakwater. This study is helpful to understand and identify the role and importance of geometric nonlinearity in numerical simulation of predicting the dynamic response of marine structure-liquefiable seabed foundation system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 13:22:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2631483</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrated approach incorporating experimental validation for predicting wave-induced pressures in rubble mound breakwater–seabed systems under long-period waves</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660685</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rubble-mound breakwaters (RMB) stabilize water surfaces in port areas. Long-period waves, known for deep penetration and high energy, can threaten mooring stability and exert excessive pressures on breakwater–seabed systems, risking sliding failures and soil liquefaction. This study used wave flume experiment data to investigate wave-induced pressures in breakwater–seabed systems, considering various wave periods, heights, and accropode placements. Notable pore pressure variations were observed across regions. Specifically, significant amplitude decay and phase lag were evident in the seabed, absent in the breakwater. The pore pressured generated by long-period waves in both the breakwater and seabed were higher than that generated by short-period waves. Peak pressures in the seabed varied by a factor of 4.3 across wave periods, while in the breakwater core, the variation factor was 2. Wave height also had a substantial impact, with pore pressure increasing at a 1:1 ratio with wave height on the wave-facing slope and exposed seabed, a 0.4:1 ratio within the breakwater, and a 0.2:1 ratio in the seabed. Accropode arrangement significantly affected pore pressure within the breakwater's accropode layer but had minimal impact on seabed pore pressure fluctuations. Finally, an integrated practical approach incorporating experimental validation for predicting wave-induced pressures in RMB–seabed systems under long-period waves was proposed. Key improvements include considering long-period wave effects on pressures, especially above the still water level and at the breakwater–seabed interface; quantifying the damping effects of different accropode arrangements; and evaluating wave reflection impacts on exposed seabed pressures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:10:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660685</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Short-term prediction of mooring tension for floating breakwater based on the LSTM-ASSA-Transformer method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2638182</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The safety of mooring systems is critical for the reliable operation of floating breakwaters, where accurate tension prediction is essential for design. This study proposes a hybrid deep learning framework that integrates Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Transformer networks, and Adaptive Sparse Self-Attention (ASSA) for short-term prediction of mooring tension. The floating breakwater system is first analyzed using a fully coupled dynamic model and validated with experimental data. In the proposed LSTM-ASSA-Transformer, LSTM captures temporal dependencies, the Transformer facilitates global feature representation, and ASSA improves efficiency by enforcing sparse attention mechanisms. Model performance was systematically evaluated under different optimizers, learning rates, and LSTM layer configurations, with optimal hyperparameters identified using multiple error metrics (MAE, MSE, MAPE, and R2). After optimization, the hybrid model outperformed its constituent sub-models, achieving mean absolute percentage errors below 6 % and R2 values above 0.96 across all scenarios. These results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach as a precise and robust tool for predicting mooring tensions in floating breakwaters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 17:02:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2638182</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydrodynamic performance of a hybrid floating breakwater-wave energy conversion system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583020</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study presents the hydrodynamic performance and wave energy conversion of a hybrid floating breakwater under the framework of small amplitude linear wave theory. The hybrid floating breakwater is composed of a partially liquid-filled rectangular-box type tank with built-in buoys connected to a Power Take-Off (PTO) (linear inductance generator) and is excited under regular wave conditions for (a) constrained roll motion, and (b) constrained surge, heave, and roll motion. The Boundary Element Method (BEM) is employed with the assumption of modest sloshing in the tank of the hybrid floating breakwater to estimate the hydrodynamic efficiency of the hybrid floating breakwater. Further, the experimental investigation on the Wave Energy Converter (WEC) capabilities and the hydrodynamic coefficients (wave reflection and transmission coefficients) are estimated for the excitation frequencies corresponding to nondimensional wavenumber. The present study reveals that the hybrid concept improves wave attenuation performance by 20%–35% compared to conventional floating breakwaters by increasing wave attenuation, damping and stabilizing the wave transmission coefficient KT within 0.2<KT<0.6. The experimental investigation shows that hybrid floating breakwater attaints its floating stability for the depth 15 – 25% of partially filled fluid for which the proposed design as floating breakwater as well as WEC system is achieved for a wide range of excitation frequencies. Furthermore, the hybrid floating breakwater functions as a barrier which is noted to be capable of significantly attenuating incoming progressive waves below the predetermined threshold values of wave attenuation characteristics, in addition to converting wave energy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 16:50:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583020</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental study on effects of floating breakwater filled with ballast water on wave attenuation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2599146</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A moored floating breakwater is proposed to attenuate wave energy and protect offshore photovoltaic fields in deep-water regions. In this study, a floating breakwater filled with ballast water is experimentally investigated to examine its wave attenuation mechanisms under various wave conditions. Wave flume experiments are conducted with incident wave heights ranging from 0.08 m to 0.30 m and wave periods from 1.0 s to 2.0 s. The reliability of the experimental results is verified through repeated trials. Key parameters, including the transmission coefficient, pitch motion, mooring tension, dynamic pressure distribution, and energy dissipation characteristics, are systematically analyzed. Particular attention is given to the breakwater's performance under extreme conditions with an incident wave height of 0.30 m and long wave periods. The results show that the moored floating breakwater filled with ballast water effectively reduces wave energy under higher wave conditions (H ≥ 0.15 m) and long wave period waves (T ≥ 1.8 s). The observed increase in wave dissipation, with a maximum improvement of 21.1 %, is mainly caused by nonlinear damping and phase resonance effects resulting from significant liquid sloshing within the floating breakwater.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2599146</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydrodynamic analysis of a novel prefabricated permeable eco–friendly wharf with multi–compartment suction buckets and perforated circular caissons serving as breakwater</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594982</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Conventional bottom–founded breakwaters hinder water exchange, impede aquatic species migration, and restrict pollutant dispersion while altering seabed morphology and hydrodynamics, thereby degrading port ecosystems. Concurrently, the enlargement of ships and deepening of berths are critical trends in port development. To address these issues and enhance berth depth, this study presents an innovative integrated prefabricated permeable deep–water ecological wharf structure that merges breakwater functionality with multi–compartment suction buckets and perforated circular caissons. This structure offers robust foundation adaptability and durability, encompassing multiple functions such as wave dissipation, water exchange, ecological connectivity, and clean energy integration. A numerical wave flume model was developed to systematically evaluate the hydrodynamic performance of the structure, including wave attenuation and pressure distribution. The results indicate that transmitted wave heights under all tested conditions meet the limits specified in the Chinese Design Code of General Layout for Sea Ports (JTS 165–2013). As the incident wave height increases, transmitted wave height experiences a slight increase, while the transmission coefficient slightly decreases, ranging from 0.10 to 0.13. Both parameters increase with wave period, though their growth rates slow during the transition from short to long–period waves. Enhanced porosity improves the transmission coefficient, suggesting that the opening layout should be optimised. Wave pressures at the seaward non–opening sections are approximately 90 % of those on conventional vertical walls, and openings significantly reduce local wave pressure. Wave forces increase linearly with wave height and period, decrease with porosity, and follow quadratic relationships with porosity. These findings support the practical application of this structure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594982</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mitigation of focused wave effects on the box girder coastal bridge using floating breakwaters and frictional rubber bearings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594615</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Floating breakwaters offer advantages in deep-water and high-tide environments, yet research on their interaction with coastal bridge superstructures under extreme wave conditions remains limited. This study employed OpenFOAM to develop a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model for a box girder superstructure and a floating breakwater. The floating breakwater was constrained in an elastic manner by a catenary mooring system, enabling it to undergo horizontal, vertical, and torsional motions under hydrodynamic forces. The accuracy of the dynamic response of the floating breakwater was confirmed through a comparison with current experimental and simulation data on FSI. This research explores how various factors affect the wave loads impacting the superstructure of coastal bridges during severe wave conditions. The study further explores the disaster mitigation mechanisms of these factors on the superstructure, with consideration given to friction contact type elastic damping rubber bearings. The results demonstrate that the floating breakwater with two inclined and two vertical tensioned moorings demonstrates the most substantial wave dissipation effect, with wave force attenuation rates of 35.72 % in the horizontal direction and 40.23 % in the vertical direction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594615</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Collapse of Massive Concrete Structures: The Case of Boulders for the Breakwater of Augusta’s Harbor in Italy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594276</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The brittle failure of a 25m3 massive concrete block during handling at Augusta’s harbor, Italy, was investigated to identify the root causes and propose improvements for future projects. The study combined experimental, numerical, and on-site analyses to assess the impact of design, manufacturing, and handling procedures on the block’s performance. Experimental tests revealed significant microcracking, high excess voidage (1.5%–3.0%), and a reduced density (average 2,200 kg/m3), primarily caused by insufficient compaction during casting and the lack of curing. These defects amplified thermal gradients resulting from cement hydration and contributed to the structural degradation. Numerical finite-element simulations confirmed that pre-existing continuity issues, coupled with improper handling involving nonsymmetric lifting, resulted in localized tensile stresses approaching the material’s tensile strength. The findings highlight the critical role of proper compaction, curing, and handling protocols in mitigating thermal stress-induced cracking and ensuring the durability of massive concrete structures. Practical recommendations are proposed to enhance the quality and reliability of future concrete boulders for harbor infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Sep 2025 09:18:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594276</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental and numerical investigation of the interaction between extreme waves and composite large-diameter cylindrical breakwater</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573980</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The widespread application of large-diameter cylinders in offshore cofferdams highlights their potential as breakwater structures. Understanding the wave attenuation characteristics of large-diameter cylindrical breakwaters is fundamental to further applications. Existing studies are mainly focusing on small-diameter cylindrical breakwaters and non-extreme wave conditions. Hence, a novel large-diameter cylindrical breakwater (CLCB) is proposed by integrating the side plate, crown wall and apron into large-diameter cylinders. A set of wave flume experiments on the hydraulic performance of CLCB under extreme wave conditions were conducted. The reliability of the developed numerical model is revealed based on a series of model validations. A comprehensive analysis is conducted to investigate the effects of different structure parameters on wave attenuation performance. The simulation results indicate that increasing the height of the side plate and crown wall could significantly decrease the wave transmission coefficient, while variations in apron height have a limited influence. Within the parameters utilized in this investigation, CLCB demonstrates superior wave attenuation performance under extreme wave conditions, better than that under non-extreme wave environments. The results from this study optimize the design of large-diameter cylindrical breakwaters and generate new insights into the interaction between large-diameter cylindrical breakwaters and extreme waves.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 11:35:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573980</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An analytical-experimental study of wave overtopping in the OBREC device utilizing the maximum wave momentum flux approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2568153</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The performance of overtopping-type wave energy converters (WECs) is highly dependent on the accurate estimation of overtopping discharge, making it a critical parameter in their design. Understanding and analyzing overtopping requires a detailed study of wave run-up on the structure's slope, as it directly influences the amount of overtopping water. Given the complexity of wave-structure interactions, examining wave run-up through the lens of physical principles can provide valuable insights into the key parameter of wave overtopping in coastal structures, particularly in the context of the Overtopping BReakwater for Energy Conversion (OBREC) device. A novel physics-based technique estimates wave run-up and overtopping by linking the maximum wave momentum flux at the structure's toe to the volume of water reaching and overtopping the OBREC crest. An analytical empirical model was developed to predict wave run-up (R² = 92 %) and overtopping discharge (R² = 87.34 %), incorporating crest flow thickness and velocity. The strength of this method lies in its foundation in the physical principles of wave-structure interaction, rather than relying solely on empirical data. The proposed formulas, validated against experimental data, show strong agreement and improve accuracy over traditional empirical methods. Additionally, analysis of plunging and surging waves identified a critical surf similarity parameter of 4.2, marking distinct trends in overtopping behavior. These findings provide a reliable, physics-based approach for designing OBREC structures and enhancing overtopping predictions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:05:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2568153</guid>
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