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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Transport Rebound Effect in BRICS: A Panel Threshold Analysis of Income and Green Innovation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666899</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Energy efficiency (EE) has emerged as a central policy objective, particularly in energy-intensive sectors such as transportation. The rebound effect (RE) may offset the anticipated energy savings from EE improvements, thereby diminishing their overall effectiveness. Using a two-step methodology, this study examines the rebound effect in the transport sector of BRICS countries from 1990 to 2023. Initially, transport efficiency is estimated via stochastic frontier analysis; subsequently, the extent of the RE is quantified. In addition, the study explores the non-linear relationship between EE and TEC using income and green innovation as threshold variables. The results indicate a rebound effect of 84% for the BRICS panel, with country-specific estimates of 84% for Brazil, 64% for Russia, 88% for India, 72% for China, and 105.9% for South Africa. The analysis further reveals that the rebound effect intensifies beyond the threshold income level, whereas green innovation plays a mitigating role. These findings underscore the need for stringent and targeted transport energy efficiency policies. In particular, fostering green technological innovation and addressing income-related disparities are critical for mitigating the rebound effect and achieving sustainable energy savings in the transport sector.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2026 10:15:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666899</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Protection of Livestock During Transport: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, England, European Union, Israel, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Russian Federation, South Korea, Switzerland</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684209</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report surveys regulations concerning the protection of livestock during transport in 13 selected jurisdictions, namely Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, England, the European Union (EU), Israel, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Russia, South Korea, and Switzerland. In particular, the report focuses on the number of consecutive hours animals may remain confined for transport; other restrictions on transport,  such as requirements for the means of transport; treatment of animals during transport, such as  adequate supply of feed and water; implementation and enforcement of the rules; and relevant court cases, where available.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2026 10:12:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684209</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Performance-based Contracts for Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance in the State of Bahia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over recent decades, studies comparing performance based contracts (PBCs) with traditional road management have struggled to draw robust conclusions due to data limitations, with much of the global evidence remaining qualitative. Brazil’s experience offers a valuable case study: building on earlier World Bank analysis of federal PBCs, this study evaluates two generations of PBCs implemented in the State of Bahia between 2009 and 2023, systematically comparing their costs and road conditions with those of conventional contracts using a consistent analytical framework. While the analysis relies on the assumption that PBCs and traditional contracts are broadly comparable—an assumption supported by practitioner experience in Bahia, where PBCs replaced conventional contracts regardless of initial conditions—the results are compelling. After one five year PBC cycle, rehabilitation and maintenance costs fell by 40–41 percent while achieving equal or better road conditions, and after two consecutive cycles, cost reductions approached 60 percent. These outcomes reinforce earlier findings that PBCs enable more tailored rehabilitation solutions and more proactive maintenance, delivering improved road management at lower cost.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 08:55:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681401</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Overall topological accessibility index (OTAI): A proposed indicator of urban transportation accessibility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642465</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid and selective urbanization process leads to a series of socioeconomic and environmental problems related to urban mobility. The literature lacks a robust approach that integrates various urban mobility dimensions, as traditional methods for assessing the accessibility and connectivity of transportation networks often yield inconsistent results. In addition, the city of Viçosa (Minas Gerais, Brazil) requires a comprehensive evaluation of accessibility and connectivity in its primary and secondary road networks. To address these knowledge gaps, this study proposes and evaluates a new indicator called Overall Topological Accessibility Index (OTAI), designed to identify the most and least accessible regions of a city. This indicator combines the Connectivity Matrix, Associated Number, and Number of Indirect Links methods. To validate the proposed methodology, nine different network models were generated for Viçosa’s road system and subsequently transformed into topologically connected networks suitable for calculating connectivity and accessibility parameters. The results provided a holistic evaluation of urban accessibility and connectivity, in addition to a comprehensive analysis of the effects of various modifications to the road network, such as the implementation of ring roads. Non-central roads, network extremities, and one-way streets demonstrated low accessibility. The inclusion of a ring road resulted in a negligible improvement in the Connectivity Index of the road network but increased the OTAI of nearby roads. In conclusion, the OTAI proved to be a robust and accurate tool for a more integrated assessment of urban accessibility and connectivity, enabling targeted changes that promote transportation sustainability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Mar 2026 09:01:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642465</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of 2 + 1 road design on two-lane highways under Brazilian driving conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670098</link>
      <description><![CDATA[2 + 1 road design features a continuous three-lane cross section, where the center lane is alternately used by each traffic direction at regular intervals. This layout can be a practical alternative when traffic volumes do not warrant full duplication, environmental limitations restrict construction space, or funding is limited. Although it offers benefits, the 2 + 1 road design remains seldom used in Brazil, primarily because there are few studies examining this highway type that account for local infrastructure features and driver-vehicle dynamics. Therefore, this study aims to assess how the 2 + 1 design affects the operation of two-lane highways under Brazilian driving conditions. The 7th edition of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM-7) provides a method for estimating the level of service and capacity for 2 + 1 roads. However, recent research suggests that applying the HCM method directly to Brazilian conditions often yields results that do not align with field observations. To address this, the study developed an adapted version of the HCM-7 for Brazilian 2 + 1 highways. The study also offered recommendations on optimal passing lane lengths and suitable transition zone types for various traffic conditions. Additionally, a comparative analysis is presented between the 2 + 1 highway and the two-lane highway with passing lanes, aiming to determine the most suitable traffic and grade conditions for each solution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Mar 2026 09:00:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670098</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Infrastructure, growth, and regional disparities: Looking at efficiency, redistribution, and equity goals in road investments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633504</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper evaluates the role of transportation infrastructure policies in raising productivity by considering heterogeneities in efficiency, redistribution, and equity. Using a three-step instrumental variable identification strategy, we estimate the causal impacts of road investments on GDP per capita in Brazilian municipalities during the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC), implemented from 2007 to 2018. Our findings show that highway investments significantly increased productivity, particularly in less-developed and poorly connected municipalities. Conversely, returns were lower or insignificant in highly developed and efficient areas, likely due to infrastructure saturation and implementation inefficiencies. These results suggest that road impacts are not homogeneous and that spatial targeting matters. Building on these heterogeneities, we calculate regionalized return rates and identify “focal points” where road investments can achieve both economic efficiency and inclusion objectives. We find that Brazil could have achieved higher overall returns by prioritizing redistributive and spatially equitable investments rather than concentrating resources in already-developed regions. The paper contributes to the literature by jointly analyzing the efficiency, redistribution, and equity dimensions of infrastructure investment and providing policy-relevant evidence on how to improve the design and targeting of national transport programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2026 09:56:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633504</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Access to markets and technology adoption in the agricultural sector: Evidence from Brazil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2632510</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper studies how improved market access through infrastructure influences agricultural modernization. We focus on Brazil’s federal highway expansion from 1950 to 2000 and its impact on the adoption of new agricultural technologies. To address endogeneity, we exploit the construction of Brasília and the plan to connect it with all state capitals as a natural experiment. Using least-cost paths between Brasília and each capital, we build a predicted highway network to instrument for market access. The results show that increased market access led to greater use of modern inputs-such as fertilizers and pesticides-and higher agricultural productivity and wages. However, these gains are uneven: municipalities in the Northeast benefited less, and in some cases, not at all. To explain this heterogeneity, we develop a stylized model in which high input costs in certain regions dampen the incentives to upgrade technology, even with better market access. Historical evidence from Brazil’s import-substitution industrialization period supports this mechanism. These findings suggest that while infrastructure can boost development, its effectiveness depends on complementary regional conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Mar 2026 09:16:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2632510</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How will electric, autonomous, and shared vehicles impact sustainable urban mobility? Professionals’ insights from Brazil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2639006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It was anticipated that the so-called “Mobility 4.0″ would introduce modifications to transport systems that could potentially influence mobility conditions provided by existing modes of transport. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how these changes will impact mobility in terms of its sustainability. This gap is particularly evident in countries such as Brazil, where this research was conducted. This study evaluated the prospective implications of selected mobility 4.0 developments (in particular, electric and autonomous vehicle technologies, and shared mobility) by examining 18 themes related to sustainable urban mobility. An online questionnaire was designed and distributed to professionals in the field. The questionnaire sought to categorize the most significant impacts within each theme using a 5-level Likert scale, ranging from very positive to very negative. Data analysis extracted from 320 valid responses provides empirical evidence that helps identify these technologies’ potential impacts on urban mobility’s sustainability. Depending on the theme, these impacts may be positive, negative, or neutral/undefined. It is noteworthy, for example, that electric vehicles and shared mobility have been evaluated very positively in relation to the theme Control of impacts on environment, which falls within the Environmental aspects domain. Overall, the level of knowledge demonstrated by the respondents did not significantly impact the results. However, when observed, this characteristic was notably marked among the respondents with advanced practical knowledge. Finally, in terms of policy recommendations, the outcomes suggest that policymakers must be prepared to constantly adapt policies based on changing technology, user behavior, and urban dynamics. Moreover, potential discrepancies in access to distinct socioeconomic groups are also a concern that must be addressed by policies, as these groups may have differing needs and expectations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 16:51:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2639006</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Territorial classification for mitigating socio-spatial inequalities in Fortaleza, Brazil: Advancing strategic LUTI planning towards a problem-oriented approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636872</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Strategically assessing accessibility inequalities in urban contexts is pivotal for the sustainable land use and transportation integrated (LUTI) planning paradigm. This work introduces an innovative territorial classification methodology, focusing on problems of socio-spatial accessibility inequalities, essential for informing strategic objectives in urban planning and defining areas where policies should be prioritized to mitigate such inequalities. Applied to the city of Fortaleza, Brazil, the proposed methodology measures accessibility levels using a utility-based logsum-type indicator calculated with socioeconomic/land-use data and travel impedances from the TRANUS model simulations for past, present, and future scenarios. The findings highlight a chronic imbalance in the spatial distribution of economic activities and low-income households, alongside an increasing reliance on motorized modes for commuting. Through the hierarchization of urban space, we identify areas with potential to accommodate vulnerable populations, zones where low-income residential occupation should be discouraged due to unacceptable job accessibility conditions, and areas requiring integrated land-use and transport policies to improve access to work activities. This approach not only underscores the importance of addressing socio-spatial inequalities in LUTI planning but also provides a methodological basis for negotiating planning objectives and prioritizing critical areas across the urban territory, promoting more equitable access to opportunities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 16:51:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636872</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The effect of selecting different stress states in laboratory tests on the predicted permanent deformation of soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643912</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Modeling permanent deformation (PD) in pavement sublayer materials is essential for predicting pavement performance. The present study evaluated the influence of stress state, by means of the stress pair (confining stresses, σ3, and deviator stresses, σd) considered on the calibration of a permanent deformation model widely used in Brazil. A total of 54 repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests were performed on 6 different soils, each subjected to 9 stress pairs, resulting in 130 combinations per material. Model coefficients were obtained by multiple linear regression. The results indicated that reducing the number of stress pairs improves the coefficients of determination (R2), but may compromise the model’s global predictive capacity, especially for pairs not included in the fitting. In 61% of cases analyzed, predictions fell outside the fitted range, highlighting the model’s sensitivity to pair selection. Some coefficients showed high variability, with differences exceeding 100% even for the same material, compromising their physical interpretation. Application of this methodology to literature data confirmed these trends and showed that different stress pair selection significantly affects the regression coefficients, even when R2 values are high. Numerical modeling with MeDiNa software reinforced the practical relevance of these findings, revealing that changes in the coefficients of just one layer resulted in differences of up to 22% in total pavement deformation and 92% in the deformation of the base layer. It is concluded that defining technical criteria for stress pair selection is essential for consistent predictions. Further studies are recommended to deepen the understanding of pavement stresses and their impact on permanent deformation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 09:05:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643912</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Calculation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in CO₂ Equivalent per Hectare of Sugarcane Cultivated for Brazilian Ethanol Production</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669826</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to quantify, through Monte Carlo simulation (100,000 iterations), the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the complete production cycle of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil, expressed in kg CO2eq/ha, and to project these emissions over a 20-year horizon. To achieve this, the production cycle was segmented into distinct stages - land use change, soil management and preparation, fertilization, harvesting and straw management, soil carbon sequestration, and industrial processing - and the parameters for each stage were defined based on recent. Three representative scenarios were considered: Worst-case (unsustainable practices involving conversion of native vegetation, high fertilizer dosages, and complete burning of the straw), Typical (conventional practices, with conversion of degraded pastures and sustainable management), and Ideal (best practices, characterized by reduced input dosages, the use of nitrification inhibitors, and high straw retention). The results indicate that, under sustainable practices, ethanol exhibits a significantly lower carbon footprint compared to gasoline, whose typical emissions range between 2.8 and 3.0 kg CO2eq/L. These findings reinforce the potential of Brazilian ethanol to contribute to GHG emission reductions and underscore the importance of adopting sustainable agricultural practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 08:54:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669826</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A multivariate approach to assess the factors influencing the use frequency of sustainable urban transport modes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624210</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban travel behavior evolves over time in response to events that disrupt daily life, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. However, research on the factors influencing the use frequency of sustainable transport modes over time remains limited. This paper investigates the factors influencing the frequency of walking, cycling, and public transport use and their correlation between periods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2018–2022) in São Paulo, Brazil. A multivariate ordered Logit model is estimated, accounting for interdependencies between the frequencies of transport use. Walking and cycling have positive correlations with public transport use. Women and non-white people with lower education and income are less likely to cycle, while older people are more likely to never use active modes and public transport. Private car owners working or studying at home are less prone to use public transport and walking. The probability of public transport use and cycling decreased during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. In the opposite, the probability of walking frequently increased after the pandemic. Such evidence allows for developing policies to promote sustainable transport while managing disruptions at the urban level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Feb 2026 11:23:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624210</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimate of vehicle pollution in different intersection models through computational simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2648596</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reducing toxic components of vehicle emissions and striving for sustainable development are among the key challenges of modern times. Transportation infrastructure planning plays a crucial role not only in improving traffic flow and reducing pollutant emissions but also in enhancing the safety of pedestrians. Through experimental research and the application of the Vissim traffic simulation software, this study estimates vehicular pollutant emissions across different intersection models. The main objective is to reduce travel time and, consequently, pollution in Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. The study is divided into four stages: (i) delimitation and characterization of the selected area; (ii) data collection, description, and quantification of vehicle flows; (iii) modeling, calibration, simulation, and data collection through the software to obtain fuel consumption data; and (iv) analysis and description of the results obtained. The simulation results showed that the three-lane roundabout model, followed by the current two-lane model, produced the lowest pollutant emission rates. However, the three-lane RCUT model, despite slightly higher emissions than the three-lane roundabout, emerged as a more promising alternative, as it provides greater pedestrian safety, reduces conflict points, and contributes to alleviating congestion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2648596</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Practising transport justice: Theory – practice gaps in three Latin American metropolises</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2619170</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While transport justice is increasingly a concern for academic research, the concept has less impact on planning practice. We investigate this theory-practice gap by interviewing key decision-makers from three structurally unequal Latin American metropolises. Our analysis examines the urban mobility issues they perceive, the planning strategies they develop, and the eventual gaps between the needs perceived by citizens and decision-makers. The lack of explicit ethical principles to address established mobility-related inequalities and the intention to avoid conflict with key stakeholders appear as the two main obstacles to bringing the concept of transport justice into practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Feb 2026 08:51:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2619170</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Satellite Eyes on Runway Safety: Predicting Airport Pavement Friction Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Image Processing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666721</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Runway safety in landing and takeoff operations is strongly influenced by skid resistance, which may be reduced by rubber buildup from aircraft braking. Conventional friction measurement methods require specialized equipment and operational interruptions, limiting their frequency and increasing costs. This study explores the use of satellite imagery and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) as a non-intrusive and cost-effective alternative for classifying runway friction coefficients. A dataset of about 7,000 Google Earth images of Brazilian aerodrome runways was matched with measured friction coefficients. Three preprocessing techniques (contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization [CLAHE], Gaussian filter, and wavelet) and five CNN architectures (simple CNN, ResNet50, DenseNet121, InceptionV3, and VGG16) were evaluated. The best performance was obtained with CLAHE + Gaussian preprocessing and DenseNet121, achieving over 74% accuracy in cross-validation. External validation with unseen satellite images confirmed robustness, while tests with unmanned aerial vehicle imagery showed limited generalization across visual domains. The results indicate that deep learning combined with remote sensing can support airport pavement management. The proposed approach complements direct friction monitoring, offering a scalable, low-cost, and non-intrusive tool to identify critical areas, guide preventive maintenance, and enhance operational safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2026 13:55:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666721</guid>
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