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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Study on The Evaluation Method of Piston Slap Using Engine Background Noise</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2695901</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Previous piston slap noise predictions using simulation models evaluated indicators such as the piston's kinetic energy and the cylinder block's wall vibrations, but these have not always aligned with auditory evaluations. In this study, we quantified the exceedance value using cylinder block vibrations and engine background noise to establish an effective detection method for piston slap based on a predictive model. As a result, a good correlation with auditory evaluations was confirmed. Consequently, this approach enabled the prediction of piston slap noise in newly developed engines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2695901</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Effective Thickness of Bituminous Block Pavement Using Finite Element Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579856</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bituminous blocks are utilized for road construction all over the world in the name of historical pavement. Bituminous block pavement has a number of advantages in terms of faster construction and maintenance of road projects. The performance of any pavement structure is generally influenced by the thickness of the layer provided, which is determined by the structural and physical properties of the materials available for construction. Only a few experimental experiments on bituminous block pavement have been conducted. No studies were reported on the effective thickness of bituminous block pavement using the finite element technique. The multiple constraints associated with conducting experimental work on bituminous blocks of different thicknesses can be reduced by employing a finite element technique. Bituminous block pavement was tested in this study by altering the thickness, which was fixed according to the code specification. The bituminous block pavement thicknesses employed in this investigation were 50 mm, 55 mm, 60 mm, and 65 mm. ABAQUS software was used to perform a finite element study of the bituminous block pavement. The analysis showed that as pavement thickness increases, the deformation values decrease. The minimum and maximum deformation obtained is about 8–24% and 7–17%, respectively. The effective thickness of the bituminous block pavement was fixed based on the strain values obtained from the finite element approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 16:55:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579856</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Determination of Infiltration Capacity of Interlocking-Block Permeable Pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658030</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Interlocking-block permeable pavements (IBPPs) are designed to allow surface runoff to infiltrate downward. High infiltration capacity is a key operational requirement and a major design consideration of IBPPs. Currently there is no analytical or experimental method that allows pavement designers to evaluate during the design phase, or any stage during operation, the differences in infiltration capacities of different IBPP designs. To overcome this limitation, the present research introduced a concept of representative test area, and employed the finite-volume approach to solve the problem of infiltration flow through IBPP. The proposed method permits a designer to (1) numerically evaluate the infiltration capacities of different IBPP designs of interlocking blocks having different shapes, sizes, and joint widths; and (2) recommend a design that is environmentally most desirable. Laboratory infiltration tests were conducted in this research to experimentally validate the proposed finite-volume fluid dynamics computational method. An illustrative example is presented to compare the infiltration capacities of eight common IBPPs designs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2026 09:40:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658030</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of wear condition diagnosis model for main bearing with SVM algorithm</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647081</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As one of the important friction components of internal combustion engine, the main bearing is exposed to complex dynamic loads and is prone to wear during long-term operation. It is of great significance to study the wear condition monitoring of main bearing. Time domain analysis and wavelet packet decomposition (WPD) are carried out to analyze the block vibration signals under different working conditions. The influence of engine speed, torque, oil temperature and main bearing clearance on the block vibration is analyzed. On this basis, the characteristic parameters reflecting the main bearing state are extracted to form the input vector and the support vector machine (SVM) model is established. Then the key parameters of the SVM, including penalty factor and kernel function parameter are optimized by grid search method and gray wolf optimizer (GWO). The optimized diagnosis model is used to identify the wear state of main bearing. The result indicates that the recognition accuracy and the running time of the model optimized by GWO is 97.22% and 9.13 s respectively. So GWO-SVM diagnosis model can effectively recognize the main bearing wear state, mitigating the risks of unplanned downtime and secondary damage caused by main bearing failure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 16:41:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647081</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Preparation and performance study of coal gangue aggregate permeable concrete bricks (CGAPCBs)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618013</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes using spontaneous combustion coal gangue aggregate (SCGA) and rock roadway excavation gangue aggregate (REGA) to replace natural aggregate (NA) in producing permeable concrete (SCGAPC/REGAPC) and bricks (SCGAPCBs/REGAPCBs). Optimal mix proportion of SCGAPC was obtained by orthogonal test, Compressive strength and permeability coefficient were 25.1 MPa, 2.67 mm·s⁻¹ respectively when aggregate-cement ratio (A/C), water-cement ratio (W/C) and reinforcing agent content (RAC) were 3.2, 0.23 and 6.0%, meeting the requirements for non-vehicular pavement. SCGAPC without slurry leakage or bottom sealing was prepared when slurry yield stress, fluidity were 22.6 25.0 Pa, 210 220 mm. By single factor test, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting strength and permeability coefficient of SCGAPCBs were 41.1 MPa, 4.1 MPa, 3.3 MPa and 1.5 mm·s⁻¹ when proportion of coarse and fine aggregates, forming pressure and pressure-holding time were 4:6, 4 MPa and 35 s, meeting the requirements for vehicular pavement. Flexural strength over 5 MPa, grade of freeze-thaw resistance and permeability up to D50 and B, grinding pit depth below 5mm of CGAPCBs were prepared, meeting the requirements for parking lot pavement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2026 13:55:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618013</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of clogging resistance clay blocks for permeable pavement applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643689</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Permeable pavements play a crucial role in managing water infiltration and surface runoff, requiring a balance of permeability, clogging resistance, and durability for long-term performance. While permeable blocks have traditionally been used in such applications, many conventional designs suffer from clogging, low structural strength and high maintenance needs, limiting their effectiveness. This study introduces clogging-resistant clay blocks (CRB) and evaluates their performance in permeability, strength and freeze?thaw resistance based on the number and size of holes. The objective is to identify optimal designs and verify their suitability for lightweight traffic pavements. CRB designs were optimised using a finite element modelling (FEM) and drilled into solid clay blocks. Additionally, due to manufacturing constraints, alternative factory-produced designs with lower porosity were developed. The CRB blocks were tested for permeability, clogging resistance, flexural and compressive strength, and freeze?thaw durability. Among the FEM-designed blocks, CRB 2 (3.82% porosity) achieved good performance with a permeability of 3.54?cm/s, a compressive strength of 33.5?MPa, a flexural strength of 6.85?MPa, and resistance to clogging. The practical factory-produced CRB 5 block (2.31% porosity) achieved 1.57?cm/s permeability, 7.3?MPa flexural strength and negligible mass loss after freeze?thaw cycles. These findings show CRB's potential as a sustainable, durable solution for urban infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 17:02:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643689</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainable paving solutions: Physical and outdoor behavior of cement cobblestones with industrial polymer roof waste aggregates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2602379</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To reduce the use of natural resources and promote a circular economy in the construction sector, this study investigates the valorization of polyurethane, polyester, and fiberglass-based roofing waste from the automotive industry as a partial replacement for natural fine aggregates in cement-based mortar paving blocks. Paving elements were manufactured with replacement levels of 20 %, 40 %, and 60 % by volume and tested for mechanical, physical, and durability properties in related standards. The results show that all mixtures met the minimum splitting tensile strength requirement of 3.60 MPa, with 40 % replacement achieving a peak improvement of 9.3 % compared to the reference. The density decreased by up to 300 kg/m³ , improving handling and reducing transportation impacts, whereas wear resistance, slip resistance, and fire resistance remained within permissible limits. Durability tests, including salt crystallization, freeze–thaw cycles, and outdoor exposure, confirmed the suitability of the materials for exterior paving applications. This research demonstrates that PU-based roofing waste can replace up to 60 % of natural fine aggregates in paving block production without compromising performance, offering a technically viable and environmentally beneficial alternative for sustainable urban infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Sep 2025 11:06:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2602379</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technical feasibility study of using spent magnesia–chrome refractory bricks in concrete paving blocks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2602371</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concrete is a fundamental construction material that poses environmental challenges, particularly concerning aggregate sourcing from natural deposits. Industrial waste materials, such as spent magnesia–chrome refractory bricks (SMCRBs) from metallurgical industries, contain hazardous elements and are often disposed of in landfills, raising environmental concerns. This research investigated the potential of SMCRBs as a partial replacement for natural river sand (NRS) in concrete paving blocks (CPBs). The study evaluated the technical properties of CPBs incorporating SMCRB at various replacement levels (0 %, 15 %, 30 %, 50 %, and 100 % by weight). The technical test results including density, water absorption, compressive and flexural strengths, structural efficiency, porosity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, abrasion resistance, and microstructure indicate that replacing up to 30 % of NRS with SMCRB is viable for producing CPBs suitable for light-traffic pavements. Additionally, the leaching concentrations of chromium and lead in the 30 % SMCRB specimens were significantly below the thresholds established by Indonesian Government Regulation for nonhazardous materials. These findings suggest that incorporating SMCRBs into CPB production not only enhances the technical properties and durability of the blocks but also mitigates environmental impacts by reducing harmful substances in surrounding areas and minimizing pollution of surface and groundwater.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Sep 2025 11:06:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2602371</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigating Impact of Boundary Layer in Pervious Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407387</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pervious concrete is a green concrete because of its environmental benefits including reduced carbon footprint. However, industrial application of pervious concrete is limited by uncertainty of its mechanical properties. While porosity plays an important role in mechanical properties and understanding on porosity distribution and characteristics is essential in optimising design of pervious concrete. Image analysis is a modern tool which could employ different analyses techniques and significantly reduce error than in conventional methods of analysing porosity. This study aims to analyse distribution of porosity in pervious concrete, using image analyses tools. Cubes were cast, cores were obtained, and images of the surfaces were painted and photographed. Image was converted to binary and analysed and total porosity of cubes were obtained. A small layer in the top and bottom have high porosity than total porosity and between those layers the porosity, which is lower than total porosity, is called effective porosity. Therefore, the top and bottom boundary layers were analysed with design parameters. Top boundary layer of a concrete cube is 4.7 mm and it does not depend on design parameters. The bottom boundary layer of the concrete cube increases with the aggregate to cement ratio and decreases with applied compaction energy. For blows more than 45, the bottom boundary layer does not significantly change. Minimum required number of blows for the 1st layer of the cube to get optimum bottom boundary layer is 10 for all Aggregate to cement ratio (A/C) except for design with A/C of 2.5.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Sep 2025 08:49:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407387</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Using Waste Materials as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Concrete Paver Blocks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407367</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Interlocking concrete block pavement has been widely used in place of flexible and rigid pavements owing to its easiness in assembling, replacement and transportation. It also has excellent drainage capacity. Its application includes sidewalks, car parks, cycle tracks and other lightly trafficked areas. The production of Interlocking concrete block pavement leads to extensive exploitation of natural resources, for the procurement of aggregates. Utilization of waste materials as partial replacement of aggregates conserves the scarce aggregates and reduces pollution. The objective of this study is to check the feasibility of using waste materials as a sustainable and economically viable option for producing concrete paver blocks. This study investigates the effect of using two easily available waste materials in Kerala viz. coconut shell and Ethylene Vinyl Acetate rubber as a partial replacement alternative of coarse aggregates in the production of concrete paver blocks. This paper investigates the effect of replacement of various percentages viz. 0, 5 10, 15 and 20% of coconut shell and rubber on the properties of the paver blocks. The effect on 7th day, 14th day and 28th day compressive strength as well as water absorption was studied. The optimum percentage of replacement was determined. Also, between coconut shells and scrap rubber the better alternative for replacement of coarse aggregate was evaluated. The compressive strength on replacement with coconut shells keeps on increasing till the optimum percentage of 15% is reached and then decreases gradually while for rubber there is an increase in trend till the optimum percentage of 5% is reached and then decreases. Replacement with coconut shell is a better alternative than rubber since more aggregates can be replaced.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Sep 2025 08:49:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407367</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Collapse of Massive Concrete Structures: The Case of Boulders for the Breakwater of Augusta’s Harbor in Italy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594276</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The brittle failure of a 25m3 massive concrete block during handling at Augusta’s harbor, Italy, was investigated to identify the root causes and propose improvements for future projects. The study combined experimental, numerical, and on-site analyses to assess the impact of design, manufacturing, and handling procedures on the block’s performance. Experimental tests revealed significant microcracking, high excess voidage (1.5%–3.0%), and a reduced density (average 2,200 kg/m3), primarily caused by insufficient compaction during casting and the lack of curing. These defects amplified thermal gradients resulting from cement hydration and contributed to the structural degradation. Numerical finite-element simulations confirmed that pre-existing continuity issues, coupled with improper handling involving nonsymmetric lifting, resulted in localized tensile stresses approaching the material’s tensile strength. The findings highlight the critical role of proper compaction, curing, and handling protocols in mitigating thermal stress-induced cracking and ensuring the durability of massive concrete structures. Practical recommendations are proposed to enhance the quality and reliability of future concrete boulders for harbor infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Sep 2025 09:18:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594276</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Proposal of an Engine Vibration Simulation Model Considering Slip Friction and Vibration Transmission Between Engine Block Mating Surfaces</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556931</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A previous research revealed that slippage occurs at the mating surface between the upper and lower blocks of an engine, but numerical simulations have been unable to reproduce the mating surface and its vibration characteristics. In this study, the FE model of the engine block was changed to an FE model that is taken into account the mating surface between the upper and lower blocks, and the effect on the vibration transmission characteristics was numerically investigated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jul 2025 13:38:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556931</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Properties of one-part geopolymer pedestrian blocks made using 100 % waste materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2568530</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is one of the most commonly used construction materials. However, the production process of OPC significantly contributes to environmental degradation, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable alternatives that can reduce the construction industry's carbon footprint. One such alternative is geopolymer concrete. This study focuses on the development of pedestrian blocks made from one-part geopolymer concrete, using 100 % waste materials such as fly ash, slag, and recycled asphalt aggregates. Additionally, recycled plastic was incorporated in varying proportions of 0.5 %, 1 %, and 1.5 % by volume of the binder materials. The physical and mechanical properties of the geopolymer concrete blocks—including density, water absorption, abrasion resistance, skid resistance, compressive strength, and flexural strength—were thoroughly investigated. Given the focus on waste material utilization, assessing the environmental impact is essential. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) was selected as a key metric to evaluate the carbon footprint (measured in kg CO₂-equivalent) of the materials used in the geopolymer pedestrian blocks. Results indicated that although mechanical strength decreased with increasing plastic content, the blocks maintained adequate strength for pedestrian use up to a certain percentage of plastic incorporation. In terms of GWP, the inclusion of plastic waste led to a slight increase; however, the overall GWP of the blocks remained low due to the use of waste materials. This paper discusses the effect of recycled plastic on the tested properties, and the results indicate that one-part geopolymer concrete blocks can be effectively used for pedestrian applications, meeting standard requirements with the inclusion of plastic up to a specific volume.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 16:12:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2568530</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Infiltration in Modified Block Pavements: Integrating Pervious Concrete for Innovative Pavement Construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2526790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The block pavement technique is economical and requires less maintenance than conventional pavement techniques. However, it has drawbacks, such as water logging issues in heavy rainfall areas due to the absence of camber, unlike traditional road pavements. This study presents a comprehensive structural evaluation of modified block pavement (MBP), aimed at enhancing infiltration rates without compromising load-bearing capacities. The MBP has been developed by improvement in the surface layer by merger of pervious concrete and plain cement concrete (PCC) paving blocks. Modified blocks with circular and square shape of holes filled with pervious concrete gradation have been used for infiltration. The methodology involved testing the compressive strength of PCC blocks for mechanical properties, using the double ring infiltrometer (DRIT) to measure infiltration rates, and performing falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests to assess structural integrity. The DRIT shows that the circular hole filler between the PCC blocks shows the highest infiltration rate of 25.36  cm/h compared to square holes and joints between the blocks. The FWD test results state a gradual decrement in deflection with offset from loading. Looking forward, this research lays the groundwork for the future development of urban pavements that can mitigate flooding, enhance water management, and contribute to more sustainable infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Apr 2025 08:51:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2526790</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Permeable pavement blocks as a sustainable solution for managing microplastic pollution in urban stormwater</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2507922</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Permeable pavement systems (PPS) designed to store stormwater and facilitate its drainage into pipeline networks also provide the added advantage of retaining particulate pollutants in the stormwater runoff. Among these pollutants, microplastics (MPs), are increasingly being detected in the atmosphere and can be deposited in the environment via rainfall. Consequently, mitigating the transport of airborne MPs through rainfall is crucial for preventing water and soil contamination, thereby reducing the potential risks to human health and ecosystems. To achieve effective pollution control, an experimental study was conducted to assess MPs removal efficiencies and permeability performance of various permeable pavement blocks. The pore structure, which is a critical factor influencing permeability, was analyzed using porosity measurements and X-ray computed tomography imaging. Additionally, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were utilized to investigate the MPs removal mechanisms within the PPS, modeling the flow of MPs through blocks with distinct pore structures and varying permeability levels. Notably, Block A, with the highest permeability (1.7 mm/s), achieved removal efficiencies exceeding 90 % for polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). CFD analysis revealed that low-density PE particles were retained more effectively, while high-density PET particles displayed greater mobility through the pavement blocks. Furthermore, as rainfall intensity increased, the removal efficiencies of PE and PET gradually decreased. This study highlights the critical role of material design and CFD-optimised pore structures in enhancing the efficacy of permeable pavement systems for urban stormwater management. By elucidating the MPs removal mechanisms driven by distinct transport behaviors of PE and PET particles based on density differences, these systems offer a promising solution for mitigating urban stormwater contamination and advancing sustainable water resource management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 2025 16:57:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2507922</guid>
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