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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Report of Trip to SR-86, District 11, Near Brawley, California: Work Conducted under Strategic Plan Task 4.14</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628290</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A rubberized asphalt chip seal project on SR-86 in District 11 exhibited flushing and rutting shortly after construction. These defects occurred within the 1-year performance warranty period specified in Section 10-1.22 of the Special Provisions of Contract No. 11-241104. Results of California Test 342 performed by Caltrans have confirmed that the coefficient of friction for the flushing segment were less than 0.30, which is less than the minimum required by contract. The contractor refuses to perform the specified repair at contractor's expense, saying they followed Caltrans specifications and, therefore, are not responsible for a defect due to an "inadequate specification" (given the project condition). On Dec. 17, 2004, Caltrans Headquarters Maintenance and the Pavement Research Center agreed on a study to address the following four objectives: (1) Investigate if the causes of failure of the asphalt rubber chip seal project in District 11 can be determined - Determine compliance with prescriptive specifications and relate prescriptive specifications to failure or success, Collect test and construction records and investigate if the cause of failure can be determined, and No lab testing is required unless it is apparent that lab testing will help determine causes of failure. (Lab testing will be subject to costs and scheduling constraints, availability of resources, and further discussion. Core samples collected to perform lab testing by Caltrans District 11.); (2) Determine the effectiveness of the materials and workmanship warranty on this project - Critique the concept of combining prescriptive specifications and performance criteria and provide a preliminary statement about the efficacy of combining these criteria; (3) Evaluate and critique the planned 2-year performance warranty if the cause of rutting and flushing is identified; and (4) Determine whether the Department should move toward performance warranties instead of materials and workmanship based on discussions with various experts and available information. Note: Gerry Huber (Heritage Research Group) and Steven Krebs (WI DOT) have agreed to provide advice. Other sources for advice suggested by Shakir have not yet responded at the time of this writing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Jan 2026 16:28:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628290</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Maintenance Solutions for Bleeding and Flushed Pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582133</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This document presents recommended maintenance solutions for treatment of bleeding and flushed pavements with a seal coat or a surface treatment. The following topics are covered: Maintenance definition of bleeding and flushing; Factors that contribute to bleeding and flushing; Preventive maintenance considerations; Maintenance solutions for bleeding pavement surfaces; Maintenance solutions for flushed pavement surfaces; and  Treatment of bleeding and flushing at intersections. Expressed within the broader context of seal coat design and construction, the maintenance solutions described herein are intended to help the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) maintenance forces address the problem of flushed and bleeding pavements on Texas roadways in order to better provide for the safe, effective and efficient movement of people and goods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Nov 2025 10:06:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582133</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aggregate Retention Performance and Bleeding Susceptibility of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Modified Chip Seals: A Laboratory Investigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2595225</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Chip seal construction has received increased attention recently because of rising construction costs and reduced funding for new asphalt pavement projects. The cost and carbon footprint of chip seal applications can be reduced using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). In this paper, the suitability of RAP material for chip seal applications was evaluated through laboratory experiments. Aggregate retention performance and bleeding susceptibility of chip seal samples were investigated using two different aggregate sources and emulsion types. The gradation of the collected aggregates was matched with RAP aggregates using sieving and batching. Modified sweep, Vialit, and pull-off tests were conducted to determine the aggregate retention performance of RAP-modified chip seal samples. To evaluate the effect of RAP on bleeding susceptibility, a Hamburg wheel tracker (HWT) device with a rubber wheel was used. Macrotexture values were measured at specific HWT passes using a laser texture scanner, and the number of passes until chip seal failure was iterated. According to the results, the aggregate retention performance of RAP was found to be comparable with that of natural aggregates when a binder with an appropriate charge was used. RAP material showed higher aggregate retention with the cationic binder compared to the anionic binder. The bleeding test results indicated that RAP is more susceptible to bleeding. Overall, laboratory test results showed that RAP can be a good alternative to virgin aggregate and may reduce the need for virgin binders used in chip seal construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Sep 2025 08:55:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2595225</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrating Transfer Learning and U-Net for Accurate Detection and Segmentation of Asphalt Pavement Bleeding</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592208</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bleeding is a serious defect in asphalt pavement because it decreases vehicle traction and negatively affects the visibility of drivers. If not detected in good time, bleeding may cause serious traffic accidents in inclement weather conditions and lead to more severe damage to pavement, such as picking up of the seal coat. This paper leverages the capability of deep learning approaches for detecting bleeding in asphalt pavement. The presented method includes a deep transfer learning-based model for block-wise detection and a deep semantic segmentation for pixel-wise classification. Capable convolutional neural networks (CNNs), including the Alex network, Visual Geometry Group network, Google network (Inception), mobile network, and residual network (ResNet), are used for detecting the surface distress on the pavement surface. Based on the classification results of the CNNs, the deep semantic segmentation model of U-Net is employed to perform pattern recognition at the pixel level. To train and verify the proposed approach, an image dataset has been established from a field survey in Da Nang (Vietnam). The structure of the image classification and semantic segmentation models are trained by the adaptive moment estimation algorithm. Experimental results show that ResNet with 50 layers (ResNet50) achieves outstanding classification accuracy at detecting bleeding occurrences with a classification accuracy rate of 99.3%?±?0.5% and an F1 score of 99.3%?±?0.5%. In addition, U-Net demonstrates robust segmentation performance with an intersection over union of 0.79 and an F1 score of 0.88, effectively localizing bleeding areas with precision.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Aug 2025 13:42:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592208</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Placement and Evaluation of a Seal Coat Using Emulsified Asphalt: Interim Report No. 1</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567012</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A seal coat was placed in Texas, July 29-30, 1980. This report evaluates the condition of the seal coat including bleeding, flushing, skid resistance, and waterproofing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2025 13:38:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567012</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Placement and Evaluation of a Seal Coat Using Emulsified Asphalt: Interim Report No. 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567015</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A seal coat was placed in Texas, July 29-30, 1980. This report evaluates the condition of the seal coat including bleeding, flushing, skid resistance, and waterproofing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2025 13:38:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567015</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Placement and Evaluation of a Seal Coat Using Emulsified Asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567013</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A seal coat was placed in Texas, July 29-30, 1980. This report evaluates the condition of the seal coat including bleeding, flushing, skid resistance, and waterproofing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2025 13:38:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567013</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing Pre-Hospital Hemorrhage Management and Mortality in U.S. Motor Vehicle Crashes




</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570614</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With optimal emergency medical service (EMS) and trauma care it has been estimated that 20 percent of overall trauma deaths in the United States are preventable. Using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), it is estimated that 40 percent of motor vehicle fatality victims were alive at the scene, indicating an opportunity to save lives through enhanced pre-hospital care interventions. Specifically, it is hypothesized that administering pre-hospital blood products to patients experiencing hemorrhagic shock can reduce motor vehicle crash mortality. While the administration of pre-hospital blood products has been shown in military applications to substantially reduce morbidity and mortality, less is known about the potential impact of pre-hospital blood products in U.S. motor vehicle trauma. 

Pre-hospital blood programs represent an invaluable resuscitation capability that directly addresses hemorrhagic shock and mitigates subsequent multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. With wider use, this intervention has the potential to reduce mortality among motor vehicle crash victims. Research is needed to develop a better understanding of the potential impact of pre-hospital blood products in U.S. motor vehicle trauma.

The objectives of this research are to: (1) Assess pre-hospital hemorrhage management and mortality in U.S. motor vehicle crashes. (2) Develop recommendations that state highway safety offices (SHSOs) and other stakeholders can use to reduce pre-hospital mortality through enhanced trauma response activities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 19:17:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570614</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Engineering Economy and Energy Considerations: Correction of Bleeding (Flushing) Surfaces</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2549158</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this report is to discuss the occurrence and consequences of bleeding pavements, methods for correction of bleeding pavements and a procedure for evaluation of corrective alternatives. For purposes of this report, bleeding (or flushing) is the presence of excess asphalt, or a film of asphalt, on the pavement surface.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Jun 2025 11:49:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2549158</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of the Impact on Surface Water of Lime Slurry Used to Treat Bleeding</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2448883</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bleeding is a phenomenon that usually occurs during periods of intense heat, mainly on roads coated with thin surfaces, such as surface dressings (SD). A surface dressing is a treatment consisting of successive layers of binder and aggregates. Bleeding is when bitumen rises from the thin layer to the surface. This phenomenon is exacerbated by hot summer weather and by the level of traffic constraints. When bitumen becomes viscous or even liquid, it is no longer able to ensure maintenance of the surface layer and the gravel that composes it. When bitumen rises to the surface, it creates smooth and slippery areas on the traffic lanes on the road. In cases of extreme heat, the bitumen wraps around the tyres of vehicles, leading to ravelling (also referred to as streaking or peeling), which can result in the disappearance of the thin layer at various points of the traffic lanes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Nov 2024 17:06:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2448883</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling the properties of terminal blend crumb rubber modified bitumen with crosslinking additives</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2418483</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aimed to develop models assessing 26 machine-learning algorithms in regression analysis to predict the properties of terminal blend crumb rubber-modified bitumen (TB-CRMB) made with crosslinking additives. During the data collection, the properties of the modified binders prepared at 6, 10 and 14% of crumb rubber (CR), considering three types of modifications and eighteen blending scenarios with different interaction factors, were assessed in terms of penetration, softening point, rotational viscosity, storage stability, rheological parameters, and rutting and fatigue factors. Results showed that the Matern 5/2 Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model demonstrated efficient performance in predicting physical, viscoelastic, rutting, and fatigue properties whereas wide artificial neural networks exhibited enhanced accuracy in predicting storage stability and rotational viscosity. The results also suggest that it is feasible to implement a single type of model developed using the Matern 5/2 GPR algorithm for accurately predicting all the TB-CRMB properties considered. The best models demonstrated that crosslinking additives significantly influenced TB-CRMB production and performance. In TB-CRMB production, sulfur as a crosslinking additive showed better compatibility than trans-polyoctenamer-rubber and significantly reduced interaction temperatures at lower CR content, leading to energy savings compared to the traditional TB production.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Sep 2024 09:15:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2418483</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Image-based severity analysis of Asphalt pavement bleeding using a metaheuristic-boosted fuzzy classifier</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2411051</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pavement management systems play a vital role in maintaining transportation infrastructures by evaluating pavement distress to perform maintenance tasks efficiently. Severity analysis is an important step in this process. With an increasing focus on automating the pavement distress inspection, challenges persist, including limited attention to severity analysis of texture-based distresses and lack of applying fuzzy systems in this analysis despite the linguistic and qualitative description of severity levels. Accordingly, this paper presents a methodology leveraging computational intelligence frameworks such as fuzzy logic and metaheuristic optimization to develop a reliable system for severity analysis, particularly focusing on asphalt pavement bleeding. Employing GLSM and statistical feature extraction in conjunction with a fuzzy classifier, optimized with metaheuristic-based algorithms like GA, HBA, GWA, ARA, and SSA, the proposed boosted fuzzy classifier achieves an impressive accuracy of 93% and notable improvements in performance metrics, underscoring its superiority over classic fuzzy classifiers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Aug 2024 09:52:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2411051</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing a Model to Predict Bleeding Areas in Asphalt Pavements Using Artificial Neural Network</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2395128</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bleeding can have a negative effect on the performance of a pavement, as the layer of asphalt on the surface can become slippery, reduce skid resistance, and lead to premature wear and tear. Therefore, predicting the bleeding area in asphalt pavements will help in maintaining better pavements, increasing the safety of the drivers, and delivering timely maintenance. The aim of the study is to develop a model using a highly sophisticated analysis tool called an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the bleeding areas in asphalt pavements as output, with one hidden layer and several neurons and using several independent variables as inputs, such as lane annual average daily truck traffic, lane annual truck volume estimate, pavement thickness, average asphalt content, average annual temperature, annual total snowfall, and total annual precipitation. The Long-Term Pavement Performance database will be employed in this study to extract data for the states of Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The ideal architecture for forecasting the bleeding of asphalt pavements was concluded to be an ANN model with several neurons in one hidden layer and with 160 data sets, with R2?=?0.71. A standalone ANN equation was also extracted. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the sensitivity of the model to a particular change in an input parameter.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jun 2024 15:12:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2395128</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental analysis of blistering and water bleeding on asphalt pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2342583</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Asphalt pavement distress is generally attributed to traffic. However, blistering and water bleeding occur on surfaces with little or no traffic and can have consequences for life and safety. This study investigates air and water permeation that could trigger the two phenomena surveyed on a rehabilitated airport pavement. The components and formulation of the mix laid on the investigated runway were tested by varying the air voids content and thermal conditions. The coefficient of volumetric expansion of bitumen was measured between 25 °C and 80 °C. Its average value (i.e., 5.5 ×10-4 °C-1) is 30 times higher than that of aggregates, and it thus can contribute to the reduction in saturated hydraulic conductivity when solar radiation increases the temperature of the wearing layer. Cold-hot-cold gravity filtration tests demonstrated that the logarithm of the hydraulic conductivity varies linearly with the air voids content at room temperature (i.e., from 1.57 ×10-5 m/s to 3.23 ×10-10 m/s with 10% to 5% residual voids) and decreases by about 50% when the surface temperature is varied from 20 °C to 65 °C; however, this process is sometimes not fully reversible. With regard to water bleeding, the evaporation rate (1.57 ×10-7 m/s) according to the weighted evaporation method indicates high water permeability and air voids content on the studied wearing layer. The results confirm that variations in asphalt temperature and air voids content control flexible pavements’ mechanical and physical properties so that local variations in water permeability can explain blistering and water bleeding. Further studies will investigate the relationships between asphalt’s physical, mechanical, and volumetric properties that affect water and air flow into the pavement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Mar 2024 17:00:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2342583</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bleeding Mechanism and Mitigation Technique of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Asphalt Mixture</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2238258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Basalt fiber-reinforced asphalt mixture has shown promising mechanical characteristics but is susceptible to bleeding, which can compromise driving comfort and safety. This paper investigates the bleeding mechanism of basalt fiber-modified asphalt mixtures and proposes mitigation techniques. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is used to observe the microstructure and spatial structure of the asphalt mixture with fibers, while microstructure, interface properties, and spatial structure are analyzed to determine the mechanism of bleeding. Mixed fibers composed of basalt and lignin fibers are proposed as a solution to alleviate bleeding, and comprehensive pavement performance is evaluated using the Efficiency Coefficient Method (ECF). The results show that the smooth surface, low surface energy, poor surface bonding ability, small specific surface area, and large void network structure of basalt fibers make the pavement susceptible to bleeding. Besides, the mixed fiber reinforced asphalt mixture exhibits a 16.7% increase in resistance to bleeding compared to the basalt fiber asphalt mixture. Furthermore, the comprehensive pavement performance has been enhanced by 9.09% according to ECF result.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Sep 2023 11:06:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2238258</guid>
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