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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Behaviour of black cotton soil with bio-degradable reinforcement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/783913</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Well-built and maintained highways/rail way tracks play major role in the development of any nation. The sub-grade soil is an integral part of these structures as it provides the support to the pavement. The sub-grade soil and its properties are important in the design of pavement structure. Most State I highways particularly in Maharashtra, M.P. and Andhra Pradesh have problems of foundation due to the presence of highly compressible clayey soil (mostly black cotton soil). The present study indicates that the settlement and shear strength behaviour of black cotton soil is changed appreciably if reinforced with layers of woven/non-woven jute geotextile (JGT), non-woven geotextile and coarse sand drain placed at center in horizontal layer and in the form of vertical drain. Results show that compression index values decrease by about 8 per cent. 16.5 per cent and 25 per cent with non-woven JGT, woven JGT and non-woven geotextile respectively when compared with virgin black cotton soil.  Further, it is seen that by addition of 10 mm dia vertical coarse sand drain in the center of 76.2 mm dia consolidation test, compression index values decrease by about 35.6 per cent, 36.5 per cent and 37.65 per cent with non-woven JGT, woven JGT and non-woven geotextile respectively in comparison with virgin black cotton soil. It is also observed that shear strength increases by about 13 per cent, 9 per cent, and 1.5 per cent with non-woven geotextile, woven JGT and vertical coarse sand drain respectively when compared with virgin black cotton soil (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Jul 2006 12:17:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/783913</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ROLE OF CURING TEMPERATURE IN PROGRESS OF LIME-SOIL REACTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/754757</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An expansive black cotton soil was used to assess if ambient temperature influences the progress of lime-soil reactions. Lime-soil mixes containing lime additions above the Lime Modification Optimum (or Initial Consumption of Lime value) of the expansive black cotton soil was cured for periods ranging from 1 hour to 400 days at 25 degrees C. The curing temperature of 25 degrees C is representative of mean temperatures occurring in semi-arid regions of Karnataka, India. The in situ progress of lime treatment was monitored by the use of electrical conductivity and pH measurements. The trend of decrease in conductivity and pH of the 4 and 7 lime-soil mixes suggested that pozzolanic activity commenced after 1 day of curing at 25 degrees C. Comparatively, an earlier study by other researchers had reported that pozzolanic activity does not commence before 7 days of curing at 11.5 degrees C for lime additions above the Lime Modification Optimum value of swelling clay. Combining the results of studies at 25 degrees C and 11.5 degrees C, it appears that higher ambient temperatures do accelerate the progress of lime-soil reactions. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Apr 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/754757</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SOIL ENGINEERING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269936</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For abstracts of papers contained in this bulletin see TRIS 450969 and 450970.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 21:57:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269936</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS IN BLACK COTTON SOIL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/492333</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Black cotton (BC) soil is a major soil group in India, covering about 200,000 square miles there. This paper discusses its geological, mineralogical, physical, and chemical properties in relation to the construction of road pavements and, more briefly, embankments. BC soil has high swelling and shrinkage properties; it is hard as long as it remains dry, but it loses its stability when wet. On drying, the soil shrinks and cracks very badly. The construction of roads in such soil areas has always presented serious problems, due to the extremely low bearing capacity of the subgrade when it is wet and extensive swelling during wetting. The Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) has conducted investigations for several years on the unsatisfactory performance of many road embankments built on BC soil foundations that have failed to varying degrees. It has been found essential to pulverise soil clods, place them in layers 20cm to 30cm thick, and compact the embankment properly. Methods for improving the bearing capacity of BC soil, to ensure pavement stability, include adequate compaction and use of a sand sub-base. The effects of moisture content have been studied. The paper also considers relevant Indian pavement standards, road berms as an essential pavement component, and the need for roadside drainage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Nov 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/492333</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON THE INDEX PROPERTIES OF BLACK COTTON SOIL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/464675</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the effect of abundantly available fly ash, on the index properties namely liquid and plastic limits, and free swell of natural deposits of Indian black cotton soil. The effects of lime when added have also been studied. Considerable changes in these properties were observed which are explained based on grain size distribution, free lime content and pozzolanic reactivity of fly ash. Addition of fly ash improved the workability of the soil considerably. The increase in free swell in the presence of fly ash is not due to increase in the swelling potential of the soil. Overall, the effect of the addition of fly ash is to significantly improve the physical properties of the black cotton soil.  (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/464675</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STRESS STATE-PERMEABILITY RELATIONSHIPS FOR FINE-GRAINED SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/384847</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This Technical Note investigates the possibility that stress state- permeability relationships might be developed for clays within the framework of generalisations already made in the analysis and prediction of soil behaviour. Consolidation and permeability tests carried out on red, brown, black cotton and bentonite soils, chosen for their varying liquid limits, are described.  The results are presented and interpreted.  For a given void ratio the experimental and predicted permeability coefficients showed a good correlation. The interchangeability of stress state and permeability is discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Feb 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/384847</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>VARIATION OF SUCTION IN STABILISED BLACK COTTON SOIL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/353573</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper a study is made of the variation of soil suction with variation in water content, sand content and lime content of the soil.  The tensiometer used and the procedure followed are described.  The tensiometer used to measure soil suction consisted of a U shaped mercury manometer and water funnel both connected by a three way valve to a pipe submerged in a porous pot containing water. The porous pot was embedded in the soil sample to be tested. The types of soil investigated included black cotton soil, black cotton soil with 5, 10, 20 and 30 per cent fine sand and black cotton soil with 2, 4, 6 and 8 per cent lime. Moisture contents of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 per cent were used.  Results are tabulated and illustrated by graphs.  The results show that content soil-suction decreases with an increase in moisture.  Increases in sand or in lime content also cause soil-suction to decrease. The author concludes that the stabilisation of black cotton soil with sand and lime causes a reduction in suction and thus improves its engineering properties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 31 Mar 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/353573</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RESIDUAL AND LACUSTRINE BLACK COTTON SOILS OF NORTH-EAST NIGERIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/281854</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent highway developments in the north-east of Nigeria have enabled a comparison to be made between black cotton soils of residual and lacustrine origin.  Those residual clays derived from weathered basalt in the Biu area are rather less plastic than the lacustrine or lagoonal clays of the Chad basin to the north and have markedly higher silt:clay ratios.  Montmorillonite is the predominant clay mineral in both groups but the residual clays have significantly higher relative proportions of quartz to kaolinite.  Organic contents are low for both groups of clay.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Mar 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/281854</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SWELLING BEHAVIOUR OF UNDISTURBED AND REMOULDED SAMPLES OF BLACK COTTON CLAY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/210990</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Results of tests on undisturbed samples of black cotton soil are compared with tests on the same samples in a remoulded state.  The study also includes determination of the effect of the initial water content, the surcharge pressure and the testing technique adopted on the free swell and the swelling pressure of undisturbed and remoulded samples. Swelling pressures were determined by the constant volume method and the free swell method.  The authors draw the following conclusions from the results presented in the paper: (1) in-situ swelling behaviour is likely to be anisotropic, with the free swell and the swelling pressure being more in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction.  (2) swelling behaviour of undisturbed soil samples is different from that of remoulded soil samples, swelling pressure and free swell of remoulded specimens being less than those of undisturbed soil specimens for the same initial conditions. (3) while increasing initial moisture contents and surcharge pressures result in a decrease of the maximum percentage swell, the swelling pressure remains unaffected by them. (4) swelling pressure value depends on the technique adopted for its determination.  The pressure necessary to bring back a swollen sample to its initial volume is more than that necessary to prevent the sample from undergoing swell on absorption of water.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/210990</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INFLUENCE OF SHEAR STRENGTH OF CNS LAYER ON SWELLING SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/209031</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effects of cohesive non-swelling soil (cns) layer of different shear strength on the behaviour of underlying expansive soil are evaluated in the paper.  The equipment used was specially designed to enable the measurement of both lateral pressure and upward movement of the inside soil system.  The studies were conducted on cns layer of different thicknesses and on expansive soil compacted at various initial void ratios.  The observations for lateral swelling pressure, vertical movement and density variation with depth, were taken.  The changes in the density of expansive soil at the interface were also studied.  The results indicate that the cns layer of a given thickness and shear strength generates nearly the same value of lateral swelling pressure in the underlying expansive soil mass of varying initial compaction void ratios. Cns layer of higher shear strength offers higher resistance to the swelling of underlying expansive soil.  Attempts have been made to correlate the changes in lateral swelling pressure, vertical movement and density at the interface with the shear strength of cns layer.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Oct 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/209031</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WIDENING AND STRENGTHENING OF EXISTING PAVEMENTS IN BLACK COTTON SOIL AREAS AND INVESTIGATION OF FAILURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/204355</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents the procedures followed for investigations, design and construction of widening and strengthening of existing pavements with the use of sophisticated machinery in a national highway section passing through black cotton soil area.  Failures of pavements in certain stretches of the strengthened sections have also been reported and procedures for investigating the causes of failure have been detailed. Based on the experience gained during construction and the conclusions drawn from the investigations of failures, the paper concludes with suggestions on future construction in such areas.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Aug 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/204355</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RELEVANCE OF SOIL STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES IN LOW COST ROAD CONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/204359</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the relevance of soil stabilization techniques in the development of road network construction. Efforts made over the past three to four decades on different methods of soil stabilization, including the recent scientifically designed test tracks incorporating reduced pavement thicknesses for rural roads, is highlighted.  A broad appraisal is presented of the performance of various stabilised soil experimental lengths and test tracks, the economies effected and the increased employment potential.  It is concluded that these techniques should now be widely accepted by the various road construction agencies in India.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Aug 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/204359</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SWELLING BEHAVIOUR OF UNDISTURBED AND REMOULDED SAMPLES OF BLACK COTTON CLAY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/204516</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Swelling pressure of undisturbed and remoulded samples of black cotton clay from two locations in Warangal were determined by the free swell and the constant volume methods.  In the free swell method, the maximum percentage swell was also recorded.  The results indicate that the undisturbed swelling behaviour is different from the remoulded behaviour.  Swelling characteristics test conducted on undisturbed samples collected in the vertical and horizontal direction indicated that their swelling behaviour is different, which implies that the insitu swelling behaviour may be anisotropic.  Unlike free swell, the swelling pressure is unaffected by the changes in the initial water content and the surcharge pressure.  Swelling pressure appears sensitive to the technique of testing. Swelling pressure values obtained by the free swell method have been found to be larger than those obtained by the constant volume method.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Aug 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/204516</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RATIONALIZATION OF SKEMPTON'S COMPRESSIBILITY EQUATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/202908</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Soils primarily being particulate media, any attempt to understand, interpret, generalize and predict their volume change behaviour would greatly enhance the rational approach to geotechnical engineering problems.  This paper deals with the development of a scientific basis for assessing the volume change response of fine grained, uncemented, normally consolidated, saturated soil systems. A generalized equation has been derived for the compressibility of saturated, normally, consolidated uncemented soil systems based on the Gouy-Chapman diffuse double layer theory.  It has been shown that Skempton's compressibility equation is a logical consequence of development from the diffuse double layer theory.  At present this equation is extensively employed to obtain the ranges of compression index values of soil systems with only liquid limit water contents known.  An engineering approach has been developed in the present investigation to identify the natural systems under equilibrium for any one of the three material states, namely normally consolidated, overconsolidated and cemented.  Thus with a knowledge of the initial void ratio, overburden pressure, and void ratio at liquid limit, it is possible to determine the applicability of Skempton's equation for engineering application.  The viability of the above approach has been demonstrated with extensive published experimental data.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 May 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/202908</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RESEARCH ON RICE HUSK ASH FOR STABILISING BLACK COTTON SOIL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/196376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Problems associated with the use of black cotton soil in India are usually caused by swelling and shrinkage on the absorption or depletion of moisture.  The stabilisation of the soil is therefore of importance and ways of overcoming the shrinkage and swelling characteristics are considered. Stabilisers such as cement and lime have been widely used to counteract these problems although to achieve greater economy the use of rice husk ash in this application is examined in the paper.  Tests described were carried out to stabilise black cotton soil using lime and rice husk ash as a 12% admixture.  It was found that the 28-day shear strength with such an admixture in the proportion 1:4.5 indicated that almost 50% savings in lime could be made with such an admixture compared with soil treated with only 12% lime.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Feb 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/196376</guid>
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