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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Exposure risk of alcids to marine vessel-associated oil pollution in Western Canada</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696393</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Oiling risk from vessel traffic is an increasing threat to marine birds in the Pacific region of Canada. We defined exposure risk as the joint likelihood that oil pollution and sensitive marine birds occur in the same area at the same time. We developed and applied two standardized overlap metrics—the Utilization Distribution Overlap Index (UDOI) and Intersect Intensity (II)—to identify where and when marine birds are most exposed to oil pollution within the Canadian Pacific Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). We used Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) based on at-sea transect and coastal swath/point-count data (compiled from 2000 to 2022) to estimate seasonal (winter: Oct–Mar; summer: Apr–Sep) relative distributions for six alcid species: Ancient Murrelet (ANMU), Marbled Murrelet (MAMU), Cassin's Auklet (CAAU), Common Murre (COMU), Rhinoceros Auklet (RHAU), and Pigeon Guillemot (PIGU), accounting for spatially and temporally heterogeneous effort. We also used KDEs based on AIS-based vessel traffic, maritime infrastructure, and shipwreck location data to estimate relative likelihood of oil pollution. UDOI results showed that vessel traffic is the dominant source of exposure risk for alcids, with strong seasonal and species-specific variation. Exposure was consistently high for COMU and MAMU in both seasons, and consistently low for CAAU. Risk was elevated in winter for ANMU, COMU, and MAMU, and in summer for RHAU and PIGU, largely due to seasonal range contraction into the Salish Sea, where vessel traffic and coastal infrastructure are concentrated. II maps revealed persistent hotspots in the Salish Sea, particularly Haro Strait and eastern Juan de Fuca Strait, for most species in both seasons. Western Juan de Fuca and Georgia Straits, and Queen Charlotte and Johnstone Straits, were also identified as important seasonal hotspots, especially during summer.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696393</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Radar Detection of Birds Hazardous to Aircraft (Phase II)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703704</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A portable photographic radar recording system developed by the Technical Center Photographic Laboratory was evaluated to determine its capability to monitor and record bird movements as detected by an airport surveillance radar. This system was developed for use by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) biologists for study of bird hazards problems at airports. The system was designed for photographing an automated radar terminal system (ARTS) II or ARTS III display with range and video selection available to the biologist. The design is such that interference with air traffic control equipment is kept to a minimum. Time and date documentation are provided. System operating instructions and technical data are contained in the appendices. Tests performed to demonstrate system capability included time lapse photography of various roosting area and migratory bird phenomena. These tests showed that the system was suitable for use by USFWS biologists for the study of bird movements hazards at airports.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 16:17:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703704</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Spatial dynamics of biodiversity and cycling behaviour: A geographical analysis using crowdsourced data from Strava metro</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697005</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Active travel infrastructure is widely acknowledged for promoting healthy behaviors in cities, yet participation is sparse. Being exposed to biodiversity during active travel may facilitate physical activity but has yet to be explored within the context of urban active travel networks. Existing research lacks spatial granularity, meaning the effect of local benefits of biodiversity on active travel networks is unknown. By analyzing over 6 million cycling activities, the authors investigate the relationship between biodiversity and cycling in Newcastle Upon Tyne, a city in the Northeast of the United Kingdom at the street level. The authors use spatial error models adjusting for covariates representing street features and environmental characteristics to understand the associations between species richness with cycling for recreation and commuting. Results show that higher levels of bird diversity, are positively associated with recreational and commuting cycling behaviors, while higher levels of mammal diversity are negatively associated with recreational and commuting behaviors. This may reflect the beneficial ecosystem services afforded by bird species, while also acknowledging the impact of human-wildlife conflict in active travel networks. These findings indicate that the relationship between biodiversity and cycling may require further investigation. While access to green space supports public health, biodiversity conservation and cycling infrastructure should be aligned to ensure mutually supportive outcomes for urban sustainability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 May 2026 15:12:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697005</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Desert highways and shelterbelts enhance Xinjiang ground-jay habitat expansion and connectivity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697516</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road construction influences wildlife habitats across diverse ecosystems, including arid regions, through habitat fragmentation. We examined the effects of the Taklimakan Desert Highway (TDH) and Taklimakan Desert Highway Shelterbelt (TDHS), a vegetated roadside corridor, on the habitat of the Xinjiang ground-jay, an endemic species of the Taklimakan Desert. We used Species Distribution Models and Equivalent Connectivity Area analyses to compare habitat suitability and connectivity between 1985–2004 (pre-construction) and 2005–2024 (post-construction). Suitable habitat of ground-jay increased by 53,065 km² (20.25%) during the latter period, driven by the expansion of 120,788 km² into the desert hinterland that compensated for a loss of 67,695 km² at habitat edges. This study reveals that TDH and TDHS can serve as ecological corridors and habitats for the Xinjiang ground-jay and suggests long-term monitoring to balance road construction and conservation efforts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 May 2026 09:26:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697516</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seabird responses to altered marine vessel activity during the COVID-19 anthropause: insights from citizen science</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661976</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Human activities exert multifaceted pressures on marine ecosystems, yet the degree to which seabirds respond to changes in vessel activity remains poorly quantified. The COVID-19 “anthropause” provided an unprecedented natural experiment to assess these responses across spatial and temporal scales. We combined Automatic Identification System data describing marine vessel activity with citizen-science observations from eBird to examine how 35 coastal seabird species in British Columbia, Canada, responded to pandemic-related changes in vessel traffic. Vessel activity was modelled using Generalized Additive Models to identify sites where small (personal), mid-sized (fishing and tug), and large (cargo, tanker and passenger) vessel traffic increased or decreased relative to pre-pandemic years (2018–2019). Seabird abundance was then modelled using negative binomial Generalized Additive Mixed Models to test for species-level changes between pre- and post-COVID periods, using the same sites identified in the previous step as showing significant increases or decreases in vessel activity. This paired-model approach (one for increase sites and one for decrease sites) allowed us to isolate seabird responses to directional changes in vessel activity, increasing confidence that observed patterns reflected vessel effects rather than unrelated environmental variation. Results revealed strong spatial heterogeneity in vessel reductions, with large vessels showing widespread declines, while small and mid-sized vessels displayed mixed patterns. Seabird responses were closely linked to these patterns: abundance generally increased where small-vessel traffic declined and decreased where it increased, indicating a negative association with small boats, while the opposite was true for mid-sized vessels, with abundance tending to rise where traffic increased and fall where it declined, reflecting a positive association. Large vessels produced few, mostly positive, significant associations, suggesting weaker or more distant effects. Collectively, these results demonstrate that vessel type, predictability, and proximity influence seabird responses to maritime disturbance. Our findings underscore the importance of considering vessel class and species-specific behaviour in marine spatial planning and mitigation of human impacts on seabird communities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 14:04:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661976</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bird biodiversity in vegetation along unpaved rural roads in Central European farmland</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although transport infrastructure is often viewed as a threat to biodiversity, it can serve as its refuge by providing habitats being rare in the surrounding landscapes. This is particularly the case of unpaved rural roads that are functional elements of transport networks whose verge vegetation intersects large homogeneous fields. Evidence-based guidance is needed to manage this vegetation to facilitate biodiversity benefits. Here, we investigated birds, widely used biodiversity indicators, along 90 road segments in the farmland of Czechia, a Central European country, in spring 2023. Bird biodiversity was positively related to the area of woody roadside vegetation, but the effect diminished when the woody plants were absent, and the vegetation consisted only of herbs. Woody plant management should be tailored to the specific needs of target species: farmland birds and habitat specialists, i.e., species of the highest conservation concern, benefited from higher woody plant diversity and presence of fruit trees.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:44:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679221</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The role of predictable feeding sources in raptor exposure to airport airspace: A case study of black kites in central Spain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562839</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bird-aircraft collisions pose serious safety risks and economic costs, especially near urban areas where landfills attract large numbers of foraging birds. Madrid, home to four airports and Europe's largest known seasonal concentrations of black kites (Milvus migrans) near a major landfill, represents as a potential conflict zone. This study tracked 15 non-breeding black kites using GPS telemetry over three years to evaluate whether their movements compromise aviation safety. Results revealed a strong preference for roosting sites and adjacent landfills, while airports and their surroundings (1, 8 and 13 km buffers) were largely avoided. Flights over airports were infrequent and mostly over the largest airport, likely due to its size and nearby habitat with abundant wild prey. Airport use peak in June, coinciding with maximum numbers of highly mobile immatures and non-breeders (floaters), with midday being the most active period. Use of the study area -including airports and their surroundings-decreased as birds aged. Although black kites were the most frequently recorded species in bird strike incidents at Madrid airports, collisions were low relative to their high local abundance, suggesting a lower-than-expected collision frequency. Nonetheless, targeted habitat management such as reducing prey availability near airports could further mitigate risks posed by black kites and other larger, more hazardous species. This study highlights the value of tracking animal movements to address and solve human-wildlife conflicts in critical infrastructure areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2025 08:44:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562839</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantifying the effects of road-building on bird communities before and after activities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583953</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urbanization with a rapid expansion of the road network disrupts ecological processes, fragmenting the landscape, and reducing biodiversity. The frequent machine and human activities involved in road construction led to significant pressure on ecosystems. However, research on the impact of roading building processes in different stages remains lacking information. The authors performed a bird census for a new highway construction, the SE-40 ring road in Seville, with three-stages: a) active works, b) suspended works stage surrounding, and c) control stage in a natural condition. The authors analyzed similarities in community composition and bioindicators using the Indicator Value (IndVal) analysis between different stages. Additionally, the authors calculated several avian biodiversity metrics, including bird species richness, abundance, biodiversity, and diet-specialist species richness (DSR) and abundance (TAB). Road construction significantly impacted species composition (NMDS, ANOSIM p < 0.001, R2 = 0.1692); both active (P. adjusted = 0.006) and suspended work (P. adjusted = 0.009) stages display differences compared to the control group. The number of species and bioindicator increases, but diet-specialist species decreased, from active works (bioindicator = 3; mean TAB = 6; mean DSR = 19) to control group (4; 4.89; 12.61) to suspended works (5; 5.67; 14.89), reflecting a higher homogeneity during the active works with lowest biodiversity (mean Shannon = 2.69 and Simpson = 0.92). The authors' findings highlight the overlooked value of suspended works as provisional habitats for bird assemblages, suggesting that areas with intensive human activity need specific biodiversity monitoring and implications for conservation efforts. Rigorous specific biodiversity monitoring is essential to mitigate long-term impacts and inform adaptive road planning strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Aug 2025 08:52:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583953</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bird richness loss around motorways in fragmented agricultural landscapes: a guild approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567394</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road infrastructure is a significant factor affecting bird populations around the world. This study assesses the impact of motorways on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of bird assemblages in agricultural landscapes with scattered tree and shrub vegetation. The study brings knowledges about motorway impacts on bird species richness sorted according to their habitat preferences, nesting guild and feeding guild. The study has novelty due to the inclusion of different habitat types, in which the effects of motorways have not been examined in detail. Results show that motorway distance is a better predictor of motorway impacts on species richness compared to traffic noise. Furthermore, overall bird species richness is also influenced by the traffic volume. Farmland birds were impacted by distance to motorways more than woodland birds. Finally, ground and shrub nesters were impacted most by the presence of motorways. Based on the results, measures were suggested to mitigate the negative effects of the motorway in the landscape.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 09:18:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567394</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Ecological, Genetic, and Disease Impacts of Translocations on Florida Scrub-jays (Aphelocoma Coerulescens) Impacted by Habitat Loss</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569131</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objectives of this project are to translocate Florida scrub-jays (FSJs) annually in Fall 2025 and 2026 from abundant populations in South Brevard to areas with low abundance and available habitat, supported by population viability analyses and the FSJ recovery coordinator. This includes evaluating potential recipient conservation lands, banding and collecting genetic and disease data from translocated birds, and monitoring their success as breeders. Additionally, the project aims to assess the genetic compatibility of translocated FSJs using existing genomic datasets to investigate kinship, genetic variation, and immunogenetic compatibility, which may impact translocation success. Finally, the project will determine the impact of pathogenic infections on translocated FSJs and how translocations affect pathogen transmission dynamics, including creating a pathogen database, characterizing pathogen presence and diversity, and testing associations between infections and genetic variation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jun 2025 09:55:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569131</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Linear infrastructure and associated wildlife accidents create an ecological trap for an apex predator and scavenger</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2456374</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Animals may fall into an ‘ecological trap’ when they select seemingly attractive habitats at the expense of their fitness. This maladaptive behavior is often the result of rapid, human-induced changes in their natal environment, such as the construction of energy and transportation infrastructure. The authors tested the ecological trap hypothesis regarding human-created linear infrastructure on a widely distributed apex predator and scavenger—the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), whose range spans the entire Northern Hemisphere. Roads and railways offer novel and attractive feeding opportunities through traffic-induced mortality of other species, while powerline areas provide perching or nesting sites and scavenging opportunities from electrocuted or collision-killed birds. These conditions may have negative demographic consequences for eagles if these apparent opportunities turn into traps. Using step selection functions, the authors analyzed habitat selection of 74 GPS-tracked Golden Eagles (37 adults and 37 immatures) during eleven years in Fennoscandia. To assess habitat attractiveness, they used wildlife traffic accident statistics for dominant wild species, and to evaluate demographic consequences, they used mortality data from the GPS-tagged eagles. The analysis revealed that eagles selected linear features such as roads, railways and powerlines at both the population and individual levels. Both adult and immature eagles consistently selected these features, and the strength of selection for linear features increased with age in immature eagles. The linear features however had 5.5 times higher mortality risk for eagles than other selected habitats indicating the presence of an ecological trap. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for the conservation and population ecology of apex predators and scavengers, as well as their potential demographic consequences. To mitigate this issue, they urgently recommend the removal of carcasses from roads and tracks to prevent ecological traps for raptors and scavenger species worldwide. Additionally, the authors advocate for the development of methods and strategies to reduce wildlife traffic accidents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Nov 2024 13:43:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2456374</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Direct Droppings from Bridge Nesting Birds on Bacterial Concentration of Underneath Surface Water</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2283330</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concentrations of indicator bacteria, such as E. Coli, fecal coliform, and Enterococci were measured from upstream, underneath, and downstream of a bridge over the Guadalupe River near Kerrville, TX, to evaluate the effect of direct droppings of birds residing under the bridge structures on the bacterial loading in the underneath water. The bacterial loadings in all sampling locations increased as soon as the migratory birds started nesting on the bridge. The concentrations of bacteria in water beneath the bridge were significantly higher than those in upstream water. The concentrations of bacteria in downstream water were slightly higher than those in upstream water and significantly lower than those in water underneath the bridge due to dilution and decay. The probability analysis of the concentration of bacteria in water underneath the bridge showed that the concentrations of E. Coli, fecal coliform, and Enterococci are likely to remain within the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality specified contact recreation limit for 71, 68, and 35 percent of the time, respectively, during the nesting season.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Nov 2024 17:06:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2283330</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Deep Learning Framework for Real-Time Bird Detection and Its Implications for Reducing Bird Strike Incidents</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2434299</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bird strikes are a substantial aviation safety issue that can result in serious harm to aircraft components and even passenger deaths. In response to this increased tendency, the implementation of new and more efficient detection and prevention technologies becomes urgent. The paper presents a novel deep learning model which is developed to detect and alleviate bird strike issues in airport conditions boosting aircraft safety. Based on an extensive database of bird images having different species and flight patterns, the research adopts sophisticated image augmentation techniques which generate multiple scenarios of aircraft operation ensuring that the model is robust under different conditions. The methodology evolved around the building of a spatiotemporal convolutional neural network which employs spatial attention structures together with dynamic temporal processing to precisely recognize flying birds. One of the most important features of this research is the architecture of its dual-focus model which consists of two components, the attention-based temporal analysis network and the convolutional neural network with spatial awareness. The model's architecture can identify specific features nested in a crowded and shifting backdrop, thereby lowering false positives and improving detection accuracy. The mechanisms of attention of this model itself enhance the model's focus by identifying vital features of bird flight patterns that are crucial. The results are that the proposed model achieves better performance in terms of accuracy and real time responses than the existing bird detection systems. The ablation study demonstrates the indispensable roles of each component, confirming their synergistic effect on improving detection performance. The research substantiates the model's applicability as a part of airport bird strike surveillance system, providing an alternative to the prevention strategy. This work benefits from the unique deep learning feature application, which leads to a large-scale and reliable tool for dealing with the bird strike problem.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 2024 08:43:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2434299</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Defect Detection for Bird-Preventing and Fasteners on the Catenary Support Device Using Improved Faster R-CNN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975952</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the rapid speed-up of electrified railway and the construction of high-speed electrified railway, automatic defect detection on the catenary support device is of crucial importance for operation and cost reduction. The paper presents an innovative and effective method based on image processing technologies and deep learning networks for bird-preventing and fastener defect. Aim at the problem of low detection accuracy caused by the small defect target on catenary support device in images, an improved Faster R-CNN network added a top-down-top feature pyramid fusion structure is proposed in this paper. The improved faster R-CNN gets 81.2 mAP which achieves a 5.7% improvement over faster R-CNN in railway dataset and 80.1 mAP which achieves a 5.5% improvement over faster R-CNN in VOC2007 dataset. Furthermore, the method can achieve favorable performance against state-of-the-art methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Aug 2024 16:59:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975952</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of the Factors Influencing on Bird Nesting and Its Impact on Railway Operation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975889</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper studies the affecting factors on bird nesting on electronic railway catenary lines, and the impact of bird nesting events on railway operation. Firstly, with one year’s bird nest events in form of unstructured natural language collected from Shanghai Railway Bureau, the records were structured with the help of Python software tool. Secondly, the method of root cause analysis (RCA) was used to identify all the possible influencing factors which are inclined to affect the probability of bird nesting. Thirdly, the possible factors then were fallen into two categories to meet subsequent analysis separately; category one was Outside Factors (i.e., geographical conditions-related factors), and the other was Inside Factors (i.e., railway-related factors). As to Outside Factors, such as temperature, vegetation coverage, population, longitude and latitude, nearby water, etc. by using some geographical APIs offered by Amap and the tools of ArcGIS, geographical data were processed in relation to nest events on the visual map and their correlationship was studied. It was observed that factors of city population, geographic position affect nesting observably. As to railway-related Inside Factors, statistic analysis method was used to disclose the significant influencing factors to bird nesting. Statistical result indicated that factors of season, rail location (station or section) and the specific equipment part of railway catenary lines had significant effects on nest events. Finally, it was demonstrated that both location and nesting on equipment part have no correlation with delay, while railway type had a significant but low correlation with delay. Two lognormal stochastic models were put forward which are the best-fit models for delay caused by bird nesting events of both normal-speed and high-speed railway, which discloses the principle of impacts of nest events on railway operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Aug 2024 16:53:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975889</guid>
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