<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Bird Ingestion into Large Turbofan Engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2780503</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is conducting a study of bird ingestion into certain modern, large high bypass turbofan engines. The engines under consideration were certificated to current FAA standards and are installed in A300, A310, A320, B747, B757, B767, DC10, and MD11 aircraft in commercial service worldwide. Data were collected during 1989-1991 by the principal manufacturers of such engines. This interim report provides some analysis of the initial 381 aircraft ingestion events, with emphasis on the kinds and numbers of ingested birds and the adverse effects of bird ingestion on aircraft engines and flights.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2026 18:17:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2780503</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Engine Bird Ingestion Experience of the Boeing 737 Aircraft - Expanded Data Base (October 1986-September 1989)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2778081</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center initiated a study in October 1986 to determine the numbers, weights, and species of birds which are being ingested into medium and large inlet area turbofan engines and to determine what damage, if any, results. Bird ingestion data were collected for the Boeing-737 model aircraft which uses either the Pratt and Whitney JT8D medium inlet area turbofan engine or the CFM International CFM56 large inlet area turbofan engine. This report analyzes the entire 3 years of data collected by the engine manufacturers, the FAA, and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) during the period from October 1986 through September 1989.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 26 Sep 2026 16:28:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2778081</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of the Engine Bird Ingestion Experience of the Boeing 737 Aircraft (October 1986 - September 1988)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2769225</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center initiated a study in October 1986 to determine the numbers, sizes, and types of birds which are being ingested into medium and large inlet area turbofan engines and to determine what damage, if any, results. Bird ingestion data are being collected for the Boeing-737 model aircraft which uses either the Pratt and Whitney JT8D medium inlet area turbofan engine or the CFM International CFM56 large inlet area turbofan engine. This interim report analyzes the first of 2 years of data collection for the 3-year study. The first 2 years extended from October 1986 through September 1988.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Sep 2026 19:57:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2769225</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Efficient Response Mechanism for Bird Strike Risk Prevention of Low Altitude Logistics Drones</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711495</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There are common problems with perception and avoidance technology, such as lagging bird recognition, insufficient accuracy in predicting disturbance behavior, and lack of refined quantitative basis for avoidance decisions. Therefore, this article constructs an efficient response framework for bird strike risks in low altitude scenarios, and introduces a collaborative mechanism between artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things to solve the core bottleneck of intelligent perception and control. This article achieves synchronous collection of key variables such as bird density, relative velocity, and invasion angle through real-time interconnection between IoT multi-source nodes and UAV onboard sensors. At the same time, AI behavior modeling is used to dynamically predict the escape trend, approach probability, and disturbance sensitivity of bird flocks. In terms of control strategy, based on the risk gradient output by the behavior model, the maneuver avoidance path with the minimum trajectory deviation is automatically generated, and the triggering timing and threshold of sound, light, and airflow are finely controlled to balance safety and energy consumption constraints in the avoidance process. The experimental results show that the method performs well in detailed indicators such as bird situation recognition accuracy, disturbance prediction error, trajectory exposure, and avoidance energy consumption: in the four test routes, the trajectory exposure is 1.403, 0.240, 2.831, and 1.122 (arb. nits), respectively; avoiding energy consumption is 17.4%, 6.0%, 29.3%, and 17.2% respectively; the number of drone avoidance actions is 4, 2, 2, and 4 times. The proposed mechanism can finely control the trajectory of unmanned aerial vehicles in actual low altitude flight segments, while achieving efficient risk response.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711495</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aviation Investigation Report: Develop Realistic Scenario-Based Simulated Training for Smoke in the Cockpit Events</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2702869</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is providing the following information to urge the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Regional Airline Association (RAA) to act on safety recommendations in this report. These recommendations address the lack of training for flight crews in how to manage the stress associated with increased workload, difficulty seeing, and other effects of a cockpit smoke event. Lack of preparation for such an event can impede the continued safe operation of the airplane. The NTSB identified this issue during their investigation of a December 20, 2023, incident involving Southwest Airlines flight 554, a Boeing 737-8, in which smoke filled the cockpit after a bird was ingested into the left (No. 1) engine. The NTSB is issuing two safety recommendations to the FAA and one safety recommendation to A4A and the RAA.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 09:36:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2702869</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of Bird Ingestions into Aircraft Turbine Engines (December 1968-December 1999)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691555</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Canada goose population has been on the increase, causing concern over the possibility of increased dual-engine ingestions and potential dual-engine power loss. This report summarizes a review of the historical data concerning bird ingestions in turbofan engines and includes extrapolations of the data needed to forecast future dual-engine ingestion rates. The report also describes a Monte Carlo analysis performed to determine dual-engine power loss probability, given a dual engine ingestion event. These data are combined to forecast dual-engine power loss and catastrophic rates. The results of the analyses are presented and will be used by the Federal Aviation Administration and other regulatory agencies to determine the need for further bird ingestion rulemaking activity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 May 2026 11:05:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691555</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bird strikes on civil aircraft: A systematic literature review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630963</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study posits that emergency management should extend beyond the narrower scope of safety management. Although bird strikes on aircraft are becoming increasingly frequent, rigorous reviews on this issue remain limited. Accordingly, this study explores strategies to mitigate bird strikes on civil aircraft with the broader aim of strengthening emergency management. A systematic literature review followed the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist and flow diagram. The review evaluates aviation safety-based approaches to bird strike management and advocates a shift toward aviation emergency-based strategies. It draws on perspectives from international organizations, national aviation authorities, the aviation industry, and local communities. A central finding is that these four stakeholders must integrate aviation safety-focused measures with emergency-oriented approaches while addressing barriers such as investment hesitancy, cascading disaster risks, and incomplete bird strike reporting. Overall, this study delivers a more comprehensive review of bird strikes than previous work, emphasizing proactive and systematic solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:35:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630963</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The role of predictable feeding sources in raptor exposure to airport airspace: A case study of black kites in central Spain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562839</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bird-aircraft collisions pose serious safety risks and economic costs, especially near urban areas where landfills attract large numbers of foraging birds. Madrid, home to four airports and Europe's largest known seasonal concentrations of black kites (Milvus migrans) near a major landfill, represents as a potential conflict zone. This study tracked 15 non-breeding black kites using GPS telemetry over three years to evaluate whether their movements compromise aviation safety. Results revealed a strong preference for roosting sites and adjacent landfills, while airports and their surroundings (1, 8 and 13 km buffers) were largely avoided. Flights over airports were infrequent and mostly over the largest airport, likely due to its size and nearby habitat with abundant wild prey. Airport use peak in June, coinciding with maximum numbers of highly mobile immatures and non-breeders (floaters), with midday being the most active period. Use of the study area -including airports and their surroundings-decreased as birds aged. Although black kites were the most frequently recorded species in bird strike incidents at Madrid airports, collisions were low relative to their high local abundance, suggesting a lower-than-expected collision frequency. Nonetheless, targeted habitat management such as reducing prey availability near airports could further mitigate risks posed by black kites and other larger, more hazardous species. This study highlights the value of tracking animal movements to address and solve human-wildlife conflicts in critical infrastructure areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2025 08:44:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562839</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Re-inventing Airport Land Use Planning in California: A Strategy for Updating the California
Airport Land Use Planning Handbook</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572973</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is written in response to the State of California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Division of Aeronautics, relating to the need to update the 2011 version of the California Airport Land Use Planning (ALUP) Handbook. The purpose of this technical report and its supplementary materials is to provide a robust scientific foundation for the final Handbook update publication for airport land use compatibility planning, which will be created soon by Caltrans. In this study, optimized are visualizations of spatial distribution patterns of aviation accidents across 259 airports in California. Accident data by geographic coordinates are derived from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) for 2008-2022. The accident database is analyzed through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) overlay and point pattern analysis. Results highlight a notable concentration of accidents near the borders between Zones 5 and 6, suggesting potential expansions of Zone 5 into Zone 6. This research contributes to airport land use compatibility strategies by proposing data-driven modifications to safety zones, enhancing their effectiveness in protecting airport vicinities from accidents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Aug 2025 15:00:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572973</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mitigation of Traffic Mortality of Endangered Brown Pelicans on Coastal Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556681</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A field study of the Texas Brown Pelican population and the behavior of the Brown Pelican population in the vicinity of the P100 Bridge between Port Isabel and South Padre Island, Texas was prompted by increasing traffic mortality of the endangered birds. The findings of the field studies, supplemented with wind tunnel studies of the air flow around models of the bridge, led to the conclusions that the mortalities result from a combination of several factors: the greatly increased numbers of birds in the population, the flight patterns of the birds as they fly to roosting sites in the evenings, the occasional presence of strong northerly winds and inclement weather, and the air flow patterns above the bridge deck. It is concluded that the birds are not intentionally landing on the deck, rather a region of pronounced reverse flow, downwash, and turbulence above the deck, similar to the "wind shear" phenomena which has contributed to airplane crashes, causes the birds to land unintentionally on the deck if they attempt to fly over the bridge without sufficient initial altitude. Because of the uncertain effectiveness and expense of aerodynamic modification, several other strategies are recommended for mitigation of the problem. Traffic control, including reduced speed limits during certain critical times and weather conditions, is recommended. Activation of roadway lighting earlier in the evenings is also recommended. Other recommendations are offered for evaluation should traffic control measures alone not provide acceptable mitigation of traffic mortalities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Jul 2025 17:02:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556681</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aviation Investigation Report: Mitigations Concerning Load Reduction Device Activation in CFM International LEAP-1B Engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569272</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is providing the following information to urge the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), CFM International, and Boeing to take action on safety recommendations in this report. These recommendations address the potential for smoke to enter the cockpit or cabin after activation of the load reduction device (LRD) resulting from an engine blade failure or imbalance on CFM LEAP-1B engines and pilot awareness about what to do if this occurs. NTSB identified this issue during their ongoing investigation of an incident involving Southwest Airlines flight 554, a Boeing 737-8, in which smoke filled the cockpit after a bird was ingested into the left (No. 1) engine, a CFM LEAP-1B. The NTSB is issuing an urgent safety recommendation to the FAA. In addition, NTSB is issuing two safety recommendations to the FAA and EASA and one safety recommendation each to Boeing, CFM International, and the CAAC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 11:20:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569272</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimating the impact of airport wildlife hazards management on realized wildlife strike risk</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470837</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Collisions between wildlife and aircraft, commonly referred to as wildlife strikes or bird strikes, are rare events that pose considerable safety and economic risks to the aviation industry. Given the potentially dramatic consequences of such events, airports scheduled for passenger service are required to conduct wildlife hazard assessments and implement wildlife hazard management plans for the purpose of mitigating wildlife strike risk. The evaluation of such management, however, is complicated by imperfect reporting that mediates the relationship between realized wildlife strike risk and wildlife strike metrics. In this paper, the authors shed light on such phenomena by investigating the staggered adoption of a federal wildlife hazards management program at joint-use airports across the contiguous United States. This research design allowed us to exploit variation in both management presence across airports, over time as well as variation in the quality of wildlife strike reporting within airports. As hypothesized, the authors found that wildlife hazards management intervention has a significant impact on the quality of reporting, as evidenced by a substantial increase in the number of civil strikes reported over the management period. Where pre-existing reporting mechanisms were more robust, however, the authors found that wildlife hazards management had a significant impact on realized wildlife strike risk as evidenced by a decrease in strike-induced economic damages among military aircraft. Overall, the authors found that the estimated economic benefits of the studied airport wildlife hazards management program were 7 times greater than the costs over the management period. The results have important implications for the measurement of wildlife strike risk and the management of wildlife hazards at airports, as well as important insights pertaining to the use of observational data for causal inference, particularly in the context of risk management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Mar 2025 15:48:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470837</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Generic Gas-Turbine Engine Fan Blade-Out Full-Fan Rig Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2499123</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes the development of a generic fan blade-off (FBO) full-fan rig model that could be used to assess modeling approaches for whether the case will contain the fan blade and simulate the initial and post-containment interactions that occur during the three revolutions following blade release. Though the model includes the level of detail necessary to evaluate continued rotation and post-containment interactions between the fully bladed disk and fan case, it does not represent a fully installed engine and, therefore, would not have all the system dynamics characteristics necessary to assess full rundown. The initial containment event includes the initial blade release, release blade contact with the case, and release blade impact with the trail blade. The model uses a hard-mount fan bearing and operates below the first shaft bending critical; therefore, if running with the full fan (all blades represented), the model can assess initial contact (rubs) of the heavy side fan blades with the case, but if running with the counter-balanced three-blade fan, there will be no trail blade tip rubs—they are on the light side of the disk—unless a fragment from the release blade is caught between the blades and case. With the modeling assumptions and simplifications incorporated in this model, it is possible to capture the relevant physics of the fan blade-out event from release through initial and post-containment. The LS-DYNA was used as a nonlinear explicit dynamics finite element code for the simulations. Simulation results were consistent with reported results of actual FBO rig tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 02 Feb 2025 19:41:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2499123</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Refined Bird Model Considering Soft and Skeletal Tissues for Bird Impact Simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2409523</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To more accurately characterize the load characteristics of birds under the impact of aviation structures, this study conducted computed tomography scanning of a 1-kg chicken and proposed a geometric model of the bird, including bones, muscles, viscera, and cavities. The constitutive model of fluid dynamics was used to describe the rheological properties of muscle viscera, and a bilinear follow-up plastic model with failure was proposed to describe the mechanical behavior of bones under high-speed impact, and then the bone and muscle/viscera models were assembled into a refined bird model to establish a finite element model. The model was verified with bird impact testing on a rigid target. By comparing and analyzing the impact pressure with the traditional bird model, it was found that the initial impact pressure and stagnation flow pressure of the CT scan refined bird model were lower than those of the traditional bird model and were close to the experimental values. The reason for this phenomenon is that the CT scan refined bird model to some extent reproduces the response of the real structure inside the bird body during the impact process, the high strength level of the bone part model will reduce the material’s movement speed after the bird body model rheological changes, and it well demonstrates the phenomenon of reduced mixing density after rheological deformation during simulation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Sep 2024 10:25:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2409523</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Defect Detection for Bird-Preventing and Fasteners on the Catenary Support Device Using Improved Faster R-CNN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975952</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the rapid speed-up of electrified railway and the construction of high-speed electrified railway, automatic defect detection on the catenary support device is of crucial importance for operation and cost reduction. The paper presents an innovative and effective method based on image processing technologies and deep learning networks for bird-preventing and fastener defect. Aim at the problem of low detection accuracy caused by the small defect target on catenary support device in images, an improved Faster R-CNN network added a top-down-top feature pyramid fusion structure is proposed in this paper. The improved faster R-CNN gets 81.2 mAP which achieves a 5.7% improvement over faster R-CNN in railway dataset and 80.1 mAP which achieves a 5.5% improvement over faster R-CNN in VOC2007 dataset. Furthermore, the method can achieve favorable performance against state-of-the-art methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Aug 2024 16:59:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975952</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>