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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>The impact of invasions from ballast water: A life cycle impact assessment method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2690640</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents a life-cycle impact-assessment model that is used to analyze the discharge of ballast water from ships. The model allows researchers to determine the extent of biological invasion by alien species. By analyzing trade data and records on alien species the authors were able to establish a positive relationship between the volume of exported goods and the recorded presence of alien species.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:58:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2690640</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Relationship between Body Condition and Gonadosomatic Index of the Bogue (Boops Boops) from the Middle Part of the Eastern Adriatic Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592159</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The bogue, Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758), is an omnivorous fish species that often aggregates near fish farms. In addition to being attracted to food, bogues also hide from predators near floating cages. Some specimens can also be found in the cages, where they coexist for a time with farmed fish. In general, there is a relationship between food availability and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of the fish. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the relationship between body condition and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of bogues. The research was carried out in May 2023, during the spawning period of bogue. Samples were collected from three locations in the middle part of the Eastern Adriatic: in the immediate vicinity of the cages (A), at the floating cage (C) and at a location far away from the cages (W). The females from all three locations were heavier (315.41±119.53g) than the males (281.47±79.20g), while the difference in length between the sexes was not statistically significant. The condition index (CI) and viscerosomatic index (VSI) were significantly higher in bogues from floating cage. The decomposition of the condition index was used to evaluate the influence of body condition on the gonadosomatic index. Fish with a higher condition index also had a higher gonadal condition index (CIg), which was 0.03±0.01 at location A, 0.05±0.01 at location W, with the highest value found in the bogues from location C (CIg=0.06±0.04). Bogues sampled in floating cages differed in most studied parameters from wild population samples, but also from specimens caught in the immediate vicinity of the cages indicating the direction for further research of interactions between wild fish populations and aquaculture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Aug 2025 09:04:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592159</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Conditioning of the Mediterranean Scallop Pecten Jacobaeus (Linneaus, 1758) in Recirculation Systems with Different Types of Feed</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592160</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mariculture bivalve production is limited to a small number of species, so there is a need for the introduction of new species. The Mediterranean scallop Pecten jacobaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) seems like a potential bivalve mariculture candidate, but there is a lack of spat from nature for farming purposes. Two experiments on conditioning of P. jacobaeus broodstock in recirculation systems were conducted, the first one in April 2023 and the second one in March 2024. Condition indices were calculated: condition (CI), muscle (MI), gonadosomatic (GSI) and gonad index (GI) in both experiments. For the second experiment, a histology examination of the gonads was also conducted. In the first experiment broodstock fed with live algae Isochrysis galbana for 21 days, showed a rise in GSI and GI values, with constant CI and a slight decline of MI. In the second experiment, broodstock was fed for 25 days with two different types of feed: Group 1 with live algae I. galbana, while Group 2 concentrated frozen algae mix of 3% of the dry body mass per day. Better results were achieved with the live feed, evidenced by higher CI and MI results in Group 1. The GSI and GI results, along with gonad histological examination, indicate that gonads developed with both types of feed, but the process appeared to be accelerated with live feed. The authors conclude that gonad development in Group 1 was at the expense of ingested food, while in Group 2, at the expense of storage of nutrient reserves from muscle and other tissues.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Aug 2025 09:04:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592160</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Potential contribution of foreign-flagged recreational and craft vessels to the introduction and spread of non-indigenous species: A preliminary assessment for Brazil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548919</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The role of recreational boats as pathways for the introduction and spread of non-indigenous species (NIS) has been regarded as a secondary concern by international regulations. Nonetheless, recent studies indicated that recreational crafts may cause up to 60 % of introductions in some regions. By keeping official records of foreign crafts transiting in its jurisdictional waters, the Brazilian Maritime Authority has a useful database. The present study combines these data with environmental parameters to map and assess the biofouling-mediated risks associated with recreational boats entering Brazilian Jurisdictional waters (BJW). Eight regional captaincies were selected as the main entry gates for BJW. Across five years (2019–2024), each route used by foreign recreational boats to reach these captaincies was mapped and had an associated NIS introduction risk calculated through a modified version of GloBallast Risk Assessment Approach (GRAA). The analysis of records identified 84 entry routes for recreational boats in BJW. The captaincies of Rio Grande do Sul (CPRS) and Rio de Janeiro had the highest connectivity, with 20 and 15 routes, respectively. In contrast, the captaincies of Maranhão and São Paulo were the least connected, each with five routes. Risk values ranged approximately from 0.1 for the route from Isle of Man to captaincy of Santa Catarina to 7.5 for the route from Buenos Aires to CPRS. The findings allow management to direct resources to higher-risk areas, reaching more effective results. Future work will involve cataloging fouling species on recreational vessels to refine risk assessments and management strategies against NIS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2025 09:33:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548919</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determining Seasonal Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Chlorophyll-a, and its Concentration in Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf using Satellite and In-situ Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2449403</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As an indicator of phytoplankton density in an area, the concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) is an important reflection of marine water quality. Remote sensing techniques have been developed to measure the near-surface concentration of Chl-a in water by combining spectral bands and in situ data. This algorithm can be applied to sensors of varying spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions. However, in this study, Chl-a level 2 and 3 products of SNPP – VIIRS spectrometer (Equation OC3) from NASA’s OceanColor suite were relied upon to establish the spatial and temporal distribution of Chl-a concentration in the Arabian Gulf (also known as the Persian Gulf) and the territorial waters of the State of Kuwait (located in the north-eastern part of the Arabian Gulf) in 2012-2019. Ground truthing points (n = 192) matched with level 2 products have been used to build and cross-validate an empirical model. The correlation was positive, with r^2 = 0.79 and validation RMSE = ± 0.64 mg/m-3. The derived algorithm was then applied to Chl-a level 3 seasonal products. Additionally, the Chl-a concentration values in Kuwaiti waters were enhanced using the IDW algorithm to increase spatial resolution, given its small size compared to the spatial resolution of level 3 Chl-a products. The model derived from IDW was tested using the Mann Whitney test (Sig = 0.948 p > 0.01). However, the result showed that Chl-a concentration was higher in the Kuwait Bay (average = 2.8 mg/m-3) than in Kuwaiti waters (average = 2.3 mg/m-3), and higher in Kuwaiti waters (average = 2.1 mg/m-3) than in the Arabian Gulf (average = 0.7 mg/m-3). Coasts have higher concentrations than open water. Generally, the Chl-a increases in winter and had a semi-regular cycle during the years of study; this cycle is more regular in the Gulf than in Kuwait.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Nov 2024 14:21:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2449403</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tri-Service Biotechnology for a Resilient Supply
                    Chain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431275</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent years have demonstrated the fragility of both military and nonmilitary                     supply chains. Through biotechnology and biomanufacturing, the Department of                     Defense (DoD) can use readily available feedstocks to onshore manufacturing of                     chemicals and materials critical to defense needs and to create advanced                     materials with enhanced capabilities. Development of DoD’s biotechnology                     and biomanufacturing capabilities will help secure the defense supply chain and                     contribute to a force that is sustainable, resilient, survivable, agile, and                     responsive.To accelerate the advancement of biotechnology and biomanufactured products, the                     Department launched the Tri-Service Biotechnology for a Resilient Supply Chain                     (T-BRSC) program in Fiscal Year 2022. T-BRSC is creating a pipeline for advanced                     development and transition of biomanufactured materials to support defense                     supply chain resilience. The effort brings together Joint Service partners to                     leverage significant advances made over the last decade in using microorganisms                     to produce highly specialized bio-based chemicals that can be used to                     manufacture a wide variety of materials of interest to DoD.The T-BRSC project portfolio is focused on enhanced capabilities, reduced                     logistics, infrastructure modernization, and cost savings. The program                     emphasizes the rapid prototyping of promising biotechnology research through                     partnerships with non-traditional commercial performers to facilitate entry of                     biomanufactured materials into acquisition Programs of Record and develop the                     Biotechnology Defense Industrial Base.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 16:14:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431275</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Electric Analogy for Modeling the Aerodynamics of Engineered and
                    Biological Flight</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2419738</link>
      <description><![CDATA[
                
                There are examples in aerodynamics that take advantage of electric-to-aerodynamic
                    analogies, like the law of Biot–Savart, which is used in aerodynamic theory to
                    calculate the velocity induced by a vortex line. This article introduces an
                    electric-to-aerodynamic analogy that models the lift, drag, and thrust of an
                    airplane, a helicopter, a propeller, and a flapping bird. This model is intended
                    to complement the recently published aerodynamic equation of state for
                        lift, drag, and thrust of an
                    engineered or a biological flyer by means of an analogy between this equation
                    and Ohm’s law. This model, as well as the aerodynamic equation of state, are
                    both intended to include the familiar and time-proven parameters of
                        pressure, work, and
                        energy, analytical tools that are ubiquitous in all fields
                    of science but absent in an aerodynamicists’ day-to-day tasks. Illustrated by
                    various examples, this modeling approach, as treated in this article, is limited
                    to subsonic flight.
            ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Aug 2024 14:20:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2419738</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technical and Environmental Assessment of the Consequences of Accidents on Offshore Gas Pipelines in the Baltic Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2379759</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The failure of the Nord Stream pipelines in the Baltic Sea in September 2022 had significant technical and economic consequences not only for the European Union energy sector and the gas production and transmission industry of the Russian Federation, but also entailed a number of environmental consequences, the scale of which has yet to be explored. During the preliminary assessment of the consequences of the accident, the team of scientists from the Kant Baltic Federal University, the Atlantic branch of the VNIRO and the Shirshov Oceanology Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences calculated the composition of the gas mixture emitted and assessed its volume, studied potential environmental damage to the biogeocenoses of the Western and Southern Baltic, calculated the impact of the gases emitted on global temperature. The studies were based on data obtained from open sources and allow the authors to give a preliminary assessment of the environmental impact of the accident. The combination of analytical, evaluation and research methods used is basically a classic approach to accounting for the volume of gas emissions and their subsequent impact. Leakage volume was calculated by first determining the volume of gas that entered the natural environment after impact (before the emergency valves were closed), and then determining the second volume of gas (until pressure stabilization in the cut-off pipe sections and in the environment). Based on the information on the biota in the water area and the nature of the gas movement, an estimated impact on biological organisms in the zone of the Bronholm depression was determined. Based on the models of the influence of methane emissions on climatic parameters, the preliminary consequences of the emission were established. The assessment of the environmental impact on the water area was conducted and the main directions of further research determined. The potential ways to minimize the environmental consequences of the accident in the short and long term have been considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 May 2024 11:09:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2379759</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Fluid Evidence on Various Vehicle Components</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2367514</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Determining occupant kinematics in a vehicle crash is essential when understanding injury mechanisms and assessing restraint performance. Identifying contact marks is key to the process. This study was conducted to assess the ability to photodocument the various fluids on different vehicle interior component types and colors with and without the use of ultraviolet (UV) lights.Biological (blood, saliva, sweat and skin), consumable and chemical fluids were applied to vehicle interior components, such as seatbelt webbing, seat and airbag fabrics, roof liner and leather steering wheel. The samples were photodocumented with natural light and UV light (365 nm) exposure immediately after surface application and again 14 days later.The review of the photos indicated that fabric type and color were important factors. The fluids deposits were better visualized on non-porous than porous materials. For example, blood was better documented on curtain airbags than side or driver airbags. Blood and chemical fluids were more difficult to document on black than beige seatbelt webbing, while skin showed better on black webbing. Biological fluids were better detected with UV light. The visual presentation did not change substantially between initial and follow-up documentation with and without UV light. Fluids and components with luminescent properties were also factors.This study provides a photodocumentation summary of biological and other fluids on vehicle interior components. In conclusion, UV light exposure was helpful in highlighting some fluid deposits during crash investigation. While UV illumination provided additional insight, further investigation is necessary to discriminate and differentiate fluids present.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Apr 2024 09:52:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2367514</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Aerodynamic Equation of State—Part II: Applications to Flapping
                    Flight</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2341856</link>
      <description><![CDATA[
                
                Part I introduced the aerodynamic equation of state. This Part II introduces the
                    aerodynamic equation of state for lift and induced drag of flapping wings and
                    applies it to a hovering and forward-flying bumblebee and a mosquito. Two- and
                    three-dimensional graphical representations of the state space are introduced
                    and explored for engineered subsonic flyers, biological fliers, and sports
                    balls.
            ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 25 Feb 2024 17:14:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2341856</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Aerodynamic Equation of State—Part III: Applications to Fluid
                    Statics and Dynamics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2341860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[
                
                The aerodynamic equation of state is introduced in Part I and applies to selected
                    aerospace systems. Part II applies it to the flapping of hovering and
                    forward-flying biological fliers. This last Part III expands the aerodynamic
                    equation of state by adding the potential energy term, assumed up to this point
                    to be zero as the system and its trajectory is placed coplanar with an arbitrary
                    reference potential plane. Part III applies the expanded equation of state to
                    familiar and well-trodden fluid-static and fluid-dynamic cases selected from
                    fluid mechanic textbooks.
            ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:55:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2341860</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Parallel Scheduling of Machines and Tools without Tool Delay Using Symbiotic Organisms Search Algorithm</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2296623</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This work presents a novel approach for parallel scheduling of machines and tools without tool delay in the automobile manufacturing industry using a symbiotic organisms search algorithm (SOSA). This paper proposes nonlinear mixed integer programming (MIP) formulation to model simultaneous scheduling problems. The mutualistic relationship between different species in nature inspires the proposed algorithm. It aims to optimize the scheduling process by minimizing the makespan (MSN) while ensuring no tool delay during the production process. The algorithm is implemented in a parallel computing environment to speed up the search process and handle scheduling problems. Experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms existing methods in terms of solution quality and computational efficiency. This work offers a promising solution for real-world manufacturing scheduling problems with multiple machines and tools, often characterized by complex constraints and uncertainties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2023 11:32:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2296623</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pseudechidna brummeri: An unexpected discovery in the North-East Atlantic raises concerns</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269552</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Global changes are currently underway, resulting in the discovery and introduction of new species in unexpected locations. One notable case involves the Indo-Pacific species Pseudechidna brummeri, which was observed and captured on film during a nocturnal dive in Portugal.This situation raises the question: How did this species come to inhabit this area? Two primary explanations appear plausible:a)The species may have been introduced through ship ballast water, a common pathway for the unintentional transport of aquatic organisms. Given the proximity of a large port, this possibility gains significance.b)Alternatively, the species could have originated from a home aquarium, a factor that remains poorly understood. The potential for species to escape or be released from aquariums into natural ecosystems is an area that requires further investigation.Another pertinent question to consider is whether there is only one individual of this species or if there are more individuals present?]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 2023 09:25:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269552</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quick Analysis of Elemental Composition of Automotive Materials Using Non-destructive Technique</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2212768</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis have made it possible to conduct elemental analysis on a variety of fields, including those with environmental, automotive, geological, chemical, pharmaceutical, archaeology, and biological origins. The ability of EDXRF to deliver quick, non-destructive, and multi-elemental analytical findings with increased sensitivity is of great importance. It is a vital tool for quality control and quality assurance applications. Thus, EDXRF plays an important role to compare batch-to-batch products for meeting quality standards.This paper presents application of EDXRF as an effective tool for quick qualitative and quantitative evaluation of given samples. A few simple case studies demonstrating application of EDXRF are presented, which includes identification of the filler contained in the polymer, coating thickness, elemental composition of the particulate matter collected on filter paper, multi-element analysis of printed circuit boards (PCB) and a delamination case. Such type of rapid and non-destructive technique provides an effective means for analysis of variety of materials used in automobiles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jul 2023 11:03:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2212768</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling sampling strategies for determination of zooplankton abundance in ballast water</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1533388</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ballast water has been a major source of non-indigenous species introductions. The International Maritime Organization has proposed performance standard that will establish an upper limit for viable organisms in discharged ballast. Here the authors test different sampling efforts for zooplankton in ballast water on a commercial vessel. The authors fit different probability density functions to find the most representative and evaluated sampling efforts necessary to achieve error rates (α, β) of <0.05. Our tests encompassed four seasonal trials and five sample volumes. To estimate error rates, the authors performed simulations which drew from 1 to 30 replicates of each volume (0.10–3.00m³) for mean densities ranging between 1 and 20 organisms m⁻³. Fieldwork and simulations suggested that >0.5m³ samples had the best accuracy and precision, and that the Poisson distribution fit these communities best. This study provides the first field test of a sampling strategy to assess compliance with the future IMO standard for large vessels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Apr 2023 09:49:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1533388</guid>
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