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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Rolled Erosion Control Products and Seed Mixes for Vegetation Establishment on Slopes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652069</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Because transportation construction projects often result in steep slopes with disturbed, bare soils that are sensitive to runoff and erosion processes, vegetation establishment is a continual challenge for transportation departments. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) regularly uses rolled erosion control products (RECPs) to mitigate erosion and provide an environment for vegetation to establish. RECPs range from erosion control blankets made of degradable natural or polymer fibers to non-degradable mats for permanent erosion protection. RECPs that promote rapid and reliable vegetation establishment help expedite environmental compliance for VDOT, a key criterion for project closeout for VDOT projects. The purpose of this study was to (1) assess and compare the performances of RECPs in promoting vegetation establishment, (2) evaluate the performance of VDOT’s basic seed mix design when supplemented with specialty seed mixes such as pollinator and strip mixes, and (3) examine the influence of air temperature, precipitation, soil temperature, and soil moisture on vegetation establishment. RECPs were installed at four VDOT project sites, and vegetation was monitored across the spring, summer, and fall seasons. Evaluations of four commonly applied RECPs and three seed mixes were conducted on geotechnically stable 2:1 slopes with varying soil types. Selected RECPS included two degradable EC-2 mats (straw-based or coconut-based soil stabilization blankets) and two EC-3 mats (non-degradable plastic matting). An image analysis program was used to determine the percentage of vegetative cover. Results showed that degradable EC-2 mats reliably supported vegetation growth and met permanent stabilization thresholds on 2:1 slopes, with EC-2 Type 2 (jute netting and straw fiber) reaching the 75% final stabilization criterion earliest and sustaining the highest percent cover across study sites. Findings pointed to two primary reasons for the superior performance of EC-2 mats, particularly the EC-2 Type 2: (1) soil temperature results indicated that the consistently higher temperatures in EC-3 plots contributed to slower and less consistent vegetative cover relative to EC-2 plots and (2) RECP material characteristics appeared to influence vegetation establishment. EC-2 mats, and the EC-2 Type 2 mat in particular, were more flexible and conformed better to uneven or rocky slopes, whereas EC-3 mats were more rigid, prone to folding and bunching, inhibited plant emergence in some areas, and required more careful installation procedures. This report recommends that VDOT prioritize the use of EC-2 Type 2 RECPs on 2:1 slopes in place of EC-3 mats because this approach would promote faster and more reliable vegetation establishment. Because of the lower purchase cost of EC-2 Type 2 compared with EC-3 mats, VDOT would save an estimated $400,000 during a 10-year period. However, the more important benefit of using EC-2 Type 2 mats is the reduction in reseeding or permit delays. This report also recommends that VDOT continue using its updated framework for seed mix selection, which includes options for pollinator and strip specialty mixes, with selections based on specific project goals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 Jan 2026 11:18:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652069</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Use of Sustainable Materials for Erosion and Sediment Control Practices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2566009</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Erosion and sediment control (ESC) practices are used to prevent soil loss and reduce sediment-laden stormwater runoff. They could be either temporary or permanent and could be used in construction, maintenance, and operations practices. Plastics are commonly used for ESC due to their availability, durability, and cost, but they are rarely recycled and can break down into microplastics, which are an emerging pollutant of concern. The netting of plastic ESC practices can also entangle wildlife. When state departments of transportation (DOTs) are selecting ESC materials, factors such as availability, cost, performance, and sustainability are considered. As such, many state DOTs have or are working toward innovative practices involving reducing plastic-based products used in ESC. The objective of this synthesis project is to document current use of plastics in ESC practices across state DOTs as well as state DOTs’ policies/plans to reduce or eliminate the use of plastics for ESC practices. The synthesis looked at state DOTs’ existing policies, guidance, and specifications for reduction/elimination of plastics in ESC products; strategies/plans/goals to reduce and/or eliminate plastics from ESC practices; and efforts to recycle and reuse plastics in the current ESC practices. Also, the study documented state DOTs’ challenges and issues with the use of non-plastic alternative ESC products (considering biodegradability, sustainability, and longevity). Information for this study was gathered through a literature review, a survey of state DOTs, and follow-up interviews with selected state DOTs. Case examples from six state DOTs provide additional information on the practices related to ESC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jun 2025 18:39:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2566009</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The environmental impact of transport in biowaste collection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2493213</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of the study is to evaluate and compare the environmental impacts of transport in different scenarios of bio-waste collection. This bio-waste represents today more than one third of the unsorted waste by households in France (Ministère de la Transition écologique et de la Cohésion des territoires, 2022). This waste ends up being transported and disposed of even though it has a very high recovery potential. In total, the transportation of waste produced accounts for nearly 30% of the greenhouse gas emissions generated by waste in France each year, or 2.4 million tons of CO₂ equivalent (ADEME, 2016a). Most of these emissions are produced during the waste collection phase, hence the relevance of evaluating different bio-waste collection scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Feb 2025 09:30:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2493213</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of the effectiveness of antifouling solutions for recreational boats in the context of marine bioinvasions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2340305</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The recreational boating sector is a major vector for the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) via biofouling. Despite applying control measures to prevent the growth of fouling communities, most vessels are NIS carriers. This study assessed the effectiveness of different antifouling strategies in a manipulative experiment by testing two common coating typologies (biocide-based and foul-release coatings), accompanied with simulated maintenance practices. The experiment was carried out in the Gulf of La Spezia (Italy) and samples were collected at two different periods. Results showed significant differences among antifouling treatments regarding community structure, diversity, coverage and biovolume of the sessile component, alongside a significant decrease in the performance of biocide-based coating with time. Interestingly, peracarid NIS/native species ratio was higher for biocide-based treatments, suggesting potential biocide resistance. This study highlights the urgent need to develop common and feasible biofouling management plans and provides insights towards identification of best practices for recreational vessels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2024 14:12:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2340305</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A systematic review and research direction on the interaction between organisational factors, supply chain risk management, and biodegradable plastics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2309987</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Supply chains have become more dynamic, intertwined, and interdependent due to this process of globalisation. These supply chains are also marked by external uncertainties, such as fluctuations in the currency exchange rate, adjustments in the import tax rate and so on. Thus, a business needs to achieve a strategic edge to handle global supply chain uncertainty and related risks. This study focused on the link between organisational factors and the management of biodegradable plastics supply chain risk management to sustainability, as well as the role of coercive pressure as a moderating variable. The use of intelligent supply chain risk management of biodegradable plastics is critical to focus on environmental challenges while also managing economic and social advantages. This research will also determine the level of biodegradable plastics risk management in the supply chain and build a risk management supply chain system to help Malaysia's biodegradable plastics increase substantially.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jan 2024 10:02:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2309987</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pollutant Biodegradation Potentials on Airport Surfaces</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2200855</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The biodegradabilities of glycol- and acetate- based aircraft de-icing fluids (ADFs) on airport surfaces have been investigated at three temperatures below 8°C. The solubilities of these substances can result in high BOD loadings in runoff and pose serious toxicity problems in receiving waters. Although the concentrations of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi monitored on airport surfaces are relatively low (10² to 10³ CFU/cm²) they are sufficient to support the breakdown of applied ADFs. The measured surface biodegradation rates for ethylene/diethylene glycol-, propylene glycol- and potassium acetate- based ADFs at 4°C were 0.082, 0.073 and 0.033 day–1. The resulting reductions in the potential BOD loadings over a 5 day period due to degradation of the applied ADFs would be 33.6, 30.6 and 15.2%, respectively. The subsequent savings in the amount of treatment required for airport runoff prior to safe discharge to receiving waters are discussed as well as the implications of biodegradation processes for all stormwater treatment systems involving the wash-off of biodegradable pollutants following retention on urban surfaces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Oct 2023 10:14:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2200855</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Potential for natural attenuation of crude oil hydrocarbons in benthic microbiomes near coastal communities in Kivalliq, Nunavut, Canada</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2260510</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Oil spilled in marine environments can settle to the seafloor through aggregation and sedimentation processes. This has been predicted to be especially relevant in the Arctic due to plankton blooms initiated by melting sea ice. These conditions exist in the Kivalliq region in Nunavut, Canada, where elevated shipping traffic has increased the risk of accidental spills. Experimental microcosms combining surface sediment and crude oil were incubated at 4 °C over 21 weeks to evaluate the biodegradation potential of seabed microbiomes. Sediments sampled near the communities of Arviat and Chesterfield Inlet were assessed for biodegradation capabilities by combining hydrocarbon geochemistry with 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing, revealing decreased microbial diversity but enrichment of oil-degrading taxa. Alkane and aromatic hydrocarbon losses corresponded to detection of genes and genomes that encode enzymes for aerobic biodegradation of these compounds, pointing to the utility of marine microbiome surveys for predicting the fate of oil released into Arctic marine environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Oct 2023 16:52:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2260510</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing biodegradation of roadway particles via complementary mass spectrometry and NMR analyses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2220893</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roadway particles (RP) that can be collected with on-vehicle system, consist of a mixture of Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) with other traffic-derived particles (exhaust or non-exhaust) and/or biogenic compounds and represent a significant source of xenobiotics, susceptible to reach the different environmental compartments. The study of the RP fate is thus a major challenge to tackle in order to understand their degradation and impact. They offer a variety of carbon sources potentially usable by microorganisms, ranging from the tire-derived plasticizers, vulcanizing agents, protective agents and their transformation products, to other traffic, road and environmental-derived contaminants. A multi-analytical approach was implemented to characterize RP and study their biodegradation. Kinetics of RP extractions were monitored during 21 days in water, methanol, acetone and chloroform to identify leaching and extractable compounds and monitor the particle composition. The results confirmed that hundreds of readily leachable chemicals can be extracted from RP directly into water according to a dynamic process with time while additional poorly soluble compounds remain in the particles. Mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS and GC–MS) allowed us to propose 296 putative compounds using an extensive rubber database. The capacity of 6 bacterial strains, belonging to Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces genera, to biodegrade RP was then evaluated over 14 days of incubation. The selected strains were able to grow on RP using various substrates. Elastomer monitoring by 1H NMR revealed a significant 12 % decrease of the extractable SBR fraction when the particles were incubated with Rhodococcus ruber. After incubation, the biodegradation of 171 compounds among leachable and extractable compounds was evaluated. Fatty acids and alkanes from rubber plasticizers and paraffin waxes were the most degraded putative compounds by the six strains tested, reaching 75 % of biodegradation for some of them.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Aug 2023 09:34:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2220893</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Practices. Topic 55-16. Use of Sustainable Materials for Erosion and Sediment Control Practices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2190452</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Erosion and sediment control (ESC) practices are used to prevent soil loss and reduce sediment-laden stormwater runoff. They could be either temporary or permanent and could be used in construction, maintenance, and operations practices.  The research team documented the current use of plastics in ESC practices across state departments of transportation (DOTs) as well as DOT policies and plans to reduce or eliminate the use of plastics for ESC practices. 

Research is complete. The final report is published as Synthesis Report 643 and is available here: https://doi.org/10.17226/29034


 ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jun 2023 16:48:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2190452</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of influence of anti-icing fluids based on ethylene and propylene glycol on environment and airport infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1910650</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Snow, frost, and ice on the surface of aircraft negatively affect the aerodynamic and operational properties of aircraft. Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are the most commonly used components of anti-icing fluids for aircraft, which have a significant impact on the environment. The paper presents complex analytical review of a large number of domestic and foreign technical and regulatory information, which made it possible to carry out a comprehensive comparison of physical-chemical and operational properties of propylene and ethylene glycol-containing materials, to investigate their influence on components of ecosystems, including the human body. Comparative analysis of studies shows that propylene glycol is inert for living organisms and people. Ethylene glycol negatively affects reproductive function, metabolism, immune system and leads to a decrease in haemoglobin concentration. LD50 value for ethylene glycol is more than 4 times lower than for propylene glycol. Propylene glycol fluid is more environmentally friendly due to low toxicity, increased biological decomposition under the same operating requirements. Basing on the systematised data the general strategy for minimising the negative effects of anti-icing and deicing fluids on the environment is considered and proposed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Mar 2022 10:20:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1910650</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Towards eco-friendly marine antifouling biocides – Nature inspired tetrasubstituted 2,5-diketopiperazines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1900716</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Marine biofouling plagues all maritime industries at vast economic and environmental cost. Previous and most current methods to control biofouling have employed highly persistent toxins and heavy metals, including tin, copper, and zinc. These toxic methods are resulting in unacceptable environmental harm and are coming under immense regulatory pressure. Eco-friendly alternatives are urgently required to effectively mitigate the negative consequence of biofouling without causing collateral harm. Amphiphilic micropeptides have recently been shown to exhibit excellent broad-spectrum antifouling activity, with a non-toxic mode of action and innate biodegradability. The present work focused on incorporating the pharmacophore derived from amphiphilic micropeptides into a 2,5-diketopiperazine (DKP) scaffold. This privileged structure is present in a vast number of natural products, including marine natural product antifoulants, and provides advantages of synthetic accessibility and adaptability. A novel route to symmetrical tetrasubstituted DKPs was developed and a library of amphiphilic 2,5-DKPs were subsequently synthesised. These biodegradable compounds were demonstrated to be potent marine antifoulants displaying broad-spectrum activity in the low micromolar range against a range of common marine fouling organisms. The outcome of planned coating and field trials will dictate the future development of the lead compounds.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Jan 2022 12:15:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1900716</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effectiveness of water softening residuals as components of road deicing chemicals: Model analysis of freezing point depression</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1855858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Water softening residuals disposal is a worldwide issue due to the lack of effective reuse alternatives. The current principal disposal methods of landfilling and land application are quite costly due to the dewatering and transportation costs involved, and these operations can also cause potential environmental harm from leaching of the additives used in the treatment process. This research is aimed at the use of water softening residuals in the production of biodegradable road deicers that would be beneficial in replacing the highly corrosive and environmentally harmful chloride salts that are currently used for road deicing. Experimental data developed show that calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) and calcium magnesium propionate (CMP) deicers produced using water plant sludges are effective in deicing applications. A mathematical model is developed for predicting freezing point depression of CMA and CMP deicers as a function of molal concentration. The model predictions are found to match well with the experimental data, providing confidence in the use of this model for the effective design water softening sludge based deicers. The information developed herein provides options for the sustainable management of softening residuals and the concommitant mitigation of environmental harm associated with road deicing operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Jun 2021 12:32:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1855858</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Adaption of green composite in automotive part replacements: discussions on material modification and future patronage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1690258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of green composite in automotive part replacement. Adaptation of lightweight materials in transport system has been an integral part of weight saving measures in car’s component formation. The continuing rise in ambient temperature is a signal no scientist would ever ignore in the face of global warming and attendant water level surge. Reduction of body system of automobile vehicles has been ongoing for several years with huge patronage on synthetic materials. The sudden attention to green composite may not be unconnected with the environmental impact of vehicular materials after their life cycle. This has led to the improved properties of polymeric materials to replace ferrous and nonferrous metals in vehicle formation. In this paper, an in-depth study was undertaken on sustainable green materials limiting the scope on the plant fibre for automotive part replacement. Plant fibres are increasingly gaining momentum in view of their recyclability and environmental friendliness. It has been noted that nearly all automakers are exploring the recyclable or biodegradable materials for part replacement, making the green composite a material for the future. Part of the attracting properties of plant fibres is their relative high strength and stiffness with low cost and low CO₂ emission. This is also, in addition, to their biodegradability and renewability. Further discussion in this paper centred on the difficulty in the modification of plant fibre for sustainable compatibility in part formations. Key of the conclusions drawn from this work indicates a promising future for plant fibres with enormous challenges relating to their chemical treatment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2020 12:26:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1690258</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomimetic Antifreeze Molecules: A Novel Solution to Deicing Salts and Air-Entraining Admixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1695366</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The goal of this project was to synthesize and evaluate a class of low-cost, non-toxic, biodegradable antifreeze biopolymers and biomimetic small molecules. The molecules were evaluated for their effectiveness in preventing or slowing ice formation and growth on roadway and bridge surfaces during winter and as an additive to concrete in lieu of entrained air system. Stage I focused on the identification, synthesis, and characterization of biomimetic antifreeze molecules (BAMs). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol-graft-copolymer (PVA-g-PEG), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA), poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) (pHPMA), gelatin, and folic acid, citric acid, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) BAMs were synthesized or synthetically modified to mimic ice-binding residues and were investigated for their ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) and freezing point depression. BAM activity was tested in deionized water as a proxy. Results suggest that BAMs in ultra-low concentrations (<0.01 mg/mL) can inhibit ice recrystallization. Smaller molecules were found to be less IRI active than larger molecules, but HEMA alone was found to depress the freezing point by 2 to 4°C at concentrations of 1 to 10 mg/mL—behavior that is similar to moderate concentrations of common deicing salts. Stage II focused on the biodegradability and cytotoxicity of BAMs. Biocompatibility of BAMs were assessed and compared to traditional deicing solutions using a LIVE/DEAD assay with human-derived dermal and lung cells. Results indicate that PVA, PVA-g-PEG, folic acid, and pHPMA perform as well as (or better than) traditional deicing solutions (i.e., NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2) in the LIVE/DEAD assay. Degradability of BAMs in aqueous river water was assessed. PEG and PVA-g-PEG displayed mild degradation after 16 weeks, while PVA exhibited no degradation. Stage III focused on testing the ability of BAMs to perform as deicers and additives for freeze-thaw resistance. Additionally, PVA and PVA-g-PEG were studied for freeze-thaw resistance in ordinary portland cement (OPC) paste. While these molecules were found to be non-effective deicers, both polymers displayed freeze-thaw resistance in ordinary portland cement (OPC) paste in modified ASTM C666 testing. PVA-gPEG modified concrete displayed freeze-thaw resistance in ASTM C666 testing.  In summary, it was found that BAMs would not effectively melt ice once it has formed nor provide additional synergistic benefit to using the molecules in tandem with traditional deicers. Contrastingly, BAMs did prevent freeze-thaw damage in cement paste and concrete. The results of this IDEA concept provide the foundational work for BAMs as an alternative to traditional air entraining agents for freeze-thaw resistance in concrete. The results of freeze-thaw testing clearly show that BAM-modified cement paste and concrete are freeze-thaw resistant and that the freeze-thaw resistance occurs with minimal air entrainment in concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2020 15:02:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1695366</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Recycled bio-sourced glycerol and diglycerol for asphalt release agents (ARA)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1675715</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study is to develop bio-sourced waste chemicals for use as asphalt release agents. Glycerol was extracted from bio-sourced waste and transformed by transesterification into the surfactants undecenoates of glycerol (MUG) and undecenoates of diglycerol (MUDG). They were composed of glycerol, monoglycerol, diglycerol, triglycerol, tetraglycerol and water. The formulations were mixed separately with water at quantities of 5–50%, along with acetone and commercial bio-sourced ARAs in order to observe the effects. The formulations were subjected to performance testing with the asphalt slide test, finding significant reduction in adhesion for a number of different formulations. The interaction of the formulations with bitumen was tested by the bitumen degradation test, which was combined with FTIR–ATR analysis, finding that the formulations do not dissolve the bitumen, but rather were adsorbed by the bitumen. The effects on asphalt mix of the best performing formulation, MUG at 20% in water, was tested by indirect tensile strength, determining that the formulation was acceptable for use in the field.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2020 09:42:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1675715</guid>
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