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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Elimination of EtG and EtS between two consecutive blood samples in apprehended drivers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2619198</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulphate (EtS) are non-oxidative metabolites of ethanol, valuable as biomarkers of alcohol consumption in forensic and clinical contexts. This study aims to calculate the elimination half-lives (t₁/₂) of EtG and EtS in apprehended drivers based on two consecutive blood samples, enhancing the reliability of forensic alcohol consumption assessments. Data was extracted from a database including apprehended drivers in Norway from 2019 to 2024. The study included suspected drunk drivers in which ethanol, EtG and EtS were detected in two consecutive blood samples, drawn at least 20 min apart. In cases where the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was at or below 0.20 g/kg, in at least one sample, the t₁/₂ was estimated using both empirical and Bayesian statistical methods. In 670 cases, ethanol, EtG and EtS were detected in two consecutive samples. In 20 of these, the BAC was below 0.20 g/kg. In these 20 cases, the median time between blood samples was 0.46 h. The empirical calculations of t₁/₂ for cases with declining EtG and EtS concentrations yielded a median of 2.6 h for EtG and 2.4 h for EtS. A strong positive correlation was found between empirical t₁/₂ of EtG and EtS (rs=0.81, p < 0.001).The t₁/₂ values for EtG and EtS in apprehended drivers are comparable to those reported in experimental studies. The findings contribute to forensic alcohol assessments and legal expert reports. Additional research is needed to investigate EtG and EtS elimination kinetics in real-life impaired driving scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Dec 2025 14:07:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2619198</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Development of an ATP assay for rapid onboard testing to detect living microorganisms in ballast water</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1724296</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ballast water is a principal pathway for the introduction of pathogens and non-indigenous species to ports worldwide. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the United States Coast Guard (USCG) have adopted ballast water management regulations that require, e.g., the installation of shipboard ballast water management systems (BWMS). Rapid and simple analytical methods are needed to monitor whether ballast water disinfection ensures compliance with the discharge standards. In this study laboratory and full scale land-based testing was used to investigate the suitability of an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay for quantifying living organisms (=10 and <50µm minimum dimension) in ballast water. In laboratory experiments the ATP assay was highly sensitive, with a detection limit of <5 cells 0.1mL-1. Diatom species (Chaetoceros simplex and Skeletonema costatum) had low ATP concentrations compared with dinoflagellate, Raphidophyceae, and Chrysophyceae species. This was because of differences in cell volume, as the ATP concentration increased exponentially with increasing cell volume. Using a regression model between ATP concentration and cell volume, an estimated the pass and fail ATP concentration in this study (788–98,610pgmL-1) was developed for the discharge of ballast water. In land-based testing the ATP assay also showed a good correlation with the presence of living natural plankton cells in control samples, but the ATP concentration (137pgmL-1) was much lower than the ATP guideline. The low ATP concentration in natural plankton cells may reflect a decline in their biological activity because of extended exposure to dark conditions. Although our results need further validation, the ATP assay is a suitable tool for monitoring compliance of ballast water treatment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Aug 2021 11:18:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1724296</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Compliance with the United States Environmental Protection Agency Effluent Limitation Guidelines – Turbidity Control and Surface Outlets</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1593817</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A goal of this research was to maximize turbidity reduction using passive polyacrylamide (PAM) applications and investigate the longevity of PAM’s effectiveness. Results indicate PAM application may provide an effective alternative for turbidity reduction where South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) sites discharge to waterways with sediment-related water quality standards in place. Research findings show that granular polymer/flocculants applied directly to ditch checks can significantly reduce turbidity below a level of 280 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). To optimize turbidity reduction effectiveness where necessary, it is recommended that PAM be reapplied at least once every seven days to ensure continued flocculation over time. In addition, proper maintenance and regular inspections must be a priority for reducing total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity. Infrequent or poor maintenance routinely corresponded to lower trapping efficiencies for individual practices. Another research goal was to evaluate SCDOT sediment basin design. Results showed 80% reduction in turbidity or greater than 82% reduction in TSS could be achieved with skimmers alone or through a combination of skimmer and baffle systems. With addition of a granular polymer, turbidity and TSS reduction exceeded 90%. A final element of investigation compared sediment basin performance using a single baffle with performance achieved using three baffles when PAM is used. Statistical analysis of results confirmed the 3-baffle configuration performed better than 1 baffle for reducing turbidity. For TSS reduction however, no statistical difference between the two configurations was found. Finally, a series of laboratory bioassays was conducted to evaluate acute and chronic toxicological effects resulting from exposure to commercially available PAM formulae. Toxicities reported here are well above dosage recommendations made by the manufacturers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Apr 2019 14:29:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1593817</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effects of Road Proximity on Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soils and Common Roadside Plants in Southern California</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1587006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concerns about motor vehicle emissions on human health are typically focused on aerial pollution and are regulated via controls on tailpipe emissions. However, vehicles also contribute heavy metal emissions through non-tailpipe pathways (e.g., brake wear, tire particulates). The metal pollutants produced via both tailpipe and non-tailpipe pathways pose threats to both human and ecosystem health long after they have settled from the atmosphere largely via contamination of soils and plants. In this study, we examined the effect of vehicular pollution on soils and plants in five paired sites in Gaviota, CA. In each site, we examined the effect of proximity to road on heavy metal concentrations (cadmium, nickel, lead, and zinc) in four of the most common roadside plant species-Melilotus indicus, Herschfeldia incana, Avena sativa, and Artemisia californica-as well as on soil metal concentrations. Then, to look at potential effects of road proximity and associated metal pollution on plants, we also examined the carbon and nitrogen ratios of all the plant samples. We found strong and significant effects of proximity to road on concentrations of all heavy metals in plants; plants in close proximity to roads had metal concentrations between 8 and 11 times higher than plants farther from roads. Plant C:N ratios also varied strongly among site types and were always higher in close proximity to roads as compared to farther off roads, potentially indicating broader effects of road proximity to plant ecology and leaf quality for consumers in the region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:20:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1587006</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of vehicular pollution using the TRAD-MCN mutagenic bioassay with Tradescantia pallida (Commelinaceae)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1535937</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Biomonitoring is one of the tools used to assess the mutagenic potential of the atmosphere. In this study, the mutagenicity of Tradescantia pallida, a species of plant largely present in urban environments, was investigated. The objectives of this study was to estimate the mutagenic potential of vehicular flow through the TRAD-MCN bioassay in cities located at different altitudes in the southwest mesoregion of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, to infer possible abiotic agents that may contribute to the effects of atmospheric pollutants, and finally to map the cities with greater risks to the health of the local population. To achieve these objectives, the Tradescantia-micronucleus test was performed on young buds of T. pallida collected between August 2015 and August 2016 in nine cities of Mato Grosso do Sul. These buds were exposed to traffic flows of various intensities. The data collected consisted of measurements of meteorological parameters and vehicular traffic counts for each city. The variables considered were: mean ambient temperature; micronuclei frequency; vehicular flow; altitude; relative humidity; pluviosity. The application of the Trad-MCN bioassay, with the consideration of environmental variables and altitudes, and the use of the Kernel interpolation technique, allowed the authors to map the areas with significant pollution risks to the population. The highest frequency of exposure to mutagens occurred in the cities with the highest vehicular traffic intensity. The average ambient temperature failed to show a linear association with the frequency of the micronuclei in the samples analyzed (r = 0.11ns). A positive correlation was observed between micronuclei frequency and vehicular flow, (r = 0.67; p ≤ 0.001%) and between micronuclei frequency and altitude (r = 0.24; p ≤ 0.05). A negative correlation was found between relative humidity and micronuclei frequency (r = −0.19; p ≤ 0.05%). Thus, higher micronuclei frequency tended to be present in locations with low relative humidity and high altitudes and vehicular flow.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Sep 2018 10:32:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1535937</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improved Recovery of Repeat Intoxicated Drivers Using Fingernails and Blood Spots to Monitor Alcohol and Other Substance Abuse</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1428906</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study reports the results of a pilot program in Kenosha County that used a combination of direct biomarkers extracted from blood spots and nails to monitor repeat intoxicated drivers for their use of alcohol and drugs with a detection window spanning from 3 weeks to several months. The objectives were to test whether the direct biomarkers phosphatidylethanol (PEth), ethylglucuronide (EtG), and 5 drug metabolites would (1) help assessors obtain a more objective evaluation of repeat offenders during the assessment interview, (2) allow for timely identification of relapses and improve classification of drivers into risk categories, and (3) predict recidivism by identifying offenders most likely to obtain a subsequent operating while intoxicated (OWI) offense within 4 years of enrollment in the program.   All (N = 261) repeat offenders were tested using PEth obtained from blood spots and EtG obtained from fingernails; 159 participants were also tested for a 5 drugs of abuse nail panel. Drivers were tested immediately after the assessment interview (baseline) and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after baseline. Based on biomarker results and self-reports of abstinence, offenders were classified into different risk categories and required to follow specific testing timelines based on the program's decision tree.   The baseline analysis shows that 60% of drivers tested positive for alcohol biomarkers (EtG, PEth, or both) at the assessment interview, with lower detection rates (0–11%) for the 5 drug metabolites. The comparison of biomarkers results to self-reports of abstinence identified 28% of all offenders as high risk and assigned them to more frequent testing and more intense monitoring. The longitudinal analysis shows that 56% (completers) of participants completed the program successfully and the remaining 44% (noncompliant) terminated prematurely. Two thirds (68%) of the completers were able to reduce or control their drinking and one third relapsed at least one time during their mandated monitoring periods. After a brief intervention by the assessors, 79% of relapsers tested negative for biomarkers in their repeat tests. The re-arrest analysis showed that offenders classified in the noncompliant and relapsers groups were 7 times more likely to receive a new OWI 4 years after enrollment compared to drivers classified as abstainers or controllers. Refractory drivers were monitored the longest and reported no subsequent rearrests.   These findings demonstrate the benefits of more individualized interventions with repeat OWI offenders and calls for further development of multimodal approaches in traffic medicine including those that use direct alcohol biomarkers as evidence-based practices to reduce recidivism.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:22:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1428906</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Year 4, Runoff Water Quality, August 1980-August 1981</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1374117</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarizes findings presented in Report Nos. 10 - 12. Included are the results of studies aimed at improving and extending Asplund's solids loading model, increasing data on the ratios of various pollutants to total suspended solids (TSS) in the runoff, investigating the fate of heavy metals in drainage systems, and conducting bioassays on sensitive organisms exposed to highway runoff.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2015 17:17:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1374117</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Summary -- Highway Runoff Water Quality Study, 1977-1982</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1374108</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A highway stormwater runoff pollutant loading model has been developed based on results from composite sampling of approximately 600 storms at nine locations in the State of Washington over five years. The model expresses total suspended solids (TSS) loading in proportion to the product of highway segment length, average runoff coefficient, and vehicles traveling during storm periods. It was demonstrated that loadings of contaminants such as chemical oxygen demand, nutrients and trace metals could be estimated from TSS loadings using ratios derived from the data. The model described was developed and validated for assessing total loadings over a time span encompassing a number of storms (monthly or annually). To predict pollutant concentrations and loadings in runoff from a given storm, cumulative distributions were plotted and analyzed to determine the probability of exceeding specific concentration and loading values in a given case. Bioassay studies using highway runoff indicated toxicity to aquatic life when elevated metals deposition from high traffic volumes (in excess of 10,000 - 20,000 vehicles per day) or high metals concentrations in rainfall caused runoff concentrations to exceed lethal levels. Draining highway runoff through grass channels 60 meters in length greatly reduced TSS and metals concentrations and the consequent toxic effects. The major product of this research is a guide to assessing and mitigating the impacts of highway runoff to receiving waters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 21 Nov 2015 17:31:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1374108</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Toxicity Analysis for Foundry Sand Specifications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1218719</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Byproducts from many industries have the potential to be used as construction materials, but some means is required to determine if the material is environmentally benign. Foundry sands are produced in many states and can be useful as in transportation projects. However, INDOT currently requires the use of the MICROTOX test to assess the potential toxicity of the sands, and this requirement is viewed as an unnecessary impediment by the producers of foundry sands and is a requirement not encountered in other states. Therefore, the goal of this project was to review current requirements for testing of recycled materials, determine the availability of MICROTOX testing, and to make recommendations concerning the continued use of MICROTOX as an assessment tool. Strictly from viewpoint of environmental protection, the inclusion of Microtox makes sense. The test has the sensitivity to detect potentially toxic agents in recycled sand that might escape chemical analysis. The test, therefore, provides a layer of assurance that otherwise would be absent. From the perspective of the foundry industry, the Microtox test is an unneeded hurdle that could potentially block the beneficial use of spent foundry sand. Cost is one consideration, but the lack of local analytical facilities for the Microtox is particularly troublesome. The authors recommend that the Microtox test be retained by INDOT, but they suggest the following: a) Minimize the number of samples of foundry sand that must be tested possibly by reducing the frequency of sampling and testing; b) A consistent, readily available laboratory needs to be established to ensure rapid turn around of analyses and reduced costs. Currently, the demand is low and some dedicated equipment is needed to perform the test. One of the potential outcomes of this project discussed during the negotiations for this project was a possible follow-up project in which the authors would investigate the modifications to the bioassay. This might include exploring alternatives to Microtox or simplifications of the Microtox test. The authors remain open to this possibility, but from the scientific point of view, such a follow-up may not be necessary. Of all the bioassays reviewed, Microtox seemed to be the most widely used (though not for foundry sands), and the authors found no evidence that other bioassays were being offered routinely at commercial labs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Dec 2012 12:27:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1218719</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Testing MiniSTR Primers for Addition to a PCR-Based Forensic Specimen
Identification Protocol</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/916014</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An assay has been developed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based human identity testing using the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s human Combined DNA Identity System (CODIS) primers. Recent forensic literature has identified difficulties using these primers due to amplicon size and the degraded nature of DNA from forensic samples. Primers termed mini Short-Tandem Repeat (STR) primers targeted to the same loci as the CODIS primers but which have smaller amplicons have been developed. Two of the three miniSTR primer pairs examined with our established assay were successfully tested with forensic DNA. This allowed the substitution of new primers for detection of a locus, D16S539, which was poorly defined in our assay and the addition of a primer pair for a locus, FGA, not previously included. The replacement of the D16S539 CODIS primers with the miniSTR primers will provide more accurate results for this locus. The addition of the FGA mini STR primers to the core set of tested loci will increase the overall power of discrimination of our assay.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Apr 2010 07:47:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/916014</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of Alternative Primers for Gender Discrimination in Human Forensic
Genotyping</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/863017</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An assay using the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s human Combined DNA Identity System (CODIS) primers has been developed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based human identity testing. Recent forensic literature has identified several human populations that carry a deletion mutation in the Y-chromosome copy of the amelogenin locus. This is the standard locus used for gender determination in CODIS. Additionally, the amelogenin male PCR products are very close in size requiring manual annotation of PCR electrophoresis results for this locus. This study was designed to test several gender-specific primers which are to loci outside the amelogenin region, have well-separated PCR products, and could serve as additions or replacements to amelogenin in our human identity testing assay.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jun 2008 07:48:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/863017</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling Daily Activity Program Generation Considering Within-Day and Day-to-Day Dynamics in Activity-Travel Behavior</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/801430</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents Kuhn-Tucker demand system models for daily activity program generation. The models are for day-specific activity program generations of a week-long modeling span. The models accommodate within-day and day-to-day dynamics in time-use and activity-travel behavior explicitly. The activity types considered are the non-skeletal and flexible activities. These activities are divided into 15 generic categories. Under the daily time budget and non-negativity of participation rate constraints, the models predict the optimal set of activities (given the average duration of each activity type).  The daily time budget considers the at-home basic needs and night sleep activities as a composite activity. The concept of composite activity ensures the behavioral dimension of time allocation and activity/travel behavior in a sense that the activities corresponding to the composite activity are regular skeletal activities but highly flexible in nature. We are sure to execute these activities but do not often allocate precisely a specific amount of time to them during advanced planning. Workers? total working hours (skeletal activity and not a part of the time budget) are considered as a variable in the models to accommodate the scheduling effects inside the generation model. The incorporation of previous day?s total executed activities as variables introduces day-to-day dynamics into the activity program generation models. The possibility of zero frequency of any specific activity under consideration is ensured by the Kuhn-Tucker optimality condition used. The models use the concept of goal/direct utility of activity episodes. The empirical estimations of the models are done using 2002-2003 CHASE survey data collected in Toronto. The models perform well in terms of fitting the observed data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Apr 2007 07:25:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/801430</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FACTORS AFFECTING THE MICROBIAL DETERIORATION OF ASPHALT OVERLAYS. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/268405</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objectives of this investigation were to study the factors contributing to the blistering of asphalt overlays on highways in Mississippi and determine if the problem can be prevented or the damage minimized.  Gas chromatographic analyses of samples taken from blisters revealed the presence of CH4 and large amounts of CO2.  Microbial populations in the degraded materials ranged from 1,000 to 10,000 organisms/gram.  Chemical analyses of the sand and gravel materials used in the asphalt highway mixes, and the soils native to these areas experiencing problems, revealed the presence of both inorganic nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus.  Using a microbial bioassay technique it was shown that sufficient nitrogen and phosphorus were available in these materials to support microbial growth and gas production.  The microflora in degraded asphalt mix was shown to produce CO2, H2, CH4, N2O, N2 and H2S.  CO2 and CH4 were shown to dissolve in the asphalt overlay material in quantities sufficient to cause blistering of the overlay material when released.  Washing the asphalt mix ingredients with an acid to remove N and P inhibited microbial activity. Incorporation of lime into the asphalt mix was even more effective in halting microbial activity and gas production.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 21:38:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/268405</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF BROMACIL, DIURON, GLYPHOSATE, AND SULFOMETURON-METHYL ON PERIPHYTON ASSEMBLAGES AND RAINBOW TROUT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/643190</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study documents the testing of several common herbicides used by the Oregon Department of Transportation in vegetation management.  The project assessed the short- and long-term effects of Roundup, Krovar and Oust on periphyton and rainbow trout.  The active ingredient in Roundup is glyphosate; Krovar uses bromacil and diuron; and Oust uses sulfometuron-methyl. Short-term (96-hour) exposure tests used actual road shoulder runoff collected after herbicide application, using a simulated rain and a natural rain event.  Long-term exposure tests assessed effects of a 14-day exposure using lab-mixed solutions of deionized lab water and herbicides, individually and in mixture.  The data showed that the short-term exposure had no statistically significant effects on periphyton.  The short-term exposure reduced survivorship of rainbow trout, but the effects were observed both in treated and untreated runoff; thus the toxicity was likely due to other factors.  The long-term exposure tests showed that herbicides, especially Krovar and the mixture of three chemicals, reduced periphyton algal biomass. The declined trend in biomass was more evident in live cell density than in chlorophyll a concentration, suggesting that algal responses to chemicals may vary among groups (green algae vs. diatoms).  The long-term exposure had no statistically significant effects on fish mortality and dry weight. Individual herbicide bioassays showed no significant differences between the changes in wet weight, but significant differences in wet weight were found between treatments in the mixture bioassay.  The study showed that periphyton assemblages could be altered by some chemicals.  While rainbow trout fish showed no statistical effects for dry weight, the effect on other sublethal endpoints remains a possibility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 May 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/643190</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FIELD DEMONSTRATION OF HIGHWAY EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTED USING WASTE FOUNDRY SAND</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/724306</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over 9 million Mg of waste foundry sands (WFS) are produced annually in the United States as a by-product of the metal casting industry.  The majority of WFS are deposited in restricted or sanitary waste landfills.  Considerable savings are available to the metal casting industry through the development of reuse applications for their WFS and generators are often willing to provide WFS to a job site at no cost to the end user. Laboratory investigations have indicated that WFS from ferrous foundries can provide the necessary engineering properties for a highway embankment and that the Microtox (Trademark) bioassay test can be used to screen the toxicity of WFS to prevent a negative environmental impact.  In 1996, the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) and Purdue University constructed a demonstration embankment using WFS.  WFS and control embankments were instrumented to monitor geotechnical and environmental performance.  Stockpile and job site 'grab' WFS samples were also tested.  Detailed geotechnical results are presented in a companion report by Fox and Mast (1998).  In general, results indicate that WFS can perform well as a structural fill with strength and deformation characteristics comparable to natural sand, but cannot be considered as freely draining.  Environmental testing consisted of Microtox and Nitrotox bioassays, ion chromatography, and inductively coupled plasma testing for metals.  Bioassay results indicate the WFS have not resulted in inhibitions (toxicity) higher than those expected from natural sands.  Ion migration from the WFS into the foundry sand lysimeter was found, supporting bioassay data, but at concentrations below reuse regulatory criteria.  Metal concentrations were generally below Indiana regulatory reuse Type III criteria and typically below Drinking Water Standards.  Where metal concentrations in the wells exceeded regulatory criteria, exceedences appeared in both up- and down-gradient wells suggesting background metal concentrations as opposed to significant leaching from the WFS.  The WFS did not result in a negative environmental impact on the site.  State environmental regulatory agencies were the most frequently identified source of barriers to the beneficial reuse of WFS and reuse is further compounded by the lack of decision-based scientific tools such as life-cycle or risk-based analysis methods.  The resultant liability exposure from state and federal regulations was the prevailing concern expressed by DOTs when considering using a regulated waste such as WFS.  Furthermore, foundries often lack an organizational commitment to the reuse of their WFS as evidenced by the lack of both product quality control and a marketing strategy.  To facilitate the use of WFS by INDOT, an Acceptance Criteria protocol based on the Microtox bioassay test was developed as part of this project.  Additionally, a proposed 'Recurring Special Provision' for the use of WFS in embankment construction and a WFS stockpile random sampling protocol were developed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Oct 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/724306</guid>
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