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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Beyond One-Size-Fits-All: A Novel Data-Driven Framework for Quantifying Bidding Competition Intensity in Highway Design-Bid-Build Contracts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652053</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maintaining adequate competition during the letting phase of design-bid-build highway projects is essential for optimal outcomes. However, contractors’ bidding patterns vary with contract attributes, such as project location, size, and work-type, which in turn affect the expected degree of competition. The Federal Highway Administration also encourages state DOTs to consider these attributes during the bid review process. However, most DOTs overlook specific contract attributes or rely solely on a single attribute, such as work-type, when measuring competition adequacy. Recent studies have proposed network-theory-based approaches to model competition using win-loss frequencies; nonetheless, these approaches have overlooked contract attributes. This study enhances the existing body of knowledge by establishing thresholds for competition intensity based on variations in bidding patterns resulting from the collective effects of contract attributes that are essential in evaluating bidding competition. To this end, a two-layer bipartite multiplex graph is proposed, comprising sets of bidder and contract nodes, with contract attributes stored in the contract nodes. Edges between nodes and bidders are weighted by the bid-to-engineers’ estimate ratio to represent the bidding patterns influenced by contract attributes. A Graph Neural Network is trained to learn these bidding patterns, and the output contract vectors are clustered to represent similar bidding patterns. The proposed approach was validated using historical bid records from the South Dakota DOT, revealing that contract clusters derived from the model substantially outperform the work-type groups in capturing similar bidding patterns. For each obtained cluster, competition intensity thresholds for low, normal, and high competition are established based on proposed centrality measures that demonstrate stronger correlations with bidding performance than previous network-theory models. The resulting competition thresholds are expected to enable DOTs to make more accurate, data-driven evaluations of competition adequacy tailored to specific contract characteristics, improving bid analysis and award decisions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 16:15:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652053</guid>
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      <title>Alternative Project Delivery Methods in California: The Path Forward</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2668483</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Alternative Project Delivery Methods (APDMs) are increasingly being recognized as effective alternatives to the traditional Design-Bid-Build (DBB) approach for transportation projects. As APDMs gain traction among California’s transportation agencies, understanding the legislative frameworks that enable their use and the characteristics of each method is critical. This study benchmarks the existing use of APDMs in California transportation agencies of varying types and sizes, while considering the characteristics (advantages and barriers/challenges to implementation) of each APDM and the authorizations enabling its implementation. Based on these findings, it also provides recommendations for key factors to consider in APDM selection and implementation. The study used a four-pronged mixed-methods approach, including a literature review, content analysis of 30 APDM-related bills (1999–2024), a statewide agency survey, and eight in-depth case studies. Findings reveal growing legislative support for broader APDM adoption with fewer restrictions than in the past, but findings also highlight disparities in implementation between agencies of different types (e.g., state vs. county agencies). Public and private sectors show differing levels of APDM maturity (experience and readiness) and future adoption plans, with greater interest in the Construction Manager/General Contractor (CM/GC) and Progressive Design-Build (PDB) methods than Design Build (DB). Key barriers include limited internal capacity, legislative constraints, and a lack of staff training, particularly among smaller agencies. The study also identifies a strong need for industry-wide awareness and strategic method selection based on project complexity and agency readiness. This study contributes actionable recommendations for legislators, agencies, and contractors to support effective APDM implementation. It lays the groundwork for future research into the effect of agency governance structures and decision-making cultures on APDM implementation and the development of tools to assess agency readiness and support informed APDM selection. This report supports the California State Transportation Committee (CSTC) and the State Legislature's decisions by providing a state-of-the-art exploration of the APDMs used in California and can help shape future APDM legislative directions. By helping agencies understand different project delivery methods, this research supports faster, more cost-effective, and higher-quality transportation projects that better serve California communities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 08:54:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2668483</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Easier Said Than Done: Understanding and Promoting the Value of Constructability in Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562115</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the transportation/highway engineering industry, goals of reducing costs and delays to projects have been highlighted in the project delivery process to provide quality transportation infrastructure without impacts to the owner. Often so, such increases occur due to issues between the design and construction sides of the project. With the most projects delivered in the traditional design-bid-build delivery method, the contractor in charge of constructing the design created by the owner or a private consultant may run into difficulties with the plans provided. The idea of constructability seeks to address these concerns, and there are ways for engineers at both design consultants and state Departments of Transportation (DOT) agencies to incorporate constructability into their practice. The main goal of this report is to highlight the idea of promoting young engineers to get exposure in construction to achieve a better understanding of “constructability” to assist with delivering projects more efficiently in terms of time and cost to the benefit of all parties involved in a project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562115</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Measures to reduce the wear of road markings and thereby decrease the spread of microplastics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598614</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Trafikrelaterad mikroplast, det vill säga däckslitage, polymermodifierad bitumen och slitage från vägmarkeringar, är en av de största källorna till utsläpp av mikroplast i miljön. Vägmarkeringar som källa till mikroplast är ett relativt outforskat område och kunskapsluckorna är fortfarande stora kring slitagemängd, koncentrationer i olika miljöer och risker för människor och miljö. Det saknas dessutom kunskap på kommunal nivå kring vilken typ av vägmarkeringsmaterial som används, hur mycket material som köps in, och vad det kostar, liksom hur man säkerställer att markeringarna lagts ut på ett korrekt sätt, att tjockleken är korrekt, samt hur ofta uppföljning bör ske för att säkerställa att markeringarna fortfarande uppfyller sina funktionskrav. För att öka kunskapen hos kommunala och statliga väghållare initierades detta projekt. Målet har varit att ta fram en lättillgänglig och användbar handledning som bygger på fem olika ämnesområden: upphandling och regelverk; utformning och design; materialegenskaper; utläggning och underhåll; samt övriga åtgärder. Ett första utkast av handledningen presenterades på en workshop med ett femtiotal representanter från Trafikverket, entreprenörer, kommuner, Transportstyrelsen, branschen, samt deltagare från Statens vegvesen (Norge) och Vejdirektoratet (Danmark). Syftet med workshopen var att diskutera handledningens utformning och innehåll utifrån olika aktörers behov. En sammanfattning av diskussionerna presenteras i rapporten. Denna rapport är utformad som ett komplement till handledningen och erbjuder en fördjupning inom de fem ämnesområdena. Rapporten innehåller först en del med bakgrundsinformation med gällande standarder och regelverk, vanliga funktionsparametrar och begreppsdefinitioner, samt en beskrivning av olika typer av vägmarkeringar. Därefter presenteras detaljerad information kring fyra olika typer av vägmarkeringsmaterial: termoplastiska material, vattenbaserad färg, kallplast och vägmarkeringstejp. För- och nackdelar hos olika material, polymerinnehåll och materialens klimatpåverkan diskuteras. Därefter presenteras de vanligaste slitageprocesserna för olika typer av vägmarkeringar. Slutligen redovisas olika åtgärder, kopplade till de fem ämnesområdena i handledningen, som både på kort och lång sikt skulle kunna minska slitaget av vägmarkeringar och därmed reducera spridningen av mikroplast.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598614</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Promoting construction innovation : a public infrastructure client's adaptation of procurement and project management strategies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The construction and infrastructure sector is a significant contributor to global carbon emissions, necessitating substantial changes to support, what can be called, the sustainability transition. Public infrastructure clients are expected to lead this transition by promoting construction innovation, while engineering consultants, involved in the planning and design of projects, play a key role in supporting these efforts. Public procurement is widely recognized - politically - as a key strategic tool for promoting innovation and advancing sustainability, despite the project-based sector the role of project management remains largely overlooked. However, previous research highlights the importance of both procurement and project management strategies in promoting construction innovation. To effectively promote innovation, these strategies must be adapted to the specific characteristics of each project and should emphasize flexibility and involvement of actors. Despite the procurement and project management strategies' acknowledged significance, they are often treated as separate governance mechanisms within previous research, failing to account for their interconnected nature. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the understanding of how a public infrastructure client promotes innovation towards the sustainability transition through adaptation of procurement and project management strategies in planning and design of new infrastructure. A longitudinal single-case study of the largest public infrastructure client in Sweden, the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket), provides empirical insights.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598593</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Åtgärder för att minska slitaget av vägmarkeringar och därmed reducera spridningen av mikroplast</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598584</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic-related microplastics from tire wear, polymer-modified bitumen, and road marking wear are among the largest sources of microplastic emissions. Road markings as a source of microplastics remain a relatively unexplored area, with significant knowledge gaps regarding wear rates, concentrations in different environments, and associated risks for humans and ecosystems. Furthermore, municipalities often lack information on what types of road marking materials they use, procurement volumes and costs, as well as methods for ensuring proper application, correct thickness, and necessary follow-up inspections to maintain functionality.  To improve knowledge among state and municipal road authorities, this project developed a practical action plan covering five key areas: procurement and regulations; design and layout; material properties; application and maintenance; and general measures. A draft of the action plan was presented at a workshop with around 50 representatives from the Swedish Road Administration (Trafikverket), the Swedish Transport Agency (Transportstyrelsen), contractors, municipalities, the road marking industry and Nordic Road authorities (Statens vegvesen and Vejdirektoratet). The workshop helped refine the plan based on stakeholder needs, and a summary of discussions is included in this report.  This report serves as a complement to the action plan, offering a deeper analysis of the five areas. It begins with extensive background information on relevant standards and regulations, key functional parameters, and definitions, followed by an overview of different types of road markings. It then provides a detailed examination of four main road marking materials: thermoplastics, water-based paint, cold plastic, and road marking tape, discussing their advantages, disadvantages, polymer content, and climate and environmental impact. The report also explores common wear mechanisms and presents various strategies-aligned with the plan's five focus areas-that could reduce road marking wear and, in turn, reduce microplastic contamination. Many of these strategies could also lead to cost savings by extending the lifespan of road markings and thereby reducing the material consumption.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598584</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Project Requirements Assignment Using BERT-Based Multilabel Classification and Interactive Mapping System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559358</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A well-developed construction project plan is essential for achieving desired outcomes by ensuring timely completion within budget. When planning construction projects using the design-bid-build (DBB) delivery method, particularly in complex, multiple-division environments such as the Department of Transportation (DOT), clearly assigning project requirements is critical. Defining these requirements clarifies roles and responsibilities, ensures planned implementation, and prevents misunderstandings, errors, conflicts, and collaboration issues that could lead to claims and disputes. The current approach to assigning project requirements primarily depends on the project manager’s manual review of documents to understand requirements and identify relevant divisions based on their experience and judgment, which is time-consuming and prone to errors. This study proposes an automated requirements classification model using an interactive mapping system to address these issues systematically. This study conducts Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT)-based multilabel classification for putting multiple labels to a project requirement and utilizes a mapping platform system that can address simultaneously the classification results to all divisions. This study conducts a case study with a real-world roadway construction project to evaluate the applicability and validity of the proposed approach. The case study demonstrates the performance of the BERT classifier, with precision scores ranging from 0.81 to 0.91. Additionally, the proposed model enables divisions to swiftly determine their pertinent requirements and identify revisions or updates by accessing the mapping platform. This study contributes an innovative method for reducing conflicts among project participants and ensuring the accuracy of work activity arrangements, thereby enhancing work planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:06:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559358</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strategies for Controlling Cost and Schedule Growth on Alternative Delivery Projects






</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2558415</link>
      <description><![CDATA[State departments of transportation (DOTs) and other transportation agencies across the United States increasingly use alternative project delivery methods (APDMs) to deliver transportation projects, rather than the traditional design-bid-build (DBB) approach. APDMs include design-build (DB), progressive design-build, construction manager/general contractor, and public-private partnerships. Several factors are driving this trend, including the need for project cost-certainty, expediting project delivery, identifying and mitigating risks earlier in the project lifecycle, and shifting risks to or sharing risks with the parties most capable of managing them. 

Previous studies have focused on comparing the cost and schedule performance of DBB and DB projects, rather than APDMs at-large, and these studies tended to rely on small sample sizes and opinion-based data. Research is needed to better understand how to control the cost and schedule of projects utilizing APDMs from project planning through design and construction. 

The objective of this research is to provide a guide for transportation agencies on strategies to identify and manage risks that have led to cost and schedule growth on projects delivered with APDMs. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2025 20:31:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2558415</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The transition to electric buses in public transport : Lessons learned from Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534322</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, the electrification of buses in public transport systems has increased in both scale and pace. Today, there are several examples of how this transition has been handled in public transport, with partly or fully electrified bus fleets in regular operations in many cities. The research project e(+)bus has focused on how the transition to electric buses has been handled in six Swedish cities (Stockholm, Malmö, Gothenburg, Jönköping, Ystad and Piteå), gathering experiences and lessons learned from diverse geographical settings, organisational contexts, and varying fleet sizes and stages of transition. The project has also had an international outlook, including cities in both Norway (Oslo and Trondheim) and the Netherlands (Eindhoven) in the scope of the study. Electrification of the buses challenges established ways of working in the public transport system in several ways. The project has identified experiences and lessons learned from how these challenges have been handled with regard to, for example, procurement, ownership, business models, urban planning, and operations of electric buses. The results have been collated and presented in reports and articles. In this K2 Outreach report, we have phrased lessons learned and experiences, based on previous publications within the project, that we consider relevant in other contexts, too, where the transition may be in its early stages.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:16:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534322</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hållbara hastigheter : utvärdering av Trafikverkets upphandlingskrav på redovisning av hastighetsefterlevnad i entreprenader</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534321</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The long-term goal of Vision Zero is that no one should be killed or seriously injured in traffic. In Sweden, there is an interim goal of a maximum of 133 fatalities and 2 800 seriously injured by 2030. There is also a national goal that speed compliance should be at least 80 percent by 2030. However, national speed measurements show that speed compliance is far below this target. One way to achieve increased speed compliance and lower average speeds is for organisations to require follow-up on speed compliance in procurement contracts. In the Swedish Transport Administration's roadmap for Sustainable Speeds, requirements for reporting speed compliance are being tested in six different contracts. The purpose of this study is to examine and evaluate several aspects of this requirement. Based on interviews, mapping of available technologies, legal analysis, and analysis of reported speed data, the study examines how the requirement has worked in the pilot projects and the potential for broader implementation.   The study shows that there are both opportunities and challenges with requiring speed compliance in contracts. The results show that the approach has generally worked well in its current setup. The support process initiated in connection with the pilot projects has been appreciated by the Swedish Transport Administration's contact persons and the contractors. Furthermore, results indicate that if all traffic achieved the speed compliance reported on average in the pilot projects, fatalities could decrease by 18 percent and seriously injured by 14 percent, and vehicle emissions would also decrease. By following up on speed compliance and using the results in dialogue with employees, one also contributes to showing commitment and building a good safety culture and work environment in the organization. The main challenges lie in the legal sphere regarding GDPR and privacy issues, andregarding technology maturity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:16:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534321</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Procurement of continuous work : enacting strategies through inter-organizational collaboration in infrastructure operation and maintenance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the construction sector, public clients represent a large share of the market, fueling interest in procurement practices that support development. These clients often develop procurement strategies to promote innovation in their interorganizational projects. Prior research has recognized collaborative procurement strategies as key to fostering innovation in construction projects. These procurement strategies stipulate the formal tools and activities for collaboration that are expected to be implemented and enacted by the inter-organizational project actors. The process of ‘projectification' refers to the increased use of projects in functional organizations, turning line work into projects in both public and private sectors. In a construction context, the projectification has mainly affected the organizing of operation and maintenance. Operation and maintenance work was traditionally performed in a continuous manner with in-house resources but are now procured and organized in inter-organizational projects. Consequently, this is one of the contexts that public construction clients are attempting to use procurement to address societal challenges. However, implementing strategies across different organizational levels presents challenges, as tensions can arise, and projects may not always carry out the intended strategies of their parent organizations. In construction projects, actors from both client and contractor organizations collaborate to interpret and enact the procurement strategies in their specific project context. This research aims to increase the understanding of public procurement of continuous work and its enactment in inter-organizational projects. To fulfill this aim, the research of this thesis builds on a qualitative research design, with two longitudinal case studies of the Swedish Transport Administration's road operation and maintenance projects. These case studies investigated two different efforts by the Swedish Transport Administration to use collaborative procurement strategies to stimulate innovation in its inter-organizational operation and maintenance projects. Adopting a process- and practice-based theoretical approach enabled a focus on the project actors interpreting, adapting, and enacting the plans of the client parent organization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:16:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534279</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Public procurement of engineering services : task characteristics, control modes and effects on adaptability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534267</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Previous research has emphasized the importance of engineering services and adaptability in the early stages of construction projects. Public clients usually procure engineering services from private companies, which makes their procurement strategies important in creating incentives for adaptability and innovation for the service providers. Due to the high uncertainty and clients' lack of understanding of the tasks they procure, the procurement of services is argued to be challenging - especially for public clients. Despite this, studies on the procurement of engineering services are scarce, as is research on the effects on adaptability. The purpose of this thesis, therefore, is to increase the understanding of organizational control in the public procurement of engineering services, by focusing on task characteristics, control modes and their effects on adaptability. A single case study of the Swedish Transport Administration was analyzed using the three models developed in the appended papers, i.e., the expanded control model, the procurement model for services and the classification model. The empirical data, consisting of interviews, observations and documents, were analyzed using visual mapping and flexible pattern matching.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:15:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534267</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Procuring electronics and semiconductors in a changing environment : a study of automakers' procurement strategies to secure supply, cost and innovation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534197</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The automotive industry is undergoing a transformation that is fueled by automation, connectivity, and electrification. Automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have and continue to become increasingly dependent on electronic and semiconductor components (SEC), in a changing environment characterized by increasing legal regulations, rapid technological development, and susceptibility to natural disasters. These factors present challenges for OEMs and their procurement to secure the needed supply, cost, and innovation of SEC. An example of these challenges is the semiconductor shortage crisis (2021-2023., which caused production stops and increased component costs for several OEMs. Looking ahead, concerns about supply and cost are accompanied by an increasing need to access innovations that enable new, advanced vehicle functions. This thesis takes the perspective of automotive OEMs and investigates how, through their procurement, they can improve their position in the supply network to secure supply, cost, and innovation of SEC. To achieve this aim, this thesis adopts a case study of an automotive OEM's SEC supply network. Adopting a case study method allowed the exploration of the context of the automotive SEC supply network, including the relationships, the dependences between actors, and the influence of internal and external factors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534197</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Public procurement and geofencing : lessons learned from a pilot with geofencing of service trips</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534189</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The city of Gothenburg public procured geofencing technology and did a pilot during fall 2022 with geofenced service trips vehicles (retrofitted). This report investigates the challenges and opportunities associated with procuring geofencing technology, addressing aspects such as needs, market analysis, risk, alternative solutions, legislative framework, and much more based on lessons learned from the pilot.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534189</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Koll på kostnaderna : kartläggning av Trafikverkets digitala infrastruktur för kostnadskontroll</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534188</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Swedish infrastructure manager Trafikverket has repeatedly received criticism for lacking the necessary conditions to monitor the agency's output, outcomes, and costs. These shortcomings limit both the Parliament's and the Government's ability to make well-informed decisions regarding Trafikverket and the national transport infrastructure, as well as the agency's internal management and operational development. To address these issues, Trafikverket has initiated several large and costly development projects for new IT systems and improved information management. This report aims to provide an updated description and assessment of Trafikverket's digital infrastructure for central monitoring of cost control in its construction and maintenance operations. The survey is based on interviews with managers and project leaders for a selection of prioritized IT systems, governing documents and observations of the systems. The survey was conducted by VTI on behalf of Transport Analysis. We find that Trafikverket is undertaking several initiatives that could lead to significant improvements in central monitoring of operations and cost control. Of particular importance are two new IT systems that gather information on completed work and payments, increased use of data warehouses for storing and accessing information from various systems, and efforts to harmonize the terminology structure into a common information model. However, we find that these initiatives, like several others identified in the survey, are delayed and have faced difficulties in the implementation phase. Compiling information across multiple investment projects or maintenance contracts remains difficult and resource-demanding. We find that significant effort is required from Trafikverket's internal governance to complete ongoing improvement initiatives and integrate them into a well-functioning whole.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534188</guid>
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