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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS BY CUBIC-SPLINE FUNCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/487647</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A numerical method is developed for the determination of complete load-deformation relationships for slender reinforced concrete tied columns with arbitrary cross sections under combined biaxial flexure and axial load.  Improvement of computer time and accuracy has been demonstrated, obviously because of the application of cubic B-spline function and introduction of p-multiplier in the numerical formulation.  Comparison of present analysis with other numerical methods and experimental results appears to show a good agreement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Aug 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/487647</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CONCRETE SECTIONS UNDER BIAXIAL BENDING: INTERACTIVE ANALYSIS WITH SPREADSHEETS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/483558</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reinforced concrete (RC) short columns subjected to combined axial compression and biaxial bending are frequently encountered in RC structures such as buildings and bridges. Generally, the determination of the ultimate strength for RC columns of generic cross sections under eccentric compressive loading is rather tedious and time consuming. With the rapid development of personal microcomputers and supporting software, it is now possible to develop analysis capabilities in the user-friendly environment of spreadsheets. The program BICOL has been developed for this purpose using Excel 3.1 for Windows. It is user-friendly in that interactive graphic buttons and frequent help messages are displayed at each stage of the program to enable the user to define and analyze a desired section or reanalyze an existing section for different input parameters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Jun 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/483558</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>LATERAL BENDING TEST TO DESTRUCTION OF A 149 FT PRESTRESSED CONCRETE I-BEAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/413805</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A 149 ft (45.4 m) prestressed concrete I-beam was gradually tilted under controlled conditions.  Strains and deflections were measured at intervals during the tilting process.  The test beam withstood a tilt of 32 degrees prior to failure.  Predicted strains and deflections agreed closely with those observed during the test.  The test results confirm the accuracy of an analytical procedure for predicting the behavior of long prestressed concrete beams during transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Nov 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/413805</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BIAXIAL BENDING DESIGN OF ARBITRARILY SHAPED REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/372739</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents an iterative procedure to perform the exact design of arbitrarily shaped reinforced concrete members against a combination of axial force an biaxial bending moments.  The suggested method is believed to be divergence-proof and is capable of handling sections with reinforcement layout so unsymmetrical that the origin of the Mx-My reference axes falls outside the iso-load contour corresponding to the applied axial load.  The rate and reliability for convergence in this method make it suitable for use in practical design.  Oddly shaped concrete sections commonly adopted in bridge abutments and core wall systems can be handled, and the minimum steel area required in resisting the design loadings is determined.  This leads to a more economical and safer design for reinforced concrete structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 May 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/372739</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DESIGN OF COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL BENDING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/302857</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This describes procedure developed for optimal design of columns of general shapes subjected to multiple loading conditions. The design variables are defined so that the solution yields the final reinforcement arrangement requiring the minimum amount of steel according to detailing characteristics set by the designer.  The problem is formulated so that time-consuming searches for the precise location of the neutral axis are avoided through intermediate steps of the optimization process.  The examples presented demonstrate the potential of the proposed procedure in the design office.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/302857</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>T-SHAPED REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS UNDER BIAXIAL BENDING AND AXIAL COMPRESSION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/300855</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents an experimental and analytical study of T-shaped reinforced concrete members under biaxial bending and axial compression.  The strength and deformational behavior of T-shaped reinforced concrete members under biaxial loads monotonically up to failure are explored. The theoretical predictions agree well with the experimental data of 12 test specimens reported herein.  Of the total 12 test specimens, nine were made with normal weight concrete, one with fly ash concrete, and two with high-strength concrete.  The strength interaction curves and load contours of T-shaped members are derived in this paper to provide advice for design information.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Aug 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/300855</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY OF SQUARE REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN SECTIONS SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL BENDING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/294996</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The theoretical flexural strength of reinforced concrete columns with square cross section, with bending about a section diagonal and about a principal axis, are compared using the ACE Building Code (ACI 318-83) approach and a refined moment-curvature analysis that includes the beneficial effect of confinement of the concrete by transverse reinforcement.  The results of experimental tests conducted on 400 mm (15.7 in.) square reinforced concrete columns subjected to axial load and to cyclic lateral load acting along a section diagonal are also presented.  Test results are compared with those from similar columns tested previously with lateral loading acting along a principal axis of the section.  The comparisons indicate that for the same quantity of confining steel and level of axial load, there is little difference between the flexural strength for bending about a section diagonal and for a bending about a principal axis.  The available ductilities of the columns are also similar.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/294996</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FLOWCHARTS FOR BIAXIAL BENDING IN R/C TIED COLUMNS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/283330</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flowcharts are presented for the analysis and design of biaxially and uniaxially loaded, reinforced-concrete, tied columns in accordance with the "moment magnification method" of ACI 318-83, section 10.11.  Nonslender and slender columns in braced and unbraced frames are considered.  The case of "appreciable" sway due to gravity loads in unbraced frames is also considered.  The flowcharts can be used as step by step guides for manual computations or for coding subroutines in a computer program.  The charts can easily be modified for any cross section shape and for other national or international codes.  Where the wording of the American Concrete Institte code and commentary appears unclear, its intent is explored, discussed, and followed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/283330</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS IN BIAXIAL BENDING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/278007</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A method for the computer analysis of reinforced concrete sections in biaxial bending and axial load is presented. The basic approach calculates the ultimate moments of resistance with respect to reference axes for a defined axial load. The method is capable of dealing with any shape of cross section and is suitable for programming on a desk top calculator. Guidance is given on extending the approach to an interactive design process.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 31 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/278007</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXPERT INTERACTIVE DESIGN OF R/C COLUMNS UNDER BIAXIAL BENDING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/284099</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new computer-based approach to the problem of design of reinforced concrete columns that may be subjected to biaxial bending is presented.  Previous approaches to the design of concrete columns (including those with biaxial bending) using computers have been primarily based on iterative numerical analysis.  The EIDOCC (Expert Interactive Design of Concrete Columns) program described in this paper uses the accumulated experience and knowledge of experts in the field of concrete column design to account for the issues involved in the design in order to make an optimal design proposal for given loadings.  The approach used in the program is that of an "expert system" and the program is developed to run on a microcomputer.  The developed computer program is interactive, and it incorporates an accurate analysis routine which enables the user to analyze both the sections proposed by the design routine and any other concrete column sections.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 1987 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/284099</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STRESSES FROM LOADS OVER RECTANGULAR AREAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/276456</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this note, correct solutions based on Gray's (previous investigator who has studied the distribution of stresses below rectangular shaped footings subjected to various contact pressures) work are presented and extended to the case of optimally designed rectangular footings subjected to biaxial bending with one corner having zero contact pressure.  Formulas are provided to determine the vertical stress beneath the zero loaded corner and the diagonally opposite corner having the maximum soil pressure.  A design example illustrating the use of the equations is given. Design formulas based on the Boussinesq equation have been developed for vertical stress determination when a footing is subjected to biaxial bending and one corner is allowed to have zero contact pressure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/276456</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPUTERIZED MODULAR RATIO DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD AND BIAXIAL BENDING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/204379</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A computerized method of analysis and design of reinforced concrete members of arbitrary cross-sections subjected to axial load and biaxial bending is proposed. The design process has been computerized to full automation - in the sense that given the concrete section and the applied loading, the program directly evaluates the amount of reinforcement required and the corresponding stress envelope.  The strength of concrete in tension is neglected in the analysis.  An iterative process which successively adjusts the section properties according to the stress state is employed.  The design process is basically an iterative process of gradually increasing the amount of reinforcement till the permissible stresses are not exceeded. Reinforcement is added at locations of highest mean square stress in order to utilize fully the reinforcement added. Multiple loading cases are considered.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Aug 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/204379</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TESTS ON CONCRETE BEAMS IN BIAXIAL BENDING, AXIAL COMPRESSION AND TORSION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195575</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tests on 91 reinforced concrete model beams of rectangular cross-section in combined torsion, biaxial bending moment and axial compression are reported.  The specimens were subjected to assigned biaxial bending couples and axial compression before being twisted to failure.  The effect of combined loading on torsional behaviour, ultimate strength and torque-twist characteristics has been examined.  The tests showed that in the case of symmetrically reinforced beams biaxial bending couples tend to reduce torsional strength and stiffness; axial compression tends to increase torisonal strength and stiffness.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195575</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REINFORCED CONCRETE. REVISED EDITION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/178508</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A thorough treatment in sl units of modern design practice in accordance with the Australian reinforced concrete code as 1489-1974 is given.  Ultimate strength methods are fully covered and particular attention is given to the important design problems of deflection and cracking. The treatment of each main topic proceeds from a description of behaviour to methods of analysis and thence to the appropriate design procedures.  Many numerical examples are given.  Such topics as biaxial bending and creep effects in columns, yield line, and strip methods of slab design are treated in detail.  The book deals primarily with fundamentals and thus is suitable as a first text for engineering students.  As well, an in-depth coverage is given which will make the work useful for practising engineers.  For its second edition, the book has undergone extensive revision in order to bring the contents into line with recent developments in reinforced concrete theory. Material has been added to the main chapters and there are additional numerical examples throughout.  The new edition also has a new chapter dealing with guidelines for the detailing of concrete structures. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Dec 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/178508</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RAPID EXACT INELASTIC BIAXIAL BENDING ANALYSIS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/176803</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A general analysis of cross-sections subjected to axial force and biaxial bending is presented.  The method is based on Green's theorem and allows for exact determination of stress-resultants and tangent stiffnesses for a given set of deformations when the section boundary is rectilinear. The method may be applied to cross-sections of any material provided that the stress-strain relationships are integrable.  The method is extremely rapid because stress integrals need only be evaluated at a small number of points on the section boundary.  Unlike existing tangent stiffness methods, discontinuous stress-strain relationships may be used (A). (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Aug 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/176803</guid>
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