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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Advanced Components and Techniques for Cryogenic Integration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1791307</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the development and testing status of several novel components and integration tools for space-based cryogenic applications. These advanced devices offer functionality in the areas of cryogenic thermal switching, cryogenic thermal transport, cryogenic thermal storage, and cryogenic integration. As such, they help solve problems associated with cryocooler redundancy, across-gimbal thermal transport, large focal plane array cooling, fluid-based cryogenic transport, and low vibration thermal links. The devices discussed in the paper include a differential thermal expansion cryogenic thermal switch, an across-gimbal thermal transport system, a cryogenic loop heat pipe, a cryogenic capillary pumped loop, a beryllium cryogenic thermal storage unit, a high performance flexible conductive link, a kevlar cable structural support system, and a high conductance make-break cryogenic thermal interface.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:19:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1791307</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flight Verification of a Nitrogen Triple-Point Cryogenic Thermal Storage Unit (CTSU)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1785278</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the flight verification of a nitrogen triple-point Cryogenic Thermal Storage Unit (CTSU), which flew as part of the CRYOTSU payload on STS-95 in late 1998. The CTSU flight unit is a dual-volume device with a 140 cc beryllium cryogenic heat exchanger and a 17 liter stainless steel ambient storage tank. During the flight, the CTSU demonstrated 3 kJ of energy storage at 63.15 K with variable heat loads from 5-9 W. An additional test was performed which demonstrated nitrogen's solid-solid transition at 35 K with 1 kJ of energy storage. The zero-g environment had no measurable impact on CTSU operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:17:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1785278</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation and Verification of Energy Recovery for Piezoelectric Vibration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1716956</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to improve piezoelectric power generation capacity, the evaluation and verification of energy recovery model were established, to explore the effects of vibrators structure, material properties, masses quality, and vibration environment on the piezoelectric vibrators. Piezoelectric vibrators were made up of piezoelectric ceramics, mass blocks, and metal substrates. Then experiment to verify the correctness of the model. The results show that the vibrators will get large generation under random vibration with a vibration frequency of 25 Hz–125 Hz. In this vibration environment, the performance of beryllium copper in several copper-based materials with the same thickness is optimal. The power generation capacity of the mass above 30 g is basically stable at 1 mW, and there are different power generation on the different thickness (0.25 mmhe 0.2 mm) with the same material.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2020 10:24:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1716956</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>X-ray radiography of cavitation in a beryllium alloy nozzle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1625454</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Making quantitative measurements of the vapor distribution in a cavitating nozzle is difficult, owing to the strong scattering of visible light at gas–liquid boundaries and wall boundaries, and the small lengths and time scales involved. The transparent models required for optical experiments are also limited in terms of maximum pressure and operating life. Over the past few years, x-ray radiography experiments at Argonne’s Advanced Photon Source have demonstrated the ability to perform quantitative measurements of the line of sight projected vapor fraction in submerged, cavitating plastic nozzles. In this paper, we present the results of new radiography experiments performed on a submerged beryllium nozzle which is 520?µm in diameter, with a length/diameter ratio of 6. Beryllium is a light, hard metal that is very transparent to x-rays due to its low atomic number. We present quantitative measurements of cavitation vapor distribution conducted over a range of non-dimensional cavitation and Reynolds numbers, up to values typical of gasoline and diesel fuel injectors. A novel aspect of this work is the ability to quantitatively measure the area contraction along the nozzle with high spatial resolution. Analysis of the vapor distribution, area contraction and discharge coefficients are made between the beryllium nozzle and plastic nozzles of the same nominal geometry. When gas is dissolved in the fuel, the vapor distribution can be quite different from that found in plastic nozzles of the same dimensions, although the discharge coefficients are unaffected. In the beryllium nozzle, there were substantially fewer machining defects to act as nucleation sites for the precipitation of bubbles from dissolved gases in the fuel, and as such the effect on the vapor distribution was greatly reduced.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Aug 2019 15:51:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1625454</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NUCLEAR TESTING CORRELATED AND APPLIED TO COMPACTION CONTROL IN COLORADO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121934</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A DESCRIPTION IS GIVEN OF THE INVESTIGATION MADE BY THE COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS INTO THE FEASIBILITY AND PRACTICALITY OF USING COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE NUCLEAR DEVICES TO PERFORM MOISTURE AND DENSITY TESTS IN THE FIELD ON HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. THE CORRELATION FOUND BETWEEN NUCLEAR AND CONVENTIONAL METHODS IS PRESENTED ALONG WITH AN EXPLANATION OF THE EQUIPMENT AND ITS BASIC FUNCTIONS. ELECTRONIC RELIABILITY IS DISCUSSED AND DATA CONCERNING THE AMOUNT OF PERSONNEL IRRADIATION WHILE WORKING IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH EQUIPMENT CONTAINING ISOTOPES OF CESIUM AND RADIUM-BERYLLIUM ARE GIVEN. THE USE OF A NUCLEAR DEVICE TO CONTROL THE COMPACTION OF EMBANKMENT MATERIAL ON A LARGE PROJECT IN WESTERN COLORADO IS DESCRIBED AND ACCEPTANCE OF THIS NEW CONCEPT OF TESTING BY FIELD PERSONNEL IS RELATED. PRELIMINARY INFORMATION CONCERNING AN ATTEMPT TO CORRELATE THREE DIFFERENT NUCLEAR DEVICES WITH THE CONVENTIONAL METHOD OF DETERMINING THE DENSITY OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE SURFACE COURSES IS ALSO PRESENTED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121934</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENTS IN RADIOISOTOPE MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT AND DENSITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/128102</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE PAPER DESCRIBES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT WORK CARRIED OUT ON THE TECHNIQUE OF DETERMINING THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOIL BY NEUTRON IRRADIATION AND DENSITY BY BACK-SCATTERING OF GAMMA RAYS. A NEW INSTRUMENT IS DESCRIBED THAT EMPLOYS A SINGLE RADIUM-BERYLLIUM SOURCE GIVING BOTH NEUTRONS AND GAMMA RAYS. THE SOURCE IS USED IN A SINGLE PROBE FOR SURFACE WORK OR IN A SINGLE DEPTH PROBE FOR MEASUREMENTS OF DEPTH. SOME NEW FEATURES IN THE APPARATUS INCLUDE A MEANS OF CONTROLLING THE EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF WHICH DENSITY IS MEASURED AND THE USE OF SPECIAL REFLECTING DEVICES TO INCREASE THE SENSITIVITY IN MOISTURE DETERMINATIONS. EXTENSIVE STUDIES OF THE VOLUME AND DEPTH OF SOIL MEASURED AND OF THE PROBLEM OF ACHIEVING ACCURATE CALIBRATION OF THE INSTRUMENT OVER THE PRACTICAL RANGE OF MOISTURE CONTENT AND DENSITY ARE DESCRIBED. EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT FIELDS OF APPLICATION OF THE INSTRUMENT ARE GIVEN. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Aug 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/128102</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF A NUCLEAR SURFACE DENSITY GAGE FOR ASPHALTIC PAVEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/110155</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE NUCLEAR METHOD OF DENSITY DETERMINATION CAN BE APPLIED SUCCESSFULLY TO DENSITY MEASUREMENTS OF BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT. TEST RESULTS INDICATE THAT AN ACCURACY OF 1% CAN BE OBTAINED WITH THE P-22 SURFACE DENSITY PROBE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH A FILTER WHEN A MAXIMUM OF TEN 2-MINUTE TRIALS ARE TAKEN AND THE DENSITY DOES NOT EXCEED 130PCF. THIS CAN BE REDUCED TO THREE 2-MINUTE TRIALS FOR AN ACCURACY OF 2%. AN ACCURACY OF BETTER THAN 2% CAN BE OBTAINED WITH THE PAVEMENT PROBE DEVELOPED IN THE LABORATORY USING A 3MC RADIUM-BERILLIUM SOURCE IF TWO 2 MINUTE TRIALS ARE TAKEN. THIS ACCURACY APPLIES OVER THE DENSITY RANGE OF 110 TO 150 PCF. DENSITY MEASUREMENTS OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT WILL BE AFFECTED BY A CHANGE IN DENSITY OF THE SUBGRADE WHEN THE P-22 SURFACE DENSITY PROBE AND FILTER ARE USED. IT IS REASONABLE TO EXPECT AN ERROR OF LESS THAN 2 PCF FOR PAVEMENTS HAVING A THICKNESS OF 3 IN. OR MORE AND A DENSITY RANGE OF 110 TO 140 PCF ON SUBGRADES HAVING THE SAME RANGE IN DENSITY. SUBGRADE DENSITY DOES NOT HAVE SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE COUNT RATE FOR THE PAVEMENT DENSITY PROBE. SURFACE ROUGHNESS MAY PRODUCE ERRORS IN DENSITY MEASUREMENTS UP TO 2 1/2 PCF., AND IT SEEMS TO BE THE MOST CRITICAL FACTOR IN DENSITY MEASUREMENTS. THERE IS NO INDICATION THAT AGGREGATE GRADATION HAS AN EFFECT ON RESULTS OBTAINED BY NUCLEAR MEASUREMENT OF DENSITY. CHANGES IN COUNT RATE DUE TO CHANGES IN AMBIENT TEMPERATURE MAY REQUIRE A CORRECTION FACTOR WHEN THESE CHANGES BECOME EXTREME. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THIS COULD CAUSE AN ERROR OF UP TO 5 PCF IF NOT CORRECTED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 May 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/110155</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MEASUREMENTS OF LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE IN DRILLED SHAFTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/124661</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS PROJECT INVOLVES THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND TESTING, IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD, OF INSTRUMENTATION CAPABLE OF MEASURING THE LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES ALONG A DRILLED SHAFT. THIS PROJECT SUMMARIZES AND SYNTHESIZES THE THEORIES WHICH SET THE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SOIL PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES BASED ON SOIL BEHAVIOR. THE PROJECT ASSIMILATES THE PRESENT KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING TRANSDUCERS AND PRODUCES A PRESSURE CELL DESIGNED TO MEASURE LATERAL PRESSURES AGAINST A DRILLED SHAFT UP TO 50 PSI. DESIGN 'MAPS' BASED ON TIMOSHENKO'S THEORY OF A CLAMPED EDGE, CIRCULAR, THIN PLATE ARE GIVEN. THESE 'MAPS' ALLOW THE INVESTIGATOR TO ARRIVE AT THE THICKNESS OF A DIAPHRAGM KNOWING THE DESIRED PRESSURE TO BE MEASURED, THE DIAPHRAGM DEFLECTION TO DIAMETER RATIO, AND THE DESIRED SENSITIVITY OF THE CELL. A BERYLLIUM COPPER CELL 2 3/4 INCHES IN DIAMETER AND 1/2 INCH THICK WAS CONSTRUCTED. THE ELECTRONIC PRESSURE SENSING ELEMENT IS A SPECIAL FOUR-ARM BONDED FOIL STRAIN GAGE. THE CELL HAS BEEN USED TO MEASURE THE PRESSURES EXERTED AGAINST A DRILLED SHAFT UNDER CURING AND LOADING CONDITIONS. ADDITIONAL WORK WILL BE NEEDED TO EVALUATE COMPLETELY THE LATERAL-EARTH-PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD TRANSFER FROM SHAFT TO SOIL. IT IS FELT THAT THE DESIGNED GAGE IS SATISFACTORY. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/124661</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A BENDING TENSILE TEST TO DETERMINE THE CRUSHING STRENGTH OF SEWER PIPES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/173678</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A problem which frequently arises in assessing the cause of structural failures in sewers is the difficulty of determining the strength of the pipes.  Withdrawal of complete undamaged pipes for testing is often impossible, and all that may be readily available is broken fragments of pipe.  This report describes experience gained with the use of a German din test, in which the crushing strength of whole clayware pipes is estimated from tests on small pieces; a modification for estimating the anisotropy of the pipe material is also described.  The test is used to examine the relation between the proportion of damaged pipes and the structural integrity of the sewer.(a) (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Jan 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/173678</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES IN THE PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING OF ROAD INVESTMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/148364</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper advocates a new and modern approach of making economic analysis, on which decisions should be founded regarding investments in roads.  Although all costs and benefits cannot be assessed with any high degree of accuracy, their calculation is necessary if impartial criteria are needed for fixing priorities.  Long-term planning on the basis of detailed studies of the road system - road network - is a condition for selecting parts of the network which deserve top priority.  A methodology for the network should be developed, from which priorities should be derived for various routes.  In taking the decision, the magnitude and character of the benefit derived must be clearly determined.  The importance of the analysis and proposed solutions is emphasized. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/148364</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR BERYLLIUM IN AIRCRAFT BRAKE APPLICATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/69334</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The corrosion resistance of Glidden's Glid-Guard Silicone Hi-Temp Primer paint and the protection afforded to the beryllium substrate in salt-water environments is excellent and the primer (and perhaps other similar paints) should be a viable coating for use on beryllium brakes in aircraft applications.  Manganese is anodic to beryllium in 5% salt fog, 3.5% NaCl solution, and in Cleveland tap water.  The electroplating of manganese onto the 4130 steel carrier plates (for sintered iron friction pads) appears to be a viable approach to eliminate the pitting-type galvanic corrosion observed on some F-14 brakes.  Other materials in contact with the beryllium (such as titanium) presumably could also be plated with manganese.  The managanese plate has little effect on the mechanical properties of the steel substrate, even after a thermal treatment of 1 hour at 982 degree C.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/69334</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OPERATION ACTION. APPALACHIAN THRUWAY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/62334</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report, the culmination of thirty months of information and fact gathering by the Appalachian Thruway Economic Development Council, Inc., is to show how the thruway will encourage economic growth by aiding tourism trade and industrial expansion. Pointing out the benefits of the thruway, the report also seeks to assist and encourage programs to reduce excessive unemployment and underemployment in the region the thruway will serve.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Nov 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/62334</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DISCUSSION OF "UNUSUAL POTENTIAL DROP DURING THE APPLICATION OF THE ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL METHOD IN A FRACTURE MECHANICS TEST - DISCUSSION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/66681</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fatigue cracks were produced by tension-tension cycling at R=0.1, where R is the ratio of minimum to maximum loads. Portions of these cracks would likely be closed at zero load.  This would account for the initial rise in electrical potential as the crack first opens on subsequent test loading.  For the two materials with coarse fatigue crack surfaces, the initial rise in potential was followed by a precipitous drop, which may be the result of recontact of the coarse fatigue crack surface facets.  No drop in potential was experienced by the material with relatively smooth fatigue crack surfaces, supporting the "recontact' thesis.  For the beryllium tested, the potential did not initially rise, but instead immediately decreased to a minimum value and then rose smoothly until discontinuous jumps were produced by cracking.  In order for the unique behavior of beryllium to be explained, more research is needed to be done.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Mar 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/66681</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SULPHUR TRIOXIDE IN METALLURGY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/39699</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reactions of sulphur trioxide (SO3) with minerals and ores (or potential metallurgical importance) are outlined and their potential applications are briefly reviewed.  The characteristic reaction with oxides (MO+SO3=MSO4) has been used to treat complex oxide ores at temperatures between 400 and 750 deg C.  Thus small amounts of uranium in slate ash have been converted to a water-soluble form by treating it with SO3 at 600 deg C.  Similarly, nickel and iron contained in laterite have been solubilized.  Sulphur trioxide has been proposed for the recovery of manganese from low grade ores, and for the solubilization of beryllium.  The reaction of suplhur trioxide with sulphides has also been studied.  Zinc sulphide has been converted to the sulphate.  Copper and nickel have been extracted from a complex sulphide ore by contacting the ore with a mixture of sulphur oxide and air at 520 deg. C.  The action of a mixture of sulphur dioxide dioxide and oxygen on chalcopyrite at 600-800 deg. C is discussed.  The reaction of sulphur trioxide with sulphide is important in metallurgy.  A promising outlet for sulphur and sulphur dioxide (from the desulphurization of natural gas, petroleum etc.) is their conversion of sulphur trioxide for treating metal ores.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Aug 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/39699</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASSESSING THE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS FOR THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF PAVEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/138841</link>
      <description><![CDATA[At the present time, knowledge concerning the mechanical properties of materials has not progressed as rapidly as pavement design methods, and the conventional tests used for selecting the composition of pavement mixes are not directly related to the mechanical characteristics affecting their performance in the pavement.  The Laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussees have under-taken the development of a series of tests allowing the basic properties of pavement materials to be fully defined.  For the gravel treated with hydraulic binders used in the base course, the modulus of elasticity, which is required for calculating the distribution of stresses and strains in the pavement, is determined from the stress-strain curve obtrained during direct tensile testing. The values obtained are characteristic of very rigid materials.  The risk of fatigue failure is examined by means of fatigue bending tests; the observed behavior is very different from that of asphaltic materials and this has major consequences on pavement design.  The risk of cracking by shrinkage is examined from strain failure under direct tension, or by means of special tests in which the prevented thermal shrinkage process is reproduced in the laboratory.  The spacing between the cracks may be estimated from the breaking strength under direct tension.  For asphaltic materials, the moduli values necessary for calculating the distribution of strains and stresses in the pavement are given by the complex modulus test.  Other modulus values may be obtained through the relaxation test or from stress-strain curves obtained during the direct tensile test.  Master curves of these different moduli are compared.  The risk of fatigue failure is examined by means of fatigue bending tests with the imposed strain.  Failure strength and strain data under direct tension are also given, and this test is compared with the Brazilian test. The tensile and compression test allows the determination of variations in cohesion and internal friction with the loading rate and with temperture.  Resistance to rutting in asphaltic materials is also examined by means of creep tests under compression, or by a test based upon the wheel tracking test. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Oct 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/138841</guid>
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