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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A NUMERICAL STUDY OF MOORED VESSEL RESPONSE TO BEAM WAVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480291</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a study of the response of a moored vessel to beam waves.  The nonlinear stiffness characteristics of the fender and mooring system are idealized and the sway and roll response of the vessel as well as the forces in the mooring lines and on the berth are simulated numerically.  The hydrodynamic coefficients are calculated using a computer program based on linear diffraction theory and are applied in turn to a time-stepping procedure.  Comparison of the numerical results with available experimental data shows favourable agreement.  The effects of the ratio of the fender, and mooring line stiffness and of the pretension forces on thee vessel motions and mooring forces are examined and discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480291</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HIGHLY NONLINEAR ROLLING MOTION OF BIASED SHIPS IN RANDOM BEAM SEAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480063</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent developments in dynamical systems analysis are applied and extended to the study of highly nonlinear ship rolling motion and capsizing in random beams seas.  Damping and wave excitation moments are dealt with as perturbations since they are relatively small compared with inertial effects and hydrostatic righting moments.  There is no restoring moment due to hydrostatic loads, and bias effects are included.  Safe and unsafe areas are defined in the phase plane of the unperturbed system model to distinguish the qualitatively different ship motions of capsize and noncapsize. Capsize events are represented by solutions passing out of the safe region.  The probability of such an occurrence is studies using the Neinkov function and the concept of phaseflux rates.  Expressions for the phase space flux rate are derived and evaluated by numerical integration.  The correlation of phase space flux and capsize is investigated through extensive simulation.  It is shown that these analytical tools provide reliable, predictive information regarding the likelihood of a vessel capsize in a given sea state.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480063</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CAPSIZE CRITERIA FOR NONLINEAR COUPLED HEAVE AND ROLL OSCILLATIONS IN BEAM SEAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/455851</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The coupled (heave and roll) oscillations of a ship in transverse sinusoidal waves are considered.  In contrast to much of the recent research in this area nonlinear effects, fluid-structure interaction and geometry of a realistic vessel are included in the analysis.  The ship hull is described by a set of realistic transverse sections and fluid influence coefficients are computed using three-dimensional linear interpolation from tables taking into account the instantaneous waterplane and the frequency of the waves.  Because of the highly nonlinear and complex nature of the governing equations of motion the main thrust of this paper is based on numerical simulation.  The fundamental forcing parameters of this problem are the wave height and wave frequency.  As expected, large response amplitudes occur for large wave height and proximity of the fundamental frequency of the waves to a natural frequency of the vessel.  However, nonlinear effects have a strong influence on these results.  Several initial conditions of the system were chosen and therefore transient effects are an integral part of this study.  Combinations of wave parameters leading to either steady-state motion or capsize are mapped out as 'safe' and unsafe' conditions respectively.  Suggestions are made concerning how this information could be incorporated into a relatively simple criterion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/455851</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NONLINEAR AND LINEAR MOTIONS OF A RECTANGULAR BARGE IN A PERFECT FLUID</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/439616</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The motion of a rectangular barge in beam seas is studied within the framework of potential flow theory.  A simulation technique based on the Mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian method is described.  It allows the simulation of the flow and the resulting barge motions to be performed with either linear or fully nonlinear boundary conditions on the hull and on the free surface.  Efficient artificial boundary conditions are implemented that allow nonlinear and linear simulations to be performed over a large number of wave periods.  Results from linear frequency domain theories are recovered and nonlinear phenomena are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/439616</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE ROLL-EXCITED SLOSHING IN A FLOODED COMPARTMENT OF A FISHING VESSEL IN REGULAR BEAM SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/445926</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effects deriving from the coupling between the roll motion of a ship and the sloshing of free surface liquids on board have been studied experimentally.  A large scale fishing vessel equipped with a floodable compartment has bee tested in a beam sea, the roll angle and the shipped water activity being measured respectively by an inclinometer, level transducers and videorecording.  The results confirm and highlight the strong coupling between roll and sloshing and stress the importance of an accurate prediction, for both the consequences of safety from capsizing and structural integrity of the walls of the containers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/445926</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SLOW DRIFT OF A FLOATING CYLINDER IN NARROW-BANDED BEAM SEAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/431886</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For a long cylinder floating on the sea surface, incident sea waves with a narrow frequency band excite body oscillations of short and long periods.  Depending on the stiffness of the mooring system, the body displacement of the long-period motion can be comparable with, or even greater than that of the short-period oscillations.  By combining the asymptotic methods of multiple scales and inner and outer expansions, an essentially analytical theory for slow sway of both small and large amplitudes is described.  Besides showing results for various quasi-steady and transient incident waves for a rectangular cylinder, the effect of the gap between the keel of the body and the sea bottom is examined.  It was found in particular that a small gap can enhance moderate resonance by blocking the flow due to long waves and increase the apparent mass of the cylinder. Real-fluid effects are not included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/431886</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ON THE EFFECT OF HULL FORMS AND OTHER FACTORS ON THE CAPSIZING OF SAILING YACHTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/446793</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The capsizing and re-righting of three types of sailing yacht: IOR, traditional and intermediate, was experimentally investigated in beam sea conditions.  The experiment was conducted in a concentric transient wave, varying the wave height and the height of the centre of gravity of the models.  The effect of the mast, cabin and keel on the stability curves and on the critical wave height was also examined.  In the capsizing experiment, the models with a mast suddenly slowed down the rolling motion just after the masts plunged into the water because of the impulsive force and damping which affect the masts.  For a short time the models kept a certain angle, which was almost independent of hull forms and model conditions. As a result, the relation between that stopping angle and the stability vanishing angles was crucial for capsizing.  The stability vanishing angle was also crucial for the re-righting motion.  The minimum necessary stability vanishing angle and the way of improving the capsizing resistance is discussed.  Lowering the centre of gravity or attaching a small float on top of the mast could be an easy and effective way to prevent capsizing disaster because that leads to a large stability vanishing angle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/446793</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WAVE TANK TESTING AND THE CAPSIZABILITY OF HULLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/447027</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The capsize of model ships excited by the naturally propagating wave front created by a laboratory wave maker that is suddenly switched on is studied.  Such a test is shown to give a good measure of the capsizability of a hull form, and the resulting transient capsize diagram is compared with earlier studies of premature transient capsize under stepped sinusoidal forcing.  Some useful design observations are also made, based on the sustainable wave slope of a vessel under tuned, worst-case, beam-sea excitation. Realistic wind loading can give a 30% reduction in the sustainable wave slope, emphasizing that the capsizability of a symmetric, unbiased, vessel is an unreliable guide to its safety at sea.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/447027</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FLOATING CONNECTED MODELS IN REGULAR BEAM WAVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/444348</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents studies carried out in a wave flume in regular beam waves of different frequencies, on floating models connected alongside with hinge connections.  The heave, roll and sway, normalized with the wave amplitude are reported for a single box, single half cylinder, twin box, twin half cylinder, box-half cylinder and a half cylinder-box configuration.  The response of the box and half cylinder in all these configurations are compared and the effect of different configurations on the response reported.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/444348</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR ROLLING IN A BARROW BAND SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/439618</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses ship rolling in a beam sea, with particular regard to the possibilities offered by the bifurcations in the regions of synchronism and of the main subharmonic.  The analysis is limited to obtaining frequency response curves in terms of roll variance in synchronism and to the frequency response and excitation threshold in the case of subharmonic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/439618</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARAMETRIC EXCITED ROLL MOTION OF SHIPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/440505</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, analytical solutions of a nonlinear equation for parametric excited roll motion are given, and some features of the solutions are analysed.  According to the results of model tests in a regular beam wave, the motion stability, the time history of the motion and the amplitude-frequency response of the parametric roll are investigated.  The influences of roll damping, metacentric height and wave etc. on the parametric roll are discussed.  It shows that: 1.   There exists a region of parametric excited roll motions, where the natural roll frequency is about half of the wave frequency.  In this region, a large parametric resonance roll motion may occur. 2.   The influence of the parametric roll resonance, the amplitude of which is the same order as that of the main roll resonance, on ship stability should not be ignored. 3.   The parametric excited roll motion is of a strong nonlinear characteristic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/440505</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A NONLINEAR PROBABILISTIC METHOD FOR PREDICTING VESSEL CAPSIZING IN RANDOM BEAM SEAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/447026</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The capsizing of vessels in random beam seas is investigated using a single degree-of-freedom model which is limited to the roll motion.  Several factors, including sea wave spectra, nonlinear righting moment characteristics, and nonlinear damping, are taken into account in the analysis.  A nonlinear probabilistic method is developed by combining ideas from modern nonlinear dynamics (specifically, the Melnikov function and the phase space area flux) and random vibrations.  Conditions for the onset of vessel capsizing are obtained in terms of the sea state characteristics (significant wave height and characteristic wave period) and the vessel parameters (damping and stiffness coefficients).  Extensive numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate the validity of the analytical results.  It is found that there exists an excellent correlation between the rate of phase space flux and the probability of capsizing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/447026</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF STRONG NONLINEAR EFFECTS IN THE ROLLING MOTION OF A DESTROYER IN BEAM SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/450336</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A campaign of experiments on ship rolling in regular beam sea has been conducted on scale models in a towing tank.  The research was aimed at studying the features of nonlinear rolling and at obtaining realistic values for the parameters relevant to this motion as damping, excitation and stiffness.  The experiments conducted on a 1:50 scale model of a destroyer evidenced the presence of a bifurcation in the steady response.  A jump from the low or anti- resonant oscillation to the high resonant state has been obtained by means of a shock while maintaining to a fixed value the wave excitation.  The analysis of the phase lag between excitation and rolling confirmed the jump due to a bifurcation.  The experimental results can be represented with satisfactory agreement by means of a perturbative solution of the nonlinear rolling motion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/450336</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RISK ANALYSIS APPLIED TO THE CAPSISING OF HIGH-SPEED CRAFT IN BEAM SEAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/441633</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a proposed theoretical method for evaluating the probability of capsising for a ship drifting in beam seas based on risk analysis, which can be used for a new ship type.  As an example, the method was applied for two high-speed craft, whose hydrodynamic coefficients were obtained from model experiments.  As a result, the risk analysis indicates that the acceptable risk using the Japanese weather criterion for these craft is about less than 10-50 per roll cycle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/441633</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF FLOATING TWIN BODIES IN BEAM WAVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/444346</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The dynamic responses of twin bodies with or without connections under the action of beam waves are discussed.  The boundary integral method is employed to calculate the velocity potentials of fluid.  Effort has been made to reduce the computing time of the Green function and its normal derivative on the body surfaces.  The dynamic equations of a single cylinder or twin cylinders in the frequency domain are solved numerically.  The irregular frequencies for twin bodies are discussed.  In order to find some regularity in the interaction between waves and the twin bodies, a systematic calculation for different parameters such as different stiffness of connections and different distances between the two bodies, different water depths etc., are performed.  The calculated responses for a single half-circular cylinder are compared with the experiments  performed in a wave flume and were in very good agreement.  The dynamic responses of twin half-circular cylinders with connections of different stiffness have been calculated and also compared with the experiments carried out in the wave flume.  The calculated responses of the heave of the twin bodies coincide with the measurements.  The effects of different stiffness, different distances between the two bodies and different water depths on the responses are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/444346</guid>
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