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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Beach Sand as a Construction Material: Bibliography</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559738</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This bibliography contains 86 citations with summaries on the topic of beach sand as a construction material.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 26 Jul 2025 19:49:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559738</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Coastal Erosion-Induced Landslide in South Orange County</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344410</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Coastal erosion and sea level rise have become common issues along the coast of Southern California not only from an environmental standpoint but also from a geotechnical standpoint. This case study presents reactivation and partial movement of an ancient landslide along the Orange County coastline due to the significant loss of sand buttressing the landslide at the beach. The landslide reactivation resulted in tension cracks that extended through a community parking lot and several residential lots above the beach. A forensic geotechnical engineering investigation was performed to characterize the subsurface soils and groundwater conditions and to monitor the landslide movements using inclinometers, piezometers, and crack monitors. This study indicated that a portion of the neighborhood was constructed over an ancient landslide which, until recently, was essentially buttressed by beach sand deposited along the toe of the landslide. Over the last several decades, the beach sand slowly eroded until the beach was almost completely gone following a high tide event in July of 2020. The removal of beach sand that buttressed the toe of the ancient landslide led to the reduction of the slope stability safety factor to less than 1.0 triggering reactivation of a portion of the landslide. The reactivation resulted in damage to the parking lot area, underground utilities, one empty residential lot, and four homes at the head scarp of the reactivated portion of the landslide as well as compromising and deforming the railroad track near the landslide toe. The beach sand depletion was confirmed through the geologic modeling and slope analyses as the triggering method for the reactivation. Temporary stabilization measures were put into place consisting of adding approximately 17,400 tons of rip-rap along the west side of the railroad that served to add weight at the toe of the active portion of landslide. The temporary stabilization measures served to temporarily halt the movement, however, high tide events triggered by Hurricane Kay resulted in additional beach sand loss and landslide movement. Several more rounds of rip-rap were added while permanent stabilization measures were being developed to satisfy the multiple stakeholders. As of July 2023, permanent stabilization measures have been completed. This case study of coastal erosion induced landsliding in southern Orange County highlights both the need for sustainable designs and future mitigation measures as well as the geotechnical challenges as the coastline erodes due to sea level rise, urban sprawl, state mandated water quality measures reducing sediment transport to the ocean, and other manmade improvements that otherwise change/impede sand deposition along the coast.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2024 09:24:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344410</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Occurrence and characteristics of fibreglass-reinforced plastics and microplastics on a beach impacted by abandoned fishing boats: A case study from Chellanam, India</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2242022</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Plastics and microplastics have been quantified and characterised at disposal sites of abandoned fishing boats and along the high-water line (HWL) of a fish landing centre in Chellanam, India. Fibreglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) made a greater contribution to the plastic pool at the disposal sites (~ 4.5 n m¯² and 18 g m¯² than the HWL (~ 0.25 n m¯² and < 1 g m¯²) and was an abundant component of the microplastic pool at the former. Infrared analysis of micro-sized FRPs revealed various resins (e.g., alkyd, polyester, epoxy), while X-ray fluorescence analysis of the painted surfaces of meso-sized FRPs returned variable concentrations of copper and lead. Concentrations of Pb were high enough to contaminate sand up to ~400 mg kg¯¹. The relatively high density of FRP and its association with glass fibres and metal-bearing paints results in particles with potentially very different fates and toxicities to more “conventional” (non-composite) thermoplastics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Sep 2023 14:46:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2242022</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Inferences on Sediment Production and Transport at Carbonate Beaches Using Larger Foraminifera</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2153433</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the tropical Central and West Pacific as well as in the East Indian Ocean the symbiont-bearing benthic foraminifera (single celled marine organisms getting size of a few millimeters) are the main producers of calcium-carbonate grains deposited at carbonate beaches. The proportion of larger foraminifera tests on sand grains ranges from 20 to 95 %. This amount depends on the two factors productivity and transport, since the larger foraminifers do not live on or in the sandy bottom near the beaches, but prefer firm substrate in high-energy environments close to the front of coral reefs. Therefore, foraminiferal tests are produced in extreme numbers on the reef crest that is covered by filamentous macroalgae or in the transition zone between the crest and the reef moat. After the release of the test by reproduction or death, empty tests are entrained through the high water energy acting at the reef crest and transported. This transport depends on the direction and intensity of currents connecting the production area (reef crest and transition to the moat) with the deposition area (central moat, lagoon, beach). Devastation of the production area and/or the interruption or diversion of water flow hinders the accumulation of larger foraminifera tests at the beach. Understanding the ecology of larger foraminifera in combination with the transport of empty tests is thus necessary to preserve the equilibrium between deposition and removal of sand at carbonate beaches.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Apr 2023 16:33:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2153433</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Carbonate Beaches 2000</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2160712</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This collection contains 21 papers on carbonate sand beaches, major coastal features in tropical regions of the world and present in selected temperate locations. Because carbonate sand beaches are formed in a way different from the silicate beaches found along many temperate coastlines, the management strategies for carbonate sand beaches vary significantly from those for silicate or feldspar beaches. These papers represent a comprehensive multidisciplinary exchange of state-of-the-art information on improved management strategies for carbonate sand beaches. Topics include: beach rock; remote sensing; beach nourishment; beach development and biogenic framework; pocket beaches; geotechnical and geologic framework; reef structures and beaches; and coastal processes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Apr 2023 11:41:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2160712</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Backshore nourishment of a beach degraded by off-road vehicles: Ecological impacts and benefits</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1694684</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Worldwide, spoil from maintenance dredging of navigation channels is increasingly used to opportunistically nourish beaches. This is often justified on the presumption that nourishment will improve public beach amenity and restore sandy beach habitat. However, this is not necessarily the case, especially for beaches that do not have an immediate threat of significant erosion. The authors addressed the ecological impacts and benefits of a backshore sand nourishment project conducted along an off-road vehicle (ORV) damaged section of Blacksmiths Beach, New South Wales, Australia. Sediment, sourced from dredging the inlet of nearby Lake Macquarie, was placed on the foredune, ORVs were excluded and low-density vegetation was planted. Sampling before and after the management interventions, at the Impact (nourished) site, two Control sites (with ORVs), and two Reference sites (without ORVs), assessed ecological impacts of nourishment and the efficacy of the interventions in rehabilitating vegetation and invertebrate communities degraded by ORVs. Nourishment initially had large negative impacts on vegetation cover, as well as on invertebrate abundance and richness. Recovery to a pre-nourished state was, however, observed for vegetation cover after 9 months and invertebrate communities after 21 months. Nevertheless, by the end of the authors' study that extended 21 months post-nourishment and ORV exclusion, there was no evidence of change in the nourished site towards the state of Reference sites. Overall, the study suggests that small-scale backshore sand nourishments of ocean beaches may have only short-term negative impacts on foredune ecosystems when accompanied with some replanting. Nevertheless, where the frequency of sand disposals is greater than the required recovery time, or cumulative effects amass, longer-term or sustained impacts may occur. The study does not support the efficacy of sand nourishment as a tool for ecological restoration, at least in the short term, without sustained replanting and weeding efforts aimed at reinstating the vegetation community.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2020 12:26:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1694684</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Longshore Sediment Transport Rate Estimation near Harbor under Low and High Wave-Energy Conditions: Fluorescent Tracers Experiment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1603562</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main objective of this research was to contribute to the comprehension of actual physical processes responsible for sand accumulations at the Cap Djinet harbor entrance and its immediate surroundings. This maritime infrastructure was implemented at the nearshore area of a sandy cap situated between the mouths of two wadis and bordered by sandy barred beaches classified in the microtidal intermediate beaches category. This stretch of coastline had never been investigated before, and given the importance of sedimentary transfer, an original dual experimental and modeling approach was adopted by using fluorescent tracers to identify sedimentary rates and flux directions under variable wave-energy conditions and testing the adaptability of four well-known formulas for longshore sediment transport predicting local sediment transport conditions. Offshore wave data covering the experimental period were extracted from the Wavewatch III database and input into a two-dimensional (2D) refraction–diffraction model to predict the nearshore wave conditions. The fluorescent tracing results revealed a convergence of sedimentary transfers toward the harbor for any offshore swell regime, with transfer rates reflecting conditions of low and high energy but remaining site specific to the morphodynamic state of each beach. A comparison of results of measured and predicted sedimentary fluxes indicated that the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) model yielded satisfactory results under high-energy conditions and that the Kamphuis model was valid under low-energy conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Jun 2019 14:41:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1603562</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovative Bio-Mediated Particulate Materials for Sustainable Maritime Transportation Infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1481392</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary objective of this research project is to develop bio-mediated particulate materials to enhance the resilience and protection of maritime transportation infrastructure elements. The advanced materials are based on microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) for the sandy soils in the coastal area and beach sands. A testing program was designed to test the MICP processes under biotic conditions and their durability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Sep 2017 16:27:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1481392</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Littoral Bypassing and Beach Restoration in the Vicinity of Port Hueneme, California</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1389006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Port Hueneme Harbor, California, constructed in 1940, resulted in the average annual erosion of 1,200,000 cubic yards from the shoreline downcoast of the harbor. The cause was diversion by the north jetty of the harbor of littoral sand movement into the Hueneme canyon, A sand bypass system was established in 1960 – 61 by construction, one mile upcoast, of Channel Islands Harbor fronted by an offshore breakwater 2,300 feet in length and located on the 30-foot-depth contour. This breakwater serves a dual function of sheltering the harbor entrance and acting as a littoral sand trap. Three cycles of biennial littoral sand bypassing have been successfully completed resulting in supply of 11,000,000 cubic yards of sand to the eroding shoreline at an average annual cost of $0.40 per cubic yard, including annual maintenance and amortization of structures. Comparison of design of the structure to the impounding characteristics experienced during three bypass cycles indicates that the dimensions and capacity of a sand trap formed by an offshore breakwater can be based upon the diffraction patterns of prevailing wave trains at the two ends of the structure and is independent of the depth and dimensions of the entrapment area. Rate of impoundment is equal to the rate of littoral drift at Port Hueneme.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2016 09:47:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1389006</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Construction of Offshore Fishing Port for Prevention of Coastal Erosion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1388082</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When constructing a small fishing port along a sandy beach, the most important considerations are how to prevent sand deposition at the port entrance and beach erosion along the down-drift side of the port. To solve these problems, an offshore fishing port connected to the shore by a bridge was planned at Kunnui, Hokkaido Prefecture. The port was designed to allow littoral drift to pass between the port and the shore. The appropriate shape and offshore distance of the port to restrict the development of tombolo was determined by hydraulic model tests and numerical simulations of wave-induced current near the port. Bottom sounding was carried out in parallel with the construction work. As a result, the development of tombolo was restricted to some extent and no serious beach erosion occurred. This port seems to have generated unexpected strong cell-like circular currents on both sides, and sand deposits deposited by these currents. There are, however, no problems at present concerning the shape, offshore distance and location of the port entrance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2016 09:47:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1388082</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Liquefaction Evaluation of the CREC Geotechnical Experimentation Site Near Charleston, South Carolina Based on Cone Tests</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1122132</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A geotechnical experimentation site is being developed at the Clemson University Coastal Research and Education Center (CREC) near Charleston, South Carolina. The development of the CREC geotechnical site is part of a three-year research project sponsored by the National Science Foundation on characterization of the liquefaction resistance of aged soils. The site is located on a beach deposit of the 100,000-year-old Wando Formation. Investigations conducted at the site include 3 seismic and 3 non-seismic cone tests with pore pressure measurements. The beach sand is 10 to 13 ft (3 to 4 m) thick. The ground water table is located at a depth of about 3 ft (0.9 m). Field evidence indicates that this beach sand did not liquefy during the 1886 Charleston earthquake. To correctly predict low liquefaction potential at the site based on the cone penetration test data, an age (or deposit resistance) correction is needed. This finding agrees with a recent liquefaction potential mapping study of Charleston peninsula. Because aged soils are common in South Carolina and throughout the world, these findings may have a significant economic impact on the seismic design of bridges and highways]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Nov 2011 14:51:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1122132</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Signal Processing of Water Level Fluctuations in a Sloping Sandy Beach Modeled in a Laboratory Wave Canal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/935346</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In coastal processes, the strong water movements due to short periodic waves (such as sea swell) can induce irregular water level fluctuations in the swash zone and within the sandy beach. In this paper, the measured water level fluctuations in a wave canal with a sloping sand beach were analyzed by using seven capacitive sensors. Fourier spectrum and multi-resolution wavelet analyses were used to study these water level fluctuations. Several dominant periods for the entry water level were identified with Fourier analysis. The corresponding amplitudes and phases were obtained by wavelet analysis. A simplified (bimodal) Fourier approximation was then determined for the irregular water level fluctuations, with a good agreement with the original signals, which, therefore, could be used as the entry condition for numerical simulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Sep 2010 14:38:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/935346</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling Cross Anisotropy in Granular Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/814865</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A constitutive model has been developed to capture the behavior of cross-anisotropic frictional materials. The elastoplastic, single hardening model for isotropic materials serves as the basic framework. Based on the experimental results of cross-anisotropic sands in isotropic compression tests, the principal stress coordinate system is rotated such that the model operates isotropically within the rotated framework. Experimental plastic work contours on the octahedral plane are plotted for a series of true triaxial tests on dense Santa Monica Beach sand to study the effects of cross anisotropy on the evolution of yield surfaces. The amount of rotation of the yield and plastic potential surfaces decreases to zero (isotropic state) with loading. The model is constructed for cases where the principal stress and material symmetry axes are collinear and no significant rotation of principal stresses occur. The model incorporates 14 parameters that can be determined from simple experiments, such as isotropic compression, drained triaxial compression, and triaxial extension tests. A series of true triaxial and isotropic compression tests on dense Santa Monica Beach sand are used as a basis for verification of the capabilities of the proposed model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2007 13:00:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/814865</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NC Coastal Highway Vulnerability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/809235</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The vulnerability of North Carolina coastal highways to damage from persistent shoreline erosion and individual storms is a major problem for North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT).  This report provides an update to a 1991 study that identified "hot spots" where the highway was likely to require some remediation to maintain the transportation link.  The present analysis identifies the potential vulnerability for a 20-year period beginning in 2003.  The study includes both a long-term analysis based upon the rates of shoreline change and the location of the highway, and a short-term analysis based upon the simulation of individual storms.  The latter analysis was only undertaken at an area near Kitty Hawk on the Outer Banks.  The overall conclusion of this study is that there are numerous locations along the North Carolina coast where the combination of highway location and shoreline erosion lead to vulnerable conditions now, or within the next 20 years.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Jun 2007 11:15:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/809235</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Closure to "Three-Dimensional Responses of a Tied-Back Excavation through Clay" by Richard J. Finno and Jill F. Roboski</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/794237</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In regard to the magnitude of the preload, the authors note that quantification of the relative merits of prestressing the ground anchors at either 75% or 100% of the design load is difficult. In their paper, the authors report that the first two level of ground anchors, located in beach sand, were nearly at the same elevation. This was physically possible only because the contractor horizontally staggered the anchors in these two rows. The authors further state that in order to evaluate response differences that are strictly the result of differences in the prestress, one would need excessively detailed three-dimensional numerical analyses. The authors cite Finno et al. (2002) regarding presentation of data from instrumented anchors collected at a different Chicago excavation. Results show that the anchors, locked off at 100% of the design loads, remained essentially constant throughout the excavation. As for the discusser's query about optimal prestress value, the authors are unaware of any supporting numerical studies or performance data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2006 10:11:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/794237</guid>
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