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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Performance relationships and specifications for asphalt pavements in Queensland (2020-2022): fatigue performance of AC20H(C600) asphalt mixes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509091</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Full depth asphalt is the most commonly used pavement type for heavily trafficked pavements in south east Queensland. These pavements have historically been designed using the presumptive asphalt moduli and fatigue relationships provided in Part 2: Pavement Structural Design of the Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology and the Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads (TMR) Pavement Design Supplement. However, concerns have been raised about how well these presumptive relationships represent the performance of asphalt mixes currently being supplied to TMR projects. The purpose of this National Asset Centre of Excellence (NACOE) research project was to characterise the modulus and fatigue behaviour of several locally manufactured dense graded asphalt basecourse mixes using the procedures in TMR's Technical Note 167, A New Approach to Asphalt Pavement Design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:02:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509091</guid>
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      <title>Evaluating the Influence of Reclaimed Asphalt Shingles as Alternatives for Granular Base Course Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470491</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) constitute a widely generated material with significant potential to reduce construction costs and contribute to environmentally friendly practices by diverting waste from landfills, thereby promoting greener construction. Many researchers have underscored the importance of considering both negative and positive impacts of incorporating RAS into pavement structures. This approach offers sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and effective dust and noise control, coupled with low maintenance requirements when utilized in the surface layer of the pavement, as compared to the underlying disadvantages, including potential separation of RAS and aggregates, reduced cohesiveness, lower stability, and adverse effects on the ground and wildlife. This study provides a comprehensive literature review of research on the utilization of RAS material in road construction, along with laboratory evaluations assessing the use of RAS as a substitute for a proportion of base course material. Recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) were sourced from the City of Lethbridge and processed into particles smaller than 19 mm. The granular base course material was replaced with 10%, 20%, and 30% RAS, and the particle size distribution of the materials was analyzed to assess compatibility with the City of Lethbridge base course material specifications. The literature review indicates that RAS utilization in road construction is a sustainable method for using waste material with some negative impacts on performance which could be decreased using selected additives like clay, fly ash, etc. The results indicate a decrease in optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) of the mixture with increased RAS content. A reduction in the strength of the materials prepared for the base course with increasing RAS is observed, and 10% RAS is determined to be the optimum content to maintain the 80% and higher California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Jan 2025 13:52:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470491</guid>
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      <title>Foamed bitumen stabilisation of basecourse on Brand Highway, Western Australia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2427514</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Brand Highway (H004) forms part of a major road network linking Perth with the regional centre of Geraldton and the North-West of Western Australia. The Highway is a strategic restricted access vehicle (RAV), Category 7 freight route, as well as a local access between town sites and rural access areas. Brand Highway has been constructed in various stages from 1962 using a variety of locally-sourced materials such as crushed limestone, laterite and crushed granite in the subbase and basecourse layers. The section that was investigated as part of the initial project is situated between SLK 4 and SLK 50, directly north of the Muchea Road Train Assembly Area. The posted speed of this section of road is 110 km/h and it consisted of a two lane, two-direction bituminous sealed surface with 3.5 m lane widths. Sealed shoulder widths varied from 0.5 m to 1.5 m. Apart from the geometric improvements required to widen the surface width to include a 1.0 m wide median strip for riding quality and safety reasons, one of the project objectives was to increase pavement life expectancy with a cost-effective rehabilitation design. In situ recycling of 250 mm of the existing basecourse and subbase layers together with 50 mm imported crushed rock to facilitate shape correction and improve drainage, using foamed bitumen and lime proved to be the optimum solution. This paper will give an overview of the pavement rehabilitation design conducted, describe the construction methodology followed and quality control testing conducted on site.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Sep 2024 14:18:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2427514</guid>
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      <title>Investigation of Asphaltenes-Modified Binders for Application in High Modulus Asphalt Concrete Mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344468</link>
      <description><![CDATA[High Modulus Asphalt Concrete (HMAC) is a type of mixture with high mechanical performance including high elastic stiffness, high deformation resistance, and good fatigue resistance. Application of HMAC is limited in cold climatic regions due to its low flexibility and stress relaxation capacity. In this study, the application of binders modified with asphaltenes for high modulus base courses in cold regions was investigated. The Witczak regression model was used to determine the minimum binder performance grade to meet the dynamic modulus requirement of the HMAC mixes. Asphaltenes were used to modify one crude-oil based asphalt binder with Performance Grading (PG) of 70-22, as well as four binders derived from Alberta oil-sands bitumen from different sources. The results of rheological tests indicated that the impact of asphaltenes on the performance of binders was more pronounced at high temperatures rather than low temperatures. The magnitude of the viscosity changes was found to depend directly on the percentage of asphaltenes added. The changes in viscosity were reflected well in the mixing and compaction temperatures. Overall it was concluded that the Alberta oil-sands binders modified with asphaltenes could achieve the performance grade required for high modulus asphalt concrete base course applications in cold regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2024 14:11:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344468</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Implementation of intelligent compaction in Queensland: Year 2 (2019–20)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2169743</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Intelligent compaction (IC) can provide important and immediate roller operating parameters to the operator (in the form of a visual map) to ensure that pavement layers and earthworks are compacted uniformly and in accordance with appropriate standards. IC data can also be uploaded and stored online for archiving and remote-monitoring purposes. Over the last decade, this technology has gained popularity around the world and has been shown to improve construction quality and productivity. This project commenced in the 2018–19 financial year to facilitate the implementation of IC technology in Queensland. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken during the first year to evaluate the potential benefits of such technology for the Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads and the wider road construction industry. This report is a summary of the activities undertaken during year two (2019–20). Year 2 focused on the development of a pilot project-specific technical specification for use in demonstration trials. The specification was successfully trialled on the Ipswich Motorway Upgrade Stage 1 (Rocklea to Darra) project. The IC technology was trialled on different materials compacted as part of the project including embankment fill, subgrade, cement modified base and unbound granular base.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 May 2023 15:54:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2169743</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Review of the design, characterisation and production of foamed bitumen stabilised base courses for pavement construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112888</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2023 15:42:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112888</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Investigation of MRWA hydrated cement treated crushed rocks base trial sections: Stage 1</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112784</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is stage 1 of the Western Australian Road Research and Innovation Program (WARRIP) project. The main purpose of this stage is to investigate the performance of Hydrated Cement Treated Crushed Rock Base (HCTCRB) trial sections in the Perth metropolitan area. This includes performance monitoring, HCTCRB specification comparisons, review of the current design procedures and providing a possible project plan for further research. Overall performance for the roads and sections in this report is acceptable however continuous performance monitoring particularly in relation to cracking is required on these roads. This research indicates that the pavements mentioned are behaving similar to bound layers, thus highlighting the need for alternative or modified tests specifications in order to improve the confidence of this material to behave as an unbound material.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2023 15:33:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112784</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Reid Highway basecourse test sections: performance to December 2008: revision of report no. 2004/17 M (volume 1)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2078040</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As a result of poor performance of crushed rock base (CRB) on Kwinana Freeway between 1987 and 1994, a project was undertaken to investigate ways of improving the stiffness and reducing the moisture sensitivity of CRB. The effects of various additives and methods of stabilisation were investigated and it was found that small amounts of cement significantly modified the performance of CRB. It was believed that if a small quantity of cement was added to the CRB and the material was disturbed during hydration to prevent setting up, the CRB would show a marked improvement in strength and reduced sensitivity to moisture. This method of stabilisation was perceived as having great potential. This material became known as Hydrated Cement Treated Crushed Rock Base (HCTCRB). To further investigate HCTCRB and assess its performance in the field, a series of test sections were constructed on Reid Highway in Caversham in 1996. In addition to HCTCRB, test sections were also constructed of untreated and stabilised CRB, stabilised limestone and a new product proposed for basecourse by industry called LIMUD. This report summarises the performance of the test sections to date. This document updates the earlier Report 2004/17M which included 3 volumes of appendices containing test data from 1996 - 2003. This report references those appendices and also contains test data from testing conducted post 2003.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Dec 2022 14:34:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2078040</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation and identification of parameters affecting the penetration of emulsion bitumen on aggregates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987576</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 2022 12:04:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987576</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Permeable pavements for flood control in Australia: spatial analysis of pavement design considering rainfall and soil data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1970992</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2022 16:38:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1970992</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Uppföljning av provväg E6 med polymermodifierade bundna lager : Uddevalla</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948889</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The test road Geddeknippel–Kalsås was built in 2003–2006 as a part of the E6 motorway north of Uddevalla in both south and north directions. Test sections were constructed with polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) consisting of several variants of SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene) and EVA (Ethylene-vinyl acetate). The test sections have been planned by the Swedish Transport Administration in collaboration with industry. The purpose is to clarify the benefit of using the PMB in asphalt mixtures in asphalt concrete layers of flexible pavements.  Long-term-pavement-performance was carried out through laboratory tests of samples and follow-up measurements. Evaluation of the pavement’s sections and prognoses of deterioration development at the test sections has been carried out with various models and test methods. The results showed that the asphalt concretes with and without PMB aged over time, however, to varying degrees. Hardening of asphalt concrete due to aging affects the development of pavement conditions and this must be considered for correct assessment of degradation of the sections. It was found that the PMBs used in this work can significantly affect the function of asphalt concretes. The choice of a PMB must be planned considering the desired functional characteristics and the asphalt concrete layer position in a road structure. Different PMB variants may be needed for different purposes. For example, different PMBs may be needed against rutting alternative fatigue cracking and sometimes the conventional asphalt concrete may be most optimal considering pavement life and from a socioeconomic aspect.  Rutting model PEDRO has been found to be a practical tool for clarifying the impact of the most important parameters on rut growth in bitumen-bound layers. It describes the proportion of rut depth from each asphalt layer and in respect of the layer’s functional properties and position in the road structure for an optimal choice of asphalt materials. The Swedish Transport Administration's investment in counting traffic volume through WIM (Weight-in-motion) measurements is superior to the current method based on estimation of the traffic volume from AADT (Average Annual daily traffic) in prediction of in-situ life. However, so far there are very limited WIM measurements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 May 2022 17:07:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948889</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Applicability of recycled plastic and demolition wastes as pavement base/subbase materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1938178</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research study aims to evaluate the appliaability of utilizing polyethylene terephthalate plastic waste blends with recycled concrete aggregates and crushed bricks as sustainable materials for road base/subbase and footpath applications. The study comprises four stages; unbound, cement-stabilization, geopolymer-stabilization and field study of concrete footpath with recycled materials. The geotechnical properties of plastic/demolition waste blends were evaluated and theoretical model parameters were developed at each laboratory stage. Moreover, the strength and durability parameters of the field footpath were evaluated. The research outcome can be used to divert significant amount of waste materials from landfills and into sustainable pavement construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Apr 2022 15:45:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1938178</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improvement of compacted soil-cement using natural rubber latex for pavement applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1938177</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This thesis studies the possibility of using natural rubber latex (NRL) to improve the engineering properties of compacted soil-cement in pavement applications. NRL replacement was found to significantly enhance the mechanical strengths of cement-NRL stabilized soil. The optimum NRL replacement ratios providing the highest mechanical strengths, durability, and fatigue life were found at 20%, 15%, and 10% for 3%, 5%, and 7% cement contents, respectively. Even though the NRL films within the soil-cement matrix improved the cohesion of the soil matrix, it was found to retard cementation bonding. As such, the excessive NRL replacement not only reduced the compatibility but also retarded the cement hydration and, hence, the strength reduction. The outcome of this research will result in the promotion of NRL utilization as an eco-friendly and sustainable additive in cement stabilized pavement base/subbase courses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Apr 2022 15:44:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1938177</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Selection and use of unbound granular pavements with thin asphalt surfacing: 2018/19</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1925756</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2017, TMR sponsored a multi-year project under the National Asset Centre of Excellence (NACoE) research program with the aim of improving the understanding and design methodology associated with unbound granular pavements with thin asphalt surfacings (TAS-UB). This report summarises the activities and findings from the Year 2 of the project which include utilising trends of TAS performance as derived from inventory and condition data from ARMIS, an attempt to use data provided by local government organisation and the results from field testing of material properties of performing TAS segments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Mar 2022 08:33:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1925756</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Structural performance of unbound granular material: modified 'C' grading</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1909613</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Main Roads Technical Specification Part 5 (MRTS05) provides a technical standard which applies to the construction of unbound granular pavements, where it may be used as part of the construction of unbound pavements or as the base and/or sub-base for sprayed seal or asphaltic pavements. For Type 2 and 3 unbound materials, depending on the project requirements, the grading may be specified as Grading B, C, D or E, with the C grading typically being specified for a high proportion of state roads in regional areas. When compared to equivalent specifications in Victoria and New South Wales, the Queensland grading allows a much wider grading range. A modified version of the C grading envelope has been introduced after several regions had experienced construction and performance issues with ‘boney’ crushed rock granular pavements. This project involved a number of tasks aimed at investigating the overall impact of introducing a modified C grading, either in place of, or alongside an existing C grading, or as an option to specify for use in certain jobs and regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Feb 2022 14:18:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1909613</guid>
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