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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Improving terminal fire safety with minor impact on operational continuity using performance-based design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2355335</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bologna Airport is dealing with a significant increase in passenger flows. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic, traffic volume is rapidly growing and will soon exceed previous traffic records. Against this background, the airport has supported new infrastructure investments in order to both optimise existing terminal functional use and to comply with stringent fire safety requirements on terminal buildings, in line with new Italian airport safety legislation. In particular, Bologna Airport has planned a short-term investment specifically regarding the Terminal Smoke Management System, consisting of smokevents and smoke extraction fans that work in coordination with fire detection systems and other fire suppression systems already installed into the building, and with the Terminal Fire Emergency Plan. For this kind of system, the Italian laws and standards set a basic prescriptive approach that simplifies the design phase with conservative solutions, with invasive, costly and time-consuming installations that are generally not compatible with operational continuity needs for terminal areas. As an alternative, a performance-based design approach is allowed for more customised solutions, focusing more closely on the design phase and terminal functional strategy. This case study shows how Bologna Airport implemented a performance-based design approach in order to minimise the impact of the new system installation throughout the terminal, optimising the engineering solutions with no constraints from the terminal functional flexibility point of view as well as saving over 75 per cent costs and construction time, compared to a traditional prescriptive approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2024 15:18:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2355335</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Mass Casualty Incident Preparedness for Airport Emergencies: Report From an Aeroplane Crash Simulation at Guglielmo Marconi Airport, Bologna (Italy)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329602</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a full-scale simulation conducted at Bologna International Airport, Italy, in October 2022 to help emergency medical services learn to handle airport mass casualty incidents.  The authors note that, while rare, airport emergencies are potentially catastrophic so disaster preparedness is essential.  This two-and-a-half hour crash simulation exercise featured a full-size airplane crash that triggered the airport’s emergency plan, including the use of supplementary teams (ambulances, medical cars, and other emergency vehicles).  The simulation included 27 “patients” who were evaluated by EMS; the analysis of the performance found that triage assessment was correct for 81.48% of the simulated casualties.  Of the remaining patients, 11.11% were over-triaged and 7.41% were under-triaged.  All patients were transported to the hospital and the authors note that having a trauma center within 6 kilometers of the airport facilitated this transportation.  They conclude by reiterating some of the lessons learned from this simulation, including ways to improve communication within the different agencies and plans to move ambulances within the airport runway structure without needing guidance from airport personnel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Mar 2024 10:11:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329602</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Fighting business uncertainty with Scenario Planning at Bologna Airport: An antifragile experience in times of COVID-19</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1934144</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The unprecedented impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our lives during the last 18 months has been evident, as in the aviation sector. The level of uncertainty we all have to face, both at the personal and the managerial level is so high that traditional planning approaches have become useless. We are not in the position to understand or forecast how the future will evolve, because the number of variables is high and the interactions somehow unknown. Under these circumstances, we need to evaluate our business options under alternative ‘futures’ with different strategies to be implemented. This paper describes the approach undertaken by Aeroporto G. Marconi di Bologna to ‘fight business uncertainty’, applying a Scenario Planning approach, in the darkest hours of the COVID-19 pandemic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Apr 2022 17:02:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1934144</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integration between aircraft and handling vehicles during taxiing procedures to improve airport sustainability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1900339</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Integration of procedures is an important aspect of the air transport system, which focuses mainly on interoperability, safety and security. While both transport analysts and air operators have studied the integration aspects concerning these main items, less attention has been devoted to some other integration features that could reduce airport environmental impacts. In this article, the integration between handling vehicles and aircraft during taxi-out procedures has been analysed by referring to the prototypal, semi-robotic vehicle called TaxiBot. Aircraft emissions due to taxiing have been modelled for before and after scenarios, this latter referring to the use of the Taxibot. A simulation of the benefits - both environmental and monetary effects - obtained by using the TaxiBot system has been made on a medium-size airport in Northern Italy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jan 2022 17:25:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1900339</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Neural networks trained with WiFi traces to predict airport passenger behavior</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1709095</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of neural networks to predict airport passenger activity choices inside the terminal is presented in this paper. Three network architectures are proposed: Feedforward Neural Networks (FNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and a combination of the two. Inputs to these models are both static (passenger and trip characteristics) and dynamic (real-time passenger tracking). A real-world case study exemplifies the application of these models, using anonymous WiFi traces collected at Bologna Airport to train the networks. The performance of the models were evaluated according to the misclassification rate of passenger activity choices. In the LSTM approach, two different multi-step forecasting strategies are tested. According to the authors' findings, the direct LSTM approach provides better results than the FNN, especially when the prediction horizon is relatively short (20 minutes or less).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2020 09:49:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1709095</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Connectivity carbon and noise levels in the airport neighbourhood</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1606376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many airport connectivity measures have been studied and proposed in the literature to capture both the effects of increased/reduced airport connectivity and the quality level of the connections. This study focuses on the relationship between connectivity – measured by air links and number of flights – and airport carbon/noise local levels. Although airport connectivity evokes the perception of geographical distances covered by air services, on ground connectivity consequences affect directly airport neighbourhood. Increased airport connectivity generally generates increasing number of airport movements that, in turn, produce higher levels of environmental externalities, such as noise and carbon emissions, mainly on local communities. To quantify such relationship, the Viable Connectivity Index (VCI) is proposed, which combines connectivity and noise/carbon levels at the airport. The index could be used as a preliminary test of airport operator policy actions to identify suitable policies addressed to reduce their noise and carbon amount and keep at the same time good connectivity levels. The test case of Bologna airport - a large regional airport in Northern Italy - is also discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Jun 2019 11:40:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1606376</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving taxi-out operations at city airports to reduce CO2 emissions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1543044</link>
      <description><![CDATA[City airports cause many environmental concerns on population living in their neighbourhood and several actions are often imposed to airport operators and other involved stakeholders in order to reduce impacts and improve the life quality of neighbouring inhabitants. While some solutions have been widely studied – e.g., green surface accessibility – some others, such as taxi-out procedures, have received less attention. However, taxi-out procedures, which are part of the Landing and Take-Off (LTO) cycle, generate a remarkable amount of the whole airport environmental impact, especially carbon emissions. The goal of this paper is to propose an element-by-element approach that could help stakeholders to adopt targeted solutions. Particularly, the airport activity contributing to the airport carbon impact is split into elementary segments in order to compute the environmental effects produced by each elementary source of pollution. The advantage of this approach is the identification of targeted actions on specific segments, which generates more positive effects for the several involved stakeholders. While the study focuses on taxi-out procedures, the proposed approach is general and can be applied widely to simulate other airport activities that contribute to the airport carbon impacts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Oct 2018 09:26:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1543044</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How can regional airports make the most of opportunities open to them? Lessons learned from Bologna Airport’s experience</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1485626</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Regional airports can range from highly profitable companies to loss-making pure connectivity providers, depending on their geographical and competitive positioning. Analysing the performance of Bologna Airport, the authors propose a taxonomy of regional airports, depending on their primary function and considering their logistics and relative degree of competition. In the final part of this paper, Bologna Airport’s business strategy is proposed in detail, as an example of how regional airports can utilise their strengths in order to build competitive advantage and create value for their stakeholders and shareholders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Oct 2017 09:11:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1485626</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A transport carbon footprint methodology to assess airport carbon emissions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1308824</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airports are important nodes in the air transport system, but also local sources of environmental impacts. Emissions of CO₂ are among the most relevant ones because of their potential greenhouse effects. Many policies and guidelines have been identified at national and world level to reduce such kind of impacts. In this paper, a Transport Carbon Footprint methodology has been set to identify Unit Carbon Footprints (UCFs) linked to some identified emission macro-sources – i.e., land vehicles, on-ground aircraft, airport handling and terminal equipment – to compute the contribution of the single macro-source to the total amount of CO₂. Particularly, UCFs due to transport activities have been defined according to some relevant transport variables. The computation of UCF values for a given airport allows computing both the contribution of each macro-source and also evaluating the effectiveness of transport-related actions aiming at reducing the carbon impact. The methodology has been applied to the airport of Bologna, in Northern Italy, and its UCF values for the identified macro-sources have been computed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 May 2014 10:15:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1308824</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Defining a New Framework for a Regional Airport in an Unstable Business Environment: The Bologna Airport Experience</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/927639</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bologna Airport is a regional airport that serves two roles:  it is a point-to-point airport for domestic and international destinations served by low-cost airlines and it is a feeder airport for domestic and international hubs.  The airport has been an engine for economic development in the region for almost 50 years.  This paper discusses how Bologna Airport has recently undergone a radical change in its business strategy and value proposition.   Two main driving forces are responsible for this change.  First, new management was appointed in 2007, which brought with it a new strategic plan that redefined the airport's competitive positioning and strategic objectives.  Second, an industry-wide paradigm shift that included increased competition between airports at both local and global levels, a bigger role for low-cost carriers, and difficulties for Italian flag and legacy carriers. After a thorough strategic analysis and a deep review of longstanding practices, the airport operating company published a new strategic plan for its business.  The plan is based on three ‘pillars:  a more balanced approach to traffic development with special attention to the low-cost segment; consolidation of traditional retail and parking; and real-estate activities.   The goal is to leverage the core strengths of the airport's catchment area in order to achieve sustainable development for the company and its stakeholders.  In the first 2 years of the strategic plan, productivity increased by 19%, and non-aviation revenues increased by 9%.  In addition, the airport’s market share in the catchment area increased from 19 to 22%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Sep 2010 09:12:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/927639</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quick Work at Bologna Airport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/911512</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Repaving operations at Bologna Guglielmo Marconi International Airport in Italy are profiled. Involving milling and reasphalting worn surfaces in the shortest period of time possible, such operations needed to maintain the highest quality standards and also avoid any interruption to normal airport service. The activities of Societa Cooperativa Costruzioni, the general construction company responsible for scheduled maintenance, are profiled in regard to repaving a runway link, the ECO link, and some  sections of the taxiway.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jan 2010 09:09:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/911512</guid>
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