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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>The role of the Digital Participatory Platforms in street experiment processes. Two cases from Italy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670202</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Digital Participatory Platforms (DPPs) play a significant role in expanding citizens' opportunities to engage in public debate through their technical agency and crowdsourcing approach. They enable the collection and sharing of opinions, ideas, direct experiences, and data without the spatial, temporal, financial, and practical limitations of traditional, non-digital participatory processes. In the mobility domain, DPPs have been used to improve knowledge of mobility habits and needs, assess the quality of mobility services, and facilitate interaction among stakeholders involved in planning, managing, and implementing mobility solutions. Despite these advantages, DPPs also present various drawbacks and limitations. These stem both from the inherent challenges of managing any public participation process and from the digital nature of such platforms, which require disruptive changes compared to traditional engagement techniques. This paper examines the processes in which DPPs are embedded, as well as the type, structure, design, and functionality of two platforms (Commonplace and Decidim) tested in Bologna and Milan (Italy). It applies five analytical lenses -objectives, management, participation, technology, and effects - to advance understanding of the role of DPPs in supporting the co-creation and evaluation of tactical urbanism experiments. Key lessons highlight the importance of aligning participation goals with the administrative and resource capacity to manage platforms effectively; ensuring continuous management, promotion, and integration with existing local engagement methods; and adopting complementary offline approaches to guarantee inclusivity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jun 2026 09:02:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670202</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Citizen-science approach for an environmental analysis: The case study of university cyclists in Bologna</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667072</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Climate change represents a critical vulnerability in urban areas. Shifting from the concept of Urban Resilience (UR) to Urban Sustainability (US) is considered a driver for reducing the impacts of climate change. This transition is feasible by encouraging bottom-up citizen engagement in urban policies and promoting sustainable active mobility, a sector in which cycling plays a significant role. This paper proposes an innovative methodology based on a citizen-science approach (bottom-up level), developed and carried out in Bologna, Italy, to investigate the correlation between the number of bike rides and users' awareness of environmental pollutants. About 50 bicycles specifically designed with environmental sensors to collect environmental data (PM10 and PM2.5) were distributed to university staff. A statistical analysis exploring possible relationships was carried out, and the main outcome was the identification of a multiple regression analysis (MLR) between trips, pollutants, and other variables related to the built environment. This integrated approach represents a novel contribution to the field, combining environmental monitoring and active mobility to support citizen-informed urban sustainability strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 09:20:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667072</guid>
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      <title>Application of an Impact Model to Assess the Development of Urban Regeneration Project: The Case Study of DumBO District</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579507</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The European Commission states the mission of the New European Bauhaus (NEB) as the initiative that wants to connect the European Green Deal to the living spaces. It calls to create together a sustainable, beautiful, and inclusive future. Given this new target, the Creating Actionable Futures (CrAFt) European project wants to support the implementation of the NEB principles in the cities. The consortium starts to develop the CrAFt’s NEB Impact Model as a guidance tool oriented to a systemic approach to be adopted in complex urban interventions. In that sense, the cities can use their existing indicator sets for integrated planning and sustainable goals. This paper aims to analyze the applicability of a new methodology for the assessment of urban mobility based on the Impact Model tool. The pilot case in Bologna is analyzed to define the impact of urban transformation that has been realized in the Multi-functional Urban District of Bologna (DumBO). DumBO is a space of continuous transformation in which an urban regeneration space, where an old freight yard have been addressed to culture, art, social activities in close relation with the territory culture, sociability and sustainability. Thus, it is a place where associations, business companies and citizens collaborate and contaminate each other. The research examines indicators, starting by the sustainable mobility, the active and the public transport KPIs. In this way, this set of indicators will contribute to the assessment of aspects related to mobility, This research will help the decision-makers to assess and promote sustainable solutions through this set of indicators that clarifies complex aspects during the urban regeneration process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579507</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Does the Opening of a High-Speed-Rail Station Impact House Prices? Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment: Reggio Emilia Mediopadana</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579951</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the impact of the Reggio Emilia Mediopadana High-Speed Rail (HSR) station on local property prices, utilising a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) research design. The study leverages the quasi-random location of the station, situated between Bologna and Milan, to assess its effects on property markets. Using data from the Italian “Housing Market Observatory” (OMI) provided by the Italian Revenue Agency, we analysed property price trends across various geodetic distances and travel time zones, focusing on the differential impact on civil and commercial properties. Our results indicate a significant positive effect on civil (residential) properties, particularly in areas located 20–30 kms or 15–30 min from the station, with price increases ranging between 2 and 6%. These findings highlight the benefits of improved connectivity for suburban residential markets, where the demand for housing is driven by commuting convenience and affordability. In contrast, commercial properties saw minimal or no price increases, suggesting that businesses are less sensitive to the improved transport links provided by the HSR station due to potential negative externalities like noise and congestion. The study offers key policy insights, recommending that urban planning strategies align with transport infrastructure investments to enhance residential property markets. Additionally, complementary investments in local infrastructure may be necessary to boost the attractiveness of commercial properties. This paper contributes to the literature by offering robust empirical evidence of the heterogeneous effects of HSR on property markets, emphasising the differentiated impact on residential versus commercial property.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579951</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Physical modelling of the SeAbacus wave energy converter</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655822</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The SeAbacus is a new patent for a floating offshore wave attenuator, which essentially consists of a rafted Salter’s Duck. It is modular, suitable also for low-energy seas and for array installation. This paper presents the first physical model tests carried out in the wave tank at the Hydraulic Laboratory of the University of Bologna. The tests focused on the effects of the device shape (by changing the shape of the Salter’s Duck) and of the mooring layout (by testing a Tension Leg Platform, a Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring configuration and a spread mooring system) under wave attacks characterised by different wave height, wave steepness and wave obliquity. The results of the tests highlight the relevance of the shape of the Salter’s Duck and the capability of the device of producing wave energy also in mild seas, provided a moderate wave steepness. Wave obliquity significantly decreases the device pitch motion. The mooring layout affects the device motions because the more rigid the moorings the higher the device pitch due to combined motions of the raft and of the Salter’s Duck. The best compromise between device pitch motions and mooring loads was achieved with the spread mooring system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2026 08:55:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655822</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>FlowTwin: A Digital Twin for Traffic Flow Monitoring</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658729</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban mobility systems are growing increasingly complex due to rapid urbanization, evolving transportation demands, and rising congestion levels, which lead to travel delays and increased environmental impact. These challenges underscore the importance of developing advanced modeling, monitoring, and management approaches that can capture the dynamics of urban mobility systems and support more efficient, sustainable and adaptive transportation solutions. Mobility Digital Twin (MoDT) has emerged as a promising paradigm for monitoring, managing, and predicting urban mobility by maintaining a synchronized digital replica of the transportation system and enabling feedback to the physical infrastructure. However, most existing MoDT implementations remain fragmented, and tightly bound to specific use cases, limiting scalability, reusability, and broader applicability. This paper presents FlowTwin, a comprehensive methodology and software framework for developing a MoDT for traffic flow monitoring. The proposed approach introduces a dual-phase methodology: an offline phase for modeling and calibration using macroscopic and microscopic traffic flow models to capture both aggregate and fine-grained driver dynamics; and an online phase that enables simulation, monitoring, and feedback generation. The presented architecture is aligned with the capabilities proposed by Digital Twin Consortium, ensuring structured design and extensibility. The feasibility and effectiveness of FlowTwin are validated through its instantiation in the Italian city of Bologna, resulting in BoMoDT. BoMoDT operates on traffic flow streams generated by a city-scale emulator built from real-world mobility data, enabling continuous monitoring, simulation, and feedback within a realistic but controlled environment. Quantitative evaluations confirm BoMoDT’s capability to support accurate traffic simulation and responsive monitoring under diverse traffic scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 2026 10:53:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658729</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Urban Mobility and the Multiscale Structure of Road Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633264</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of future smart cities has driven a new research field where different disciplines cope with the complexity of modern cities: Science of Cities. In particular, urban mobility has become one of the most intensely studied topics, thanks to data sets provided by new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), which make it possible to relate microscopic individual behavior to the statistical laws of urban mobility through the ubiquitous use of mobile phones. In the paper we cope with the problems of pointing out the multilayer structure of an urban road network using a mobile phone GPS data set (the MDT Tim data set) and of building data driven stochastic models for urban mobility using a Maximum Entropy Principle approach. We show as the individual path reconstruction using the GPS data set allows to apply a clustering procedure that divides the urban road network of Bologna city into four connected classes that are related to a hierarchical use of the road network by individuals to perform the urban mobility, and explain the statistical laws on path length and path duration. These results gives possibility of studying the universal properties of congestion formation in an urban road network by using by data driven Markov model that are inferred applying the Maximum Entropy Principle approach of Statistical Mechanics. In this way one reduces the complexity of models and control parameter number and it is possible to study control strategies to limit the congestion spreading.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 14:44:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633264</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of accessibility disparities in urban areas during disruptive events based on transit real data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642567</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main motivation of this paper is to emphasize the necessity of assessing the actual performance of public transportation (PT), rather than relying on schedules, when assessing accessibility and equity in the provision of PT services. Real conditions are reflected in datasets such as the outcomes of Automatic Vehicle Monitoring (AVM) systems, whereas schedules are usually provided as General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS). In light of the dissimilar characteristics of central and peripheral neighborhoods, it is crucial to consider the operational conditions that users encounter, particularly in the context of unexpected disruptions that alter regular service. By examining a real-world case study in Bologna, Italy, the research combines well-known measures and innovative methods and demonstrates notable variation in accessibility and equity in the provision of PT services when comparing results based on real-time data with those based on schedules. This work contributes to a more nuanced understanding of urban accessibility and highlights the need for public stakeholders and transport authorities to incorporate actual service conditions into their evaluations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 10:55:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642567</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Solutions for sustainable last-mile delivery: Pick-up points location with customers’ choice</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583410</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The ever-growing increase of e-commerce is motivating the development of innovative solutions for optimized and sustainable last-mile logistics in the business-to-consumer (B2C) parcel delivery market. Self-collection is a recent but consolidated delivery strategy in the field, allowing customers to autonomously collect parcels from assisted or unassisted dedicated facilities (pick-up points and parcel lockers). However, the success of self-collection depends on the location of such facilities, as this strongly affects customers’ propensity to patronize them. In this context, this paper proposes a mathematical programming model for the optimal location of pick-up points in urban areas. The model seeks to maximize the proportion of customers opting for self-collection to promote this strategy over home delivery. It uses a MultiNomial Logit (MNL) to model customers’ choices. Specifically, in the MNL, parameters reflecting customers’ behaviors are included to represent their preferences for the two strategies. The model is applied to the case of Bologna (northern Italy), and various scenarios are produced by varying parameters. The results demonstrate the relevance of customers’ behavior in affecting decisions and provide numerous managerial insights, thus classifying the proposed model as an effective support tool for the design of self-collection networks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Oct 2025 16:53:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583410</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GIS-based analysis to locate electric vehicle charging stations in an urban environment: a case study in Bologna, Italy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571346</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electric vehicles (EV) are gaining in popularity as a result of the positive effects they have on the environment. Nonetheless, there is still a significant obstacle in the way of their general acceptance, and that is a lack of suitable charging infrastructure. In this research effort, an assessment on the determination of the best places to set electric vehicle charging stations (CS) fully based on Geographic information system (GIS) will be presented. The methodology described is based on the hypothesis that EV in urban areas will be an integral part of a smart city, and their recharging needs should be accommodated within a smart urban planning approach. The study takes into account several parameters, such as population density, the presence of existing CS, and the distance to the main public points of interests. According to the findings, the most advantageous regions are those that are located in close proximity to the major travel destinations, such as railway stations and commercial districts. What has been tested in this study is acknowledged by authors as a valuable tool for public administration when they are in charge to developing EV charging infrastructure in urban areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Aug 2025 13:44:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571346</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifying optimal locations for street experiments: A digital case study in Bologna</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559874</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the integration of digital urban planning tools to identify optimal locations for street experiments, considering multiple parameters. A detailed case study in Bologna, Italy, demonstrates the effective use of three primary digital tools: (i) in-depth accessibility analysis, (ii) GIS walkability mapping, and (iii) comprehensive traffic forecasting. Together, these tools strategically identify optimal spots for transformative street experiments. The study outlines the methodology, highlighting specific parameters used to evaluate the urban landscape. This approach demonstrates how digital tools can revolutionize traditional urban planning, offering precise measurements and insightful visualizations of potential outcomes. The Bologna case study vividly illustrates the transformative power of digital technologies in creating pedestrian and cyclist-friendly environments and their crucial role in future urban development. By harnessing digital innovation, cities can achieve sustainable transformations that enhance residents' well-being and quality of life. Ultimately, this research emphasizes the pivotal role of digital innovation in driving sustainable urban development, fostering inclusivity, accessibility, liveability and overall urban vitality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 11:42:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559874</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Planning for a fair and resilient city. An Inclusive Accessibility by Proximity index</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2493197</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accessibility is a relevant condition for social inclusion, depending on both context (transport systems, land use patterns, temporal availability) and individual features; it may be used for measuring people's ability to participate in social life and activities that contribute to their well-being. In this frame, the paper proposes an Inclusive Accessibility by Proximity Index (IAPI) as a tool for assessing active mobility-based accessibility levels to the services deemed essential for local inhabitants while recognizing the impact of the physical and perceptual characteristics of urban spaces and paths on active modal choices. By considering the responses of different mobility profiles (pedestrians, cyclists, people with reduced mobility) to the urban environments they live and cross daily, IAPI can help direct the construction of planning and urban design measures aimed at promoting walkability and cyclability and improving accessibility via active modes to everyday services, thus envisioning a more sustainable and inclusive city. Taking a cue from the experience conducted in the testbed of Bologna (Italy), the paper describes the methodology for constructing and applying the index, presents the results obtained, and outlines the future steps planned to make the tool more scalable and sensitive to the contexts of use and analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2025 17:08:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2493197</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Co-designing Transport Solutions Towards an Inclusive Public Transport in the City of Bologna</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407986</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Disabled people are undoubtedly one of the most vulnerable groups at risk of social exclusion and among the many obstacles they face there is the difficult use of public transport. The TRIPS (TRansport Innovation for disabled People needs Satisfaction) project, funded by the HORIZON2020 Research and Innovation Program, starts from field research activities and the evaluation of existing mobility and accessibility services to develop and propose co-designed solutions that allow users with disabilities to take on a leading role in the design of transport services. The project consortium is made up of users, organizations from the transport sector, specialists in the field of assistive technologies and public authorities. This paper presents original research, introducing the TRIPS theoretical framework—on which co-design is based and developed—and illustrating how it has been grounded in one of the seven project pilot contexts, the city of Bologna in Italy, with the aim of improving the inclusiveness of urban transport for persons with disabilities by empowering them in the design of transport solutions. Over the past 18 months, SRM Reti e Mobilità—local Authority for Public Transport in the Bologna area—has coordinated the pilot activities, carrying them out in collaboration with the Local User Lead (LUL), who in turn coordinates the Core User Team (CUT), a working group composed of people with disabilities who play an active role in the design of new mobility solutions and in their validation. In order to stimulate synergies towards the co-planning of inclusive mobility, SRM has also established a local Enlarged Working Group, in which local authorities, transport operators, users and associations linked to world of disability interact with the CUT in order to provide feedback on the proposed solutions and their potential implementation. The presented research is of an interventionist type: its results can be capitalized for future applications of the TRIPS theoretical framework and beyond and contribute to the research in the participatory research field.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2024 16:02:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407986</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Generalizable Journey Mode Detection Using Unsupervised Representation Learning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2401983</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Identification of user transport mode using mobile phone-based sensors is a key component of Intelligent Transportation System. However, collecting labels/annotations while switching multiple transport modes into different journeys is tedious. Also, transport type identification working across cities and countries is a prime need. This paper proposes a method for generalizable journey mode detection without using any annotations during training exploiting unsupervised representation learning. The authors' method uses commonalities and diversities across various user’s different journeys, to identify user-specific journey segments from either the same or different city/country. This method is also sensitive to preserve privacy, as it does not use GPS information. The authors propose a multistage unsupervised learning mechanism to form clusters on the learned latent representation using a choice of best distance measure. The authors also propose an Invariant Auto-Encoded Compact Sequence, which is a learned compact representation encompassing the common encoded latent feature representation across diverse users and cities. The authors prove with an exhaustive experimental analysis, that the authors' method, is generalizable across varying users and cities using IMU-Accelerometer sensors. The authors use real-life publicly available transportation datasets captured from two different cities of different countries - Sussex (United Kingdom) and Bologna (Italy), and also in-house data collected from three Indian cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Nov 2024 16:48:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2401983</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Towards a more inclusive mobility: participatory mobility planning at a metropolitan scale</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348260</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Participatory processes are an essential aspect of collaborative planning and decision-making processes, but designing such processes effectively can be quite challenging. This work departs from the assumptions that in sustainable urban mobility planning, the functional urban area needs to be considered, and that citizen engagement is often enacted at the neighborhood level. Under these assumptions, the authors have examined the experiences of 6 metropolitan cases (Bologna, Nantes, Manchester, Montreal, Christchurch, and Santiago de Chile) and draw insights from their experiences. The authors conclude this work with some general reflections on the importance of systemic approaches to effectively plan for sustainable transitions in urban mobility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 May 2024 16:02:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348260</guid>
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