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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: State Alcohol-Impaired-Driving Estimates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2721752</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drivers are considered to be alcohol-impaired when their blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) are .08 g/dL or higher. Thus, any fatality occurring in a traffic crash involving a driver with a BAC of .08 g/dL or higher is considered to be an alcohol-impaired-driving fatality. This fact sheet has motor vehicle traffic crash data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). Key findings include: (1) Of the 39,254 traffic fatalities in 2024 an estimated 11,904 people (30%) were killed in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes. The highest percentage was in Vermont (41%), followed by South Carolina and Texas (40% each). (2) Of the 55,620 drivers in fatal traffic crashes in 2024 an estimated 11,367 (20%) were alcohol-impaired. The percentages of alcohol-impaired drivers in fatal traffic crashes ranged from 14 percent (Alaska) to 36 percent (Vermont). (3) Based on BAC test results of the 55,620 drivers in fatal traffic crashes in 2024 there were 20,083 (36%) with known BAC test results. The percentages of drivers with known BAC test results among all drivers in fatal traffic crashes ranged from 8 percent (Mississippi) to 86 percent (Montana). (4) BAC test results were known for 58 percent of drivers who were killed compared to 18 percent of surviving drivers in fatal traffic crashes in 2024. (5) The State alcohol-impaired-driving fatality rates per 100 million vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in 2024 ranged from a low of 0.16 (Massachusetts) to a high of 0.67 (South Carolina), compared to the national rate of 0.36. Puerto Rico had a fatality rate of 0.54 but was not included in the national rate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 08:51:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2721752</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Designing YOLO11 Variants for Fine-Grained Recognition: SimAM and CMU-NeXt Synergistically Enhance Detection Capabilities for Similar Parts in Automotive Rear Floors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2710762</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper addresses the detection requirements for rear floor components in Chery Automobile’s welding workshop by proposing an enhanced detection algorithm based on YOLOv11. This algorithm integrates advanced attention mechanisms and feature fusion techniques. To tackle the challenge of accurately detecting densely distributed multiple targets in complex industrial environments, we introduce three improved variants: (1) C2f-SimAM variant, which enhances feature extraction by integrating a spatial-aware attention module; (2) C3k2-CMUNeXt variant, which improves feature representation using large-kernel deep convolutions; (3) a comprehensive model that synergistically integrates both enhancements. Comprehensive experiments on a dataset containing 25 industrial parts demonstrate that our variants significantly outperform the baseline YOLO11 model. Under stringent industrial constraints ( ≤50M parameters, ≥50FPS inference speed), the C3k2-CMUNeXt variant with the best performance achieved 92.7 % mAP @ 50 and 72.0 % mAP @ 0.5 : 0.95, which was 7.0 % higher than the baseline. Comparative analysis with six classic detection models validates the superiority of our approach. The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art accuracy for industrial underfloor component detection while satisfying real-time performance and model size constraints.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2710762</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling passenger comfort in turboprop aircraft using objective measures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2708901</link>
      <description><![CDATA[BackgroundA quantitative comfort model will aid in evaluating comfort levels of various target groups before the actual flight of an airplane. However, constructing the model is always a challenge due to the complexity of the phenomenon.ObjectivesIn this paper, we present quantitative comfort models to predict the (dis)comfort of passengers flying with turboprops based on objective measures.MethodsNinety-seven participants took part in two experiments conducted during real flights, during which forty of them had environmental and personal factors recorded using (self-developed) measurement tools. The collected data were analyzed to model the relations between objective measures and subjective feelings.ResultsTwo preliminary models based on gradient boosting regression were developed. The models were able to predict the changes in comfort and discomfort of individual passengers with an accuracy of 0.12±0.01 and 0.21±0.01 regarding normalized comfort and discomfort scores, respectively. Additionally, contributions of different factors were highlighted.ConclusionThe outcomes of the models show that we took a step forward in modeling the human comfort experience using objective measurements. Anthropometry (including age), seat positions, time duration, and row (noise) emerged as leading factors influencing the feeling of (dis)comfort in turboprop planes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2708901</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ergonomic Assessment of Glove-Box Design in Passenger Vehicles for
          the Indian Scenario</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717215</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Passenger vehicles experience severe packaging constraints around the instrument                     panel, rendering glove-box operation a critical yet ergonomically underexplored                     interaction. Although glove-box interaction occurs frequently during routine                     vehicle use, its potential implications for ergonomic risk remain largely                     unexamined in existing automotive research. To isolate the influence of                     driver-side packaging constraints from component-level design effects, this                     study adopts a comparative evaluation of driver and co-driver glove-box                     interaction as a built-in control condition. This study introduces a                     discomfort-based evaluation framework that integrates Digital Human Modeling                     with India-specific anthropometric datasets. A composite loss-function scoring                     model is developed to quantify functional usability differences across four                     glove-box configurations, defined by variations in latch placement (center or                     side) and storage-bin mechanisms (fixed or rotating). Indians are utilized to                     assess reachability and visibility during glove-box interaction. Ergonomic                     performance is analyzed through reach and visibility metrics for both latch                     actuation and storage-access tasks. For the co-driver, all configurations                     exhibit 0% loss, confirming that usability remains unaffected. In contrast, the                     driver assessment reveals pronounced limitations. Center-mounted latches prove                     inaccessible from a neutral seated posture, reflecting an approximate loss                     function of 55%. Among the side-latch alternatives, the rotating-bin                     configuration achieves the lowest discomfort score (41%), supported by more                     favorable access posture and smoother hand-entry alignment. The findings specify                     that ergonomic limitations stem primarily from driver-side packaging constraints                     rather than inherent flaws in the glove box unit. Based on the reach and                     visibility loss values obtained through the developed framework, the Side-Latch                     + Rotating-Bin configuration emerges as the most suitable design option for                     passenger-vehicle layout. The proposed methodology offers a practical                     decision-support tool for early stage ergonomic evaluation of glove-box                     configurations in passenger vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:41:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717215</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental assessment of occupant responses and restraint systems performance in reclined and non-standard postures under oblique pole side impact conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2705573</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although significant progress has been made in vehicle safety, lateral collisions remain among the most challenging scenarios for injury severity. Existing side-impact protocols are based on standardized occupant postures; however, many real-world seating positions fall outside these regulated conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate occupant responses in non-standard postures under oblique pole side-impact conditions. For this purpose, experimental sled tests were conducted using a WorldSID 50th-percentile male Anthropometric Test Devices (ATD), following the Euro NCAP Oblique Pole protocol. Three commercial restraint systems were tested across three different scenarios: nominal regulatory posture (S0), fallback ready configuration with backward-rotated arms (S1), and reclined leisure posture also featuring backward arm rotation (S2). Findings demonstrated that the arm positioned aligned with the torso (S1) hindered side-airbag deployment and lead to a pronounced increase in thoracic rib deflection relative to the nominal seating posture (S0), whereas abdominal protection was unaffected. The reclined posture (S2) substantially altered airbag deployment kinematics, modified load paths and resulted in reduced protection effectiveness. Significant increases in T12 acceleration were obtained driven by the greater lateral excursion of the pelvis, which resulted in a more severe impact with the interior side structures. This study highlighted the importance of explicitly accounting for occupant arm positions in the design of lateral vehicle restraint systems or considering different airbag strategies for passenger and driver seats. Furthermore, the observed loss of effectiveness in seat-integrated restraint systems underscores the need for future systems to provide robust protection for backward-rotated arm and reclined occupant.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 16:34:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2705573</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Augmented Reality and Multimodal Interfaces for Astronaut Training and In-Orbit Operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712079</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Augmented Reality (AR) and multimodal human–machine interfaces (MMI)— combining visual overlays, voice, gesture, eye- tracking, and biometric sensing—are maturing into flight-relevant technologies capable of transforming astronaut training and in-orbit operations. These interfaces can reduce task time, lower procedural errors, and mitigate cognitive workload, thereby strengthening crew autonomy and mission safety.Global operational experiences from International Space Station (ISS) augmented- reality trials and related international programs are synthesized to inform the proposed system architecture and validation framework: (i) an overview of India’s current AR/MMI-related ecosystem relevant to human spaceflight, including astronaut training pipelines and research collaborations; (ii) a mission-grade AR/MMI system architecture and multimodal fusion/decision logic suitable for human-rated operations; (iii) algorithms and programming examples for AR-driven finite-state-machine (FSM) procedures and workload-sensitive adaptation; and (iv) simulation-backed datasets across representative procedures indicating approximately 20 to 30 percent task-time reduction and approximately 40 to 50 percent error- rate reduction under controlled conditions (based on ten procedures and twenty-four simulated sessions for workload analysis).The findings reinforce that AR/MMI deployment can improve training throughput, reduce crew fatigue, and increase safety margins when designed with evidence gating, conservative confidence thresholds, and robust fallback modes. Recommendations include establishing a Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) AR/MMI laboratory, conducting structured A/B validation trials, and committing resources for progressive demonstrations aligned with future in-orbit operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 13:18:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712079</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Deep Learning Framework for Fast Prediction of Automotive Drag and Pressure Fields</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706204</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is crucial for automotive design, requiring analysis of 3D point clouds to investigate how vehicle geometry affects pressure fields and drag. Running CFD on high-resolution 3D geometry quickly becomes computationally heavy, and many solvers slow down noticeably as the geometric detail increases. We therefore introduce a dual-task deep learning framework, named AeroFormer, that predicts aerodynamic quantities directly from the vehicle’s surface geometry and avoids the need for full CFD simulations. The model is organized into two parts. One branch, AeroFormer-Cd, predicts the overall drag coefficient (Cd), while the other, AeroFormer-Press, reconstructs the pressure distribution over the vehicle’s surface. Both branches rely on a shared curvature-guided adaptive sampling process and a physics-aware attention encoding module, which enable the network to emphasize fine geometric details in aerodynamically sensitive regions such as the front bumper, A-pillars, and wake area. By integrating geometric encoding with a Transformer module, AeroFormer can learn the complex spatial dependencies that exist in irregular surface meshes. Experiments conducted on the DrivAerNet++ datasets show that AeroFormer attains high accuracy in both Cd prediction and pressure field reconstruction. Compared with traditional CFD solvers and recent surrogate models, it offers a faster and more scalable solution for aerodynamic analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 11:12:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706204</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Movement characteristics of heterogeneous crowd with multi-type disabilities from a single-file movement perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672553</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As urban public spaces and transportation hubs witness increasing participation of individuals with diverse disabilities, understanding the movement characteristics of heterogeneous crowd with multi-type disabilities has become critical for crowd safety and risk prevention in infrastructure. Employing a series of single-file movement experiments, this paper explores the macroscopic and microscopic movement characteristics of heterogeneous crowds involving persons with multi-type of disabilities (wheelchair users, hearing, physical, intellectual and mental impairments), and movement differences with the elderly group. Research findings reveal that heterogeneous crowds with multiple disability types (<8% wheelchair users) utilize space efficiently and exhibit free velocity comparable to the elderly group. Disabled pedestrians tend to walk along the inner edge of semicircular corridors, while the elderly group tends to walk along the outer edge for stability. And, heterogeneous crowds containing multiple wheelchair users require substantial safety distances. Lane separation evacuation strategies can be considered based on these differences. Gait study reveals that the elderly group responds to congestion by increasing their step frequency (1.38 steps/s). Heterogeneous crowds with few wheelchair users combine slight step frequency changes and moderate body sway, but as the number of wheelchair users increases, they move to amplifying sway amplitude to adjust space. Although most design codes presume that crowds self-regulate by altering step frequency, this mechanism fails when high ratio of wheelchair users are present. Our findings can refine traffic design and crowd management strategies, better aligning them with real-world scenarios, also providing empirical support for emergency evacuation planning and traffic risk prevention in infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jun 2026 09:02:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672553</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Social-Pose: Enhancing Trajectory Prediction With Human Body Pose</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658948</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate human trajectory prediction is one of the most crucial tasks for autonomous driving, ensuring its safety. Yet, existing models often fail to fully leverage the visual cues that humans subconsciously communicate when navigating the space. In this work, we study the benefits of predicting human trajectories using human body poses instead of solely their Cartesian space locations in time. We propose ‘Social-pose’, an attention-based pose encoder that effectively captures the poses of all humans in a scene and their social relations. Our method can be integrated into various trajectory prediction architectures. We have conducted extensive experiments on state-of-the-art models (based on LSTM, GAN, MLP, and Transformer), and showed improvements over all of them on synthetic (Joint Track Auto) and real (Human3.6M, Pedestrians and Cyclists in Road Traffic, and JRDB) datasets. We also explored the advantages of using 2D versus 3D poses, as well as the effect of noisy poses and the application of our pose-based predictor in robot navigation scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 17:09:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658948</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Low Speed Bumper System Impact Variation Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692142</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Variation studies are an important part of the product development process. They help to understand and estimate real-world deviation from nominal design parameters, optimize designs for robustness, reliability, and cost-efficiency. CAE and Virtual tools enable us to simulate variation types and capture the full bandwidth of actual field performance- rather than the validation from a limited number of physical tests. In this study, the effects of various factors on vehicle performance during low-speed impacts, utilizing a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach have been investigated through virtual simulation. Low-speed impacts, typically defined as collisions occurring at speeds less than 2.5 mph, are critical for understanding vehicle insurability and compliance with regulatory standards. The factors examined include vehicle impactor position, impact speed, angle of collision, part thickness variation, material property variation. The DOE methodology allowed for a systematic analysis of these variables and their interactions, providing a comprehensive understanding of their influence on vehicle deformation while minimizing the number of iterations. Results indicate that impact speed significantly affects the extent of deformation, along with thickness of the material variance. These findings are essential for optimizing vehicle design to enhance resistance to damage in low-speed collisions and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. The study underscores the importance of considering multiple factors and their interactions in vehicle low speed testing to develop a robust virtual performance prediction methodology under front or rear impact loading.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 17:09:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692142</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of Topology Optimization to Production-Ready Passenger Seat Components Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692117</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lightweighting of components has become a key challenge in the development of modern transportation systems. In the automotive and aerospace industries, the overall mass of a vehicle has a significant impact on its fuel efficiency and manufacturing cost. Therefore, the lightweight design of vehicle components is crucial in the industrial field. Topology optimization (TO) is a computational design approach aimed at achieving lightweight designs. However, most existing studies focus on simplified academic models, with limited demonstration in real-world applications. This paper presents a revised TO workflow to obtain production-ready design and a practical implementation of TO in the design of three structural components in the aerospace industry: seatback frame, seat fuselage mount, and seat spreader. The revised TO workflow incorporates the practical demands of industry, including enhanced manufacturability and cost efficiency through TO design. The resulting designs are evaluated to ensure all regulatory requirements are satisfied. Comparative results show that the designs produced by the presented TO-based design method achieve a significant weight reduction of 50% for the seatback frame. For the seat fuselage mount and seat spreader, the proposed method produced designs with a weight comparable to the baseline while satisfying stricter crashworthiness requirements. These components also ensure manufacturability, efficient fabrication cost, and compatibility with family parts. These findings demonstrate that TO can deliver production-ready solutions without compromising structural performance. The study highlights the potential of integrating TO into a revised design workflow to support performance-driven development of complex, production-ready industrial components.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 17:09:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692117</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Preliminary Examination of the Effectiveness of Hand-Held Extinguishers Against Hidden Fires in the Cabin Overhead Area of Narrow-Body and Wide-Body Transport Aircraft</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694516</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Twenty hand-held extinguisher tests were performed in the overhead space in both narrow- and wide-body aircraft. These tests simulated a typical hidden fire in the inaccessible area above the cabin ceiling by using a number of small, controllable candle lanterns. The purpose of the tests was to determine the performance of the Federal Aviation Administration-required, hand-held Halon 1211 extinguishers against a fire in this area when discharging the agent through a ceiling-mounted port. In an effort to maximize agent performance, the port design was modified as these tests progressed. The tests indicated that individual hand-held extinguishers did not predictably extinguish fires in the large-volume cabin overhead area typical of a wide-body aircraft, regardless of the port design. However, the use of ceiling-mounted discharge ports combined with hand-held extinguishers was more promising against fires in the more confined and smaller-volume overhead area typical of a narrow-body aircraft. Additional work would have to be performed to further develop and optimize this concept.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 16 May 2026 17:03:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694516</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Advancing MASH Roadside Safety Design Standards (Year 4)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703690</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) provides guidelines for crash testing and
evaluating highway safety features. However, these guidelines predominantly rely on research using 50th-percentile crash test dummies, potentially overlooking the safety needs of a broader group of motorists of various sizes and statures. This project aims to address this gap by investigating the suitability of the MASH impact safety requirements for a diverse range of motorists and recommending necessary adjustments. The proposed research will evaluate the existing criteria to identify potential shortcomings in
representing 5th-percentile and 95th-percentile drivers and passengers. By conducting thorough assessments and performance evaluations of highway safety standards, the project seeks to identify areas requiring adjustments to ensure the safety of all road users. The project’s significance lies in its potential to enhance highway safety measures by considering the specific needs and characteristics of all motorists.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 May 2026 14:30:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703690</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Inferring human discomfort and its underlying causes from gait trajectories through anomaly detection in response to environmental factors on pedestrian paths</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679189</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Enhancing urban livability requires assessing environmental conditions and identifying factors contributing to pedestrian discomfort. While traditional survey-based methods provide valuable insights, they lack the capacity for real-time evaluation. Sensor-based approaches offer detailed behavioral data but face scalability limitations in extensive urban contexts. CCTV technologies enable the collection of pedestrian trajectory data; however, the reliability of such data for inferring discomfort and its underlying contributing factors remains uncertain. This study proposes a method to infer pedestrian discomfort using trajectory data applicable across diverse populations. A total of 28,809 real-world trajectory point samples were collected from 40 participants. An LSTM-autoencoder model was employed to detect anomalies based on pedestrian speed and direction variations. Correlation analysis with survey responses validated the model's capacity to infer discomfort and related negative emotions. Additionally, distinct patterns of pedestrian behavior were identified in relation to different characteristics of environmental factors, providing useful insights for inferring potential discomfort-inducing conditions. The proposed approach facilitates continuous monitoring of pedestrian discomfort via GPS or CCTV, deepening the understanding of pedestrian responses to urban environments and promoting safer, more comfortable urban spaces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 09:17:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679189</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A 6-DOF submarine manoeuvrability prediction code - Part I: Development and validation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607645</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A software that accurately predicts submarine manoeuvring behaviour is essential for hull, sail and control surfaces design. In this context, the availability of a reliable 6-DOF parametric, modular, and robust model is highly advantageous at early design-stage. The here presented mathematical model is based on strip theory for calculating the linear forces on the bare hull, combined with non-linear cross-flow drag forces. The contribution of control surfaces and the sail are evaluated using a formulation derived from experiments and literature data, allowing to consider the specific geometry of the exposed surfaces and the hull sections on which they are mounted, thus including all mutual interaction effects between the various components, such as the body-wing and wing-body. In this first part of work a comparison between the results of the manoeuvring code and experimental data or other data available in literature is presented, demonstrating satisfactory reliability and robustness with a view to estimating stability and controllability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607645</guid>
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