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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Challenges and Opportunities for Private-to-Public Transportation Modal Shift and Integrated Multimodal Passenger Transportation Systems in Gaborone</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2493084</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Modal shift from private to public transportation has the potential to reduce problems threatening sustainability of urban transportation systems. Discouraging the use of private vehicles in favour of public transportation has been promoted to reduce numbers of vehicles on the road and alleviate traffic congestion. Integrated public transportation systems, incorporating all available modes into a single operational system provides seamless functionalities and convenience. It is crucial to understand mode choice factors, for both public and private vehicle users before promoting multimodal transportation systems. Understanding the current operational state of the public transportation systems as well as perceptions of private vehicle users towards public transportation will enable evaluation of susceptibility to modal shift and multi-mode integration.The aim of the study is to explore prospects of an integrated multimodal public transportation system as well as evaluate possibilities of modal shift by private vehicle users. These are achieved through evaluating perceptions of private vehicle users towards the public transportations system in Gaborone, Botswana. The study uses data gathered through a questionnaire survey; reviewing the state of public transportation based on users’ experiences and perceptions, assessing reasons influencing the use of private vehicles, users' understanding of sustainability and the role played by the increasing number of vehicles on the environment. Availability and effectiveness of public transportation services is evaluated, and the study also explores factors that would lead to modal shift. Results of the study showed that safety and convenience were the most influential factors which may influence modal change while financial and technological factors are least influential. It is further determined that the current state of the public transportation system is detrimental to modal shift, therefore improvement is needed to the system to discourage use of private vehicles while promoting inter-modality between public modes and Non-Motorised Transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2025 17:08:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2493084</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Tsela Tshweu</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441466</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite increasing motorisation in Botswana, the donkey cart and bicycle are still the main means of transport in the rural areas and is used on a daily basis for transporting children to and from schools, community members to work, clinics and farms as well as for basic livelihoods such as access to access water, fuel wood. However, increasing motorisation, combined with some inadequately maintained infrastructure, has made these transport modes unsafe, in both urban and rural areas, and worse, the needs of these road users are routinely omitted from the designs of road improvements as most of the roads have no special provision for donkey carts and bicycles, making their users vulnerable. In the last four years, about 299 road crashes involving donkey carts were registered because the donkey carts were not visible. SORSA hence implemented a project dubbed Tsela Tshweu which attempted to redress this problem.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Oct 2024 13:31:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441466</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Relationship between demographic characteristics and return-to-work for loss of income claimants at the Motor Vehicle Accident Fund, Botswana</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2372848</link>
      <description><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: The Motor Vehicle Accident (MVA) Fund Botswana compensates claimants who lose their incomes due to road traffic accidents. In Botswana, road traffic accidents are becoming more frequent, and the MVA Fund is experiencing escalating claims. The authors describe the demographic characteristics of loss of income (LOI) claimants of the MVA Fund Botswana. The authors assess whether demographic characteristics are related to return to work (RTW)., OBJECTIVE: The authors retrospectively reviewed records of MVA Fund claimants and extracted demographic information. The authors investigated the demographic profile and the relationship between demographic information and RTW., METHODS: The authors reviewed 432 LOI claims received by MVA Fund from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020. The authors descriptively analysed the demographic profiles of claimants. The authors used a univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression to determine the association between independent demographic variables and the dependent variable, RTW., RESULTS: MVA Fund claimants were on average 37-years-old. Claimants were mostly from low-income socio-economic backgrounds. RTW was significantly associated with injury severity, type of injury, and having a RTW plan offer. The final predictors of RTW, using logistic regression, were time away from work and severity of injury., CONCLUSION: In Botswana, claimants who had severe injuries and who stayed away from work for longer were less likely to RTW. The MVA Fund Botswana must recognise the demographic profiles of claimants which are likely to influence RTW.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2024 09:08:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2372848</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Information Communication Technologies for Travel in Southern African Cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974653</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the current state of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) use for travel by public and private transportation users in two different Southern African cities of Bloemfontein, South Africa and Gaborone, Botswana. ICT use is seldom in transportation systems in the developing world, the transportation systems are still conventional with minimal communication technologies supporting the system. This study investigates ICT use for travel and travel purposes for which ICT is currently applicable. Before investigating ICT use, the study first establishes the need for travel and modal split between activities, then explores ICT knowledge and access in both cities to determine feasibility of promoting ICT for travel. The current state of ICT usage for transportation and travel purposes is investigated to determine ICT influence on travel. The study further investigates the perceptions of transportation users towards ICT in transport by investigating ICT components (devices, applications and software) which would be useful for travel at different stages of a trip, and the purposes for which the users would use them.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 May 2023 10:16:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974653</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation Method for Planning of Optimal Roads Alignments, With Emphasize on Robustness Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1860993</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The most recommended approach for road planning practice is conducting an environmental impact assessment (EIA) from the beginning of a road project, to consider economic, environmental and social impacts in the planning process. It requires a methodology by which planners and decision-makers can select a solution which has a balance among different criteria belonging to each of these groups. This can be solved by applying Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (Spatial MCE) analysis. The authors' method consists of two parts. The first part uses a ModelBuilder, an application of ArGIS10.5, emulating Spatial MCE. The second part in the authors' method evaluates robustness of developed model that is a main advantage of the authors' methodology, since such evaluation has rarely been studied in Spatial MCE. Investigation of the robustness of the developed model is performed by applying One-At-a-Time (OAT) Sensitivity Analysis (SA). It has been implemented by creating stand-alone Python script that communicates with ArcGIS through the ArcPy module. The methods are applied to a case study in the Tlokweng Planning Area (TPA) in Botswana. Depending on prevailing criteria, the developed method, with slight adjustments, could be applicable to other study areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jun 2021 16:35:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1860993</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The state of congestion in the developing world; The case of Gaborone, Botswana</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1695221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Growing car ownership and congestion are a threat to transportation sustainability in urban areas globally. Cities in the developing world have not been spared from the congestion problems due to the influx of vehicles and the subsequent increase in private vehicle ownership. Congestion in developing countries is also associated with limited road infrastructure and lack of traffic management resources. Poor traffic management leads to inconvenience as it is characterized by an increase in travel time. The study evaluates congestion in Gaborone as experienced and perceived by regular travellers, using both public and private transportation in Gaborone. The objective of this paper is to investigate the state of road transportation congestion by assessing road user perceptions on travelling times and delays as well as investigating private transportation users’ possibilities of migrating to public transportation use with the influence of ICT. To achieve this, the authors evaluate individuals travel times, develop regression models predicting total trip duration for an individuals’ trips per day as well as exploring travellers’ experiences with the public transportation system and their understanding of sustainability in relation to increased private vehicle use. The study further evaluates factors that could influence modal shift from private to public transportation as a way of reducing vehicles on the roads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Apr 2020 15:51:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1695221</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>African charter firm boosts fleet with Airvan 10 t-prop</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1585433</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Feb 2019 15:05:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1585433</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Urban Transportation Quality of Service of School Buses for Sustainable Development of Gaborone City, Botswana</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1559028</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Addressing issues of sustainability in transport by introducing school buses will allow the cities to meet their present needs without compromising the environment for future generation. Globally, school pupils are at an increased risk of death, injury, and disability than other road users. Researchers have proved that school buses are the sustainable and safest vehicles on the road which can reduce traffic congestion and environmental damages. This study evaluates the current school bus transit quality of service, finds out the appropriate transport type that is suitable and sustainable for students within Gaborone City in Botswana. There were 71 parents that participated in this study and 93% of the parents supported the need to introduce school buses while 79% of the school administrators confirmed that schools have been affected by high traffic volume due to increasing number of private cars transporting students in Gaborone which has contributed to high traffic congestion in the city. The paper concludes with the significance of the study as a central role in the eventual success of introducing school bus transit in Gaborone City for primary and secondary school students which positively contributes to the development goal of achieving sustainable cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Dec 2018 09:21:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1559028</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simultaneous development of border points as trade facilitation: advocacy to aid supply chain of goods through the case of SADC road entry points</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1566571</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article situates the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Road Entry Point Management Systems (REPMS) within international supply chain logistics. It exposes the influence of REPMS on the link between movement of goods and optimum supply chain performance. A novel transdisciplinary theoretical framework drawn from supply chain and international relations theories is applied to survey data from respondents at border points that link Zimbabwe to Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia. The 345 respondents are international truck drivers and small and medium entrepreneurs. The authors argue that simultaneity of transformation of two-stop border posts to one-stop border posts is required in a logistical corridor. Findings show that failure to do so disrupts supply chain logistics, impedes international trade and hinders regional integration. Conclusions reveal that, inter alia, SADC REPMS are out of sync with non-state actors and international trade facilitation. Recommendations include cultivation of public-private partnerships for REPMS transformation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2018 10:11:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1566571</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling a Hybrid Pavement Conditions Performance Framework for Botswana District Road Transportation Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1558647</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road conditions performance modeling is required in order to predict the future conditions and provide information that can be applied to transportation planning, decision making processes and identification of future maintenance interventions. As extension of knowledge in existing gravel road condition models, improved artificial intelligent gravel road performance models which best capture the effects of gravel loss condition influencing factors were developed using feed forward neural network (FFNN) hybrid with a district geographic information system (GIS)-based map using linear referencing approach to display gravel loss conditions as a threshold to trigger optimal maintenance interventions. The developed FFNN gravel loss condition (GVL) prediction model yielded R² = 0.95 > 0.9 benchmark based on minimum MSE = 0.055 < 0.1. Threshold value = 3 (fair condition) was specified on the GIS map for triggering maintenance interventions when gravel road subgrade exposure due to gravel loss is between 10 and 25% as condition monitoring innovative tools.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Nov 2018 11:17:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1558647</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comair in renewed bid for Air Botswana</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1469013</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jun 2017 10:18:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1469013</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Economic Development and Road Traffic Fatalities in Two Neighbouring African Nations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1424923</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid growth of Botswana's economy since independence in 1966 has brought more tarred roads and vehicles, accompanied by an escalating road crash fatality rate. The authors tested the hypothesis that motor vehicle crash fatality increases resulted from, rather than just corresponded with, annual gross domestic product (GDP) increases. Data from Zambia, adjacent to Botswana, were used for comparison. Road crash fatalities increased in recent decades in both Zambia and Botswana. But the rapid economic development in Botswana over this time period appears to have driven proportionate road traffic fatality increases. There are opportunities for newly emerging economies such as Zambia, Angola, and others to learn from the Botswana experience. Evidence-based investments in road safety interventions should be concomitant with economic development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Oct 2016 10:00:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1424923</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance Modelling for Botswana Gravel Roadways: Outcomes and Conclusions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1412407</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Performance modelling of gravel roadways is required to predict the conditions in the future and provide information for optimal maintenance interventions. Roads are expensive asset and should be properly maintained regardless of their class or function to enhance their performance. Optimal maintenance interventions at the appropriate time to preserve the asset value are required. As improvement over previous methodologies, this paper modifies the logistic regression model by incorporating the ordinal nature of a dependent variable through defining the probabilities differently to develop improved gravel road performance models based on site specific data. The models reflect the history of gravel loss conditions to predict future performance for gravel roads in Botswana as a threshold to trigger optimal maintenance interventions. The input data for the models were generated from the triennial condition survey for Botswana carried out in 2002, 2005, and 2008. The developed improved gravel road performance methodologies are long term plans for preservation and maintenance as gravel road management systems in Botswana.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jun 2016 16:22:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1412407</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stationary Tailgating in Gaborone, Botswana: The Influence of Gender, Time of Day, Type of Vehicle and Presence of Traffic Officer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1347151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated stationary tailgating in Gaborone, Botswana. The authors observed and measured the distance between 722 vehicles (541 male drivers, 181 female drivers) stopped at three traffic intersections in Gaborone during rush-hour and non-rush hour. Gender of driver, type of vehicle (private, commercial, government or company), whether it was rush-hour or not, whether or not a traffic officer was present and distance from the car in front, were recorded. Based on a benchmark of 350 centimetres, derived from the recommendation that cars maintain the distance of the length of a car from the vehicle in front of them when stopped, it was found that 76% of drivers tailgated. In general, men tailgated more than women and tailgating occurred more during rush-hour and when there was a traffic officer present. In addition, a series of four-way analysis of variance tests yielded a main effect for presence of officer, such that the average distance kept from the car in front was significantly less when a traffic officer was present than when a traffic officer was not present. The main effects of gender, time of day and vehicle type were not significant. Findings are discussed in relation to the impact on pedestrians as well as drivers and implications for traffic regulation procedures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 09:06:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1347151</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The impact of alcohol and road traffic policies on crash rates in Botswana, 2004–2011: A time-series analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1314096</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Botswana, increased development and motorization have brought increased road traffic-related death rates. Between 1981 and 2001, the road traffic-related death rate in Botswana more than tripled. The country has taken several steps over the last several years to address the growing burden of road traffic crashes and particularly to address the burden of alcohol-related crashes. This study examines the impact of the implementation of alcohol and road safety-related policies on crash rates, including overall crash rates, fatal crash rates, and single-vehicle nighttime fatal (SVNF) crash rates, in Botswana from 2004 to 2011. The overall crash rate declined significantly in June 2009 and June 2010, such that the overall crash rate from June 2010 to December 2011 was 22% lower than the overall crash rate from January 2004 to May 2009. Additionally, there were significant declines in average fatal crash and SVNF crash rates in early 2010. Botswana's recent crash rate reductions occurred during a time when aggressive policies and other activities (e.g., education, enforcement) were implemented to reduce alcohol consumption and improve road safety. While it is unclear which of the policies or activities contributed to these declines and to what extent, these reductions are likely the result of several, combined efforts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Jul 2014 09:15:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1314096</guid>
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