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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Self-Centering Bridge Piers with Structural Fuses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/835455</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An innovative structural system for pier columns is currently being investigated through a series of laboratory experiments. The columns and connections under investigation are comprised of precast concrete segments to accelerate construction. In addition, some of the columns being investigated employ elastic elements to self-center the columns against lateral loads and structural fuses to control large lateral deflections and expedite repair in the event of a catastrophic loading event. At the time of publication, two cantilever columns with varying component materials and connection details have been tested in the laboratory and two more are in preparation for testing. The columns are subjected to axial and cyclic, quasi-static lateral loads. After sustaining significant damage, the self-centering columns are repaired by replacing the structural fuses and retested to failure to investigate the effectiveness of the repair. Of the columns tested to date, the first with a socket connection at the base and no intermediate joints or post-tensioning behaved similarly to a conventional concrete column as expected. The second, a segmented column tested with elastic post-tensioning and structural fuses, experienced a premature failure due to cracking of a weld at a steel collar and subsequent bolt pull-out. Alternate detailing to avoid this failure mechanism is planned for the remaining tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Sep 2007 13:54:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/835455</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of AASHTO-LRFD General Procedure for Torsion and Combined Loading</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/793674</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current specifications set up by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Load and Resistance Factor Design (AASHTO-LRFD) guidelines allow two different procedures for the design of concrete beams subjected to torsion and shear.  These are based on a simplification of the equations of the modified compression field theory. This article reports on a study that evaluated this procedure.  The author compares his results with available test data on beams subjected to various load combinations such as pure torsion, combined torsion and bending, combined torsion, bending and shear, and combined torsion and axial compression. Typical interaction diagrams between torsion, shear and bending, and axial load are also presented. The results show that the method generally provides conservative results and accurate representations of the interaction between torsion and the other stress resultants; it also calculated the shape of the interaction diagrams and surfaces with reasonable accuracy.  The author cautions that the standard equation used to calculate the torsional shearing stress is not accurate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2006 11:31:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/793674</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AXIAL-TORSIONAL TESTING SYSTEM FOR CLAY WITH LOCAL STRAIN MEASUREMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/539276</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An axial-torsional testing system, consisting of an MTS loading frame (9.8 kN/113 N-m) and Testware-SX control, was developed for evaluating the multiaxial behavior of cohesive soil.  The capabilities of the testing system include automated control of three axes (axial load/displacement, torque/rotation, and confining pressure) under static and dynamic conditions. Description of a custom-designed triaxial-torsional shear cell developed for this study is presented.  Uniform and reproducible specimens (hollow and full cylinder) were obtained with a slurry consolidation technique.  As an example for implementing software control, procedures are described for performing K sub o consolidation with an electropneumatic transducer in conjunction with an automated volume change device.  An optical technique developed by the authors for measuring local strains under axial-torsional loading is also described.  Initial test results associated with an undrained constant rate of strain axial and pure torsional shear testing on isotropically consolidated hollow-cylinder kaolin clay are presented.  Aspects associated with repeatability are discussed.  The test results are being used to evaluate the influence of the inclination of major principal stress on the shear strength and pore pressure behavior of isotropically consolidated clay.  A qualitative discussion related to global versus local deformation patterns of hollow-cylinder specimens under axial and torsional loading is also presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/539276</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FATIGUE STRENGTH OF RIVETED CONNECTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/487650</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New riveted steel structures have not been built in the past several decades.  As a consequence, less attention has been paid to their fatigue life behavior than to structures containing contemporary fastening elements such as bolts or welds.  The behavior of riveted members is a matter of considerable interest, however.  For example, it is obvious that the life of the large stock of riveted bridges that still exist must be extended, at the same time maintaining a satisfactory level of safety. Evaluation of the remaining fatigue life of riveted structures has been impeded by the lack of a reasonable database of test results from full-size riveted members.  Recent work in both North America and Europe has addressed the need for better fatigue life data for riveted members.  The paper reports on the writers' research and that of others into the fatigue resistance of riveted members.  The results of tests on full-size flexural members and on axially loaded members are reported, and these test results are compared with the design recommendations of several North American and European standards.  Recommendations are presented for a fatigue life classification for assessment of riveted shear splices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 02 Aug 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/487650</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CRACK PROPAGATION IN PIPES UNDER CYCLIC AXIAL LOADING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/477793</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The propagation of a circumferential external surface flaw in a metallic round pipe under constant amplitude cyclic axial loading is examined through a two-parameter theoretical model. The surface flaw is assumed to present an elliptical-arc shape with aspect ratio varying from 0.0 to 1.2.  The relative depth of the deepest point on the crack front is equal to the ratio between the maximum crack depth and the pipe wall thickness. The edge flaw being considered is shown to follow preferred propagation patterns in the diagram of aspect ratio against relative depth.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/477793</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CYCLIC SIMPLE-SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF SAND-STEEL INTERFACES UNDER CONSTANT NORMAL STIFFNESS CONDITION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/474862</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the cyclic behavior of a sand-steel interface under constant normal stress and normal stiffness conditions.  The experiments were performed by using an automated interface testing apparatus called C3DSSI.  A simple shear-type soil container was used to measure simultaneously the shear deformation of the sand mass and the sliding displacement at the interface.  Two-way cyclic tangential-displacement-controlled experiments were performed under a constant normal stiffness condition to study the phenomenon of reduction in the maximum shear stress with cycles. This phenomenon is known to be the cause of degradation of shaft resistance in piles subjected to cyclic loading in the axial direction.  Effects of the tangential-displacement amplitude and the magnitude of the normal stiffness on the cyclic response were investigated.  It was concluded that the reduction in maximum shear stress was not only due to the reduction in the normal stress, but also to a greater extent due to the increased amount of mobilized sliding displacement at the interface with an increasing number of cycles.  The reduction in maximum shear stress with cycles was dramatic when failure was experienced at the interface (when the shear stress-normal stress ratio reached a peak value and subsequently approached a residual value).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Dec 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/474862</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STATE OF THE ART OF CONCRETE-FILLED STEEL TUBULAR COLUMNS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/577631</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The state of the art of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) columns including experimental and analytical work is presented. The general response of CFT columns is discussed with an emphasis on the nonlinear behavior, composite action, bond effects, hysteresis response, and local buckling of columns with large diameter to wall thickness ratios.  Research on steel jacketing that is used as a retrofitting scheme is also discussed.  This is followed by an overview of analytical work on CFTs.  Finally, a comparison between the different design codes is made, and the need for further research is identified.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Nov 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/577631</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SMALL CONCRETE SPECIMENS CONFINED WITH FIBERGLASS LAMINATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/576303</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Portland cement concrete, like most granular materials, exhibits an increase in compressive strength when subjected to confinement.  This characteristic is advantageously used in the design of reinforced concrete columns, for instance, in which the load capacity is considerably increased when the column is properly confined with stirr-ups or spiral reinforcement. Recently, exterior reinforcement in the form of fiberglass composite wrapping has been used to retrofit or repair concrete columns.  Wrapping with fiberglass composites increases the capacity of the columns to withstand axial as well as eccentric loading. This paper presents comparative test results of small concrete specimens subjected to axial loading and tested under unconfined conditions and confined conditions produced by fiberglass composite wrapping.  The test results show a considerable increase in the compressive strength and an increase in the toughness in the fiberglass confined specimens.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Aug 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/576303</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BY COMPUTER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/483559</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two important steps in the design of concrete structures are the structural analysis and the sectional analysis. Structural analysis involves modeling the structure as an assemblage of simpler elements and determining how the different elements contribute to resisting the applied loads. With the speed of modern desktop computers, it is now possible to design concrete structures using more general, rational methods for the nonlinear sectional analysis. This article briefly describes some of the methods that have been developed. These are presented in order of complexity, from the simplest case of axial load and bending moment in a beam, to the most complex case of combined membrane forces, bending moments, and transverse shear in a slab or wall. Some details are given on the computer program SHELL474, developed for the sectional analysis of slabs and walls.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Jun 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/483559</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LOAD TRANSFER FOR DRILLED SHAFTS IN INTERMEDIATE GEOMATERIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/478021</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the resistance and load-settlement behavior of axially loaded drilled shafts in geomaterials at the boundary between soil and rock, termed "intermediate geomaterials".  The primary objective of the study was to develop or adapt simple design-level models to predict resistance and load-settlement behavior.  Two models are proposed.  The first is based on finite element modeling of drilled shafts with smooth and rough interfaces in cohesive geomaterials, while the second is based on approximate elasticity solution and correlations of geomaterial properties with standard penetration test results in cohesionless geomaterials.  Loading tests on seven full-scale drilled shafts were considered as a means to verify the accuracy of the design models and to develop recommendations concerning the inputs to the models.  The models are recommended for use pending local calibration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/478021</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CYCLIC TESTS OF CONCRETE-FILLED STEEL BOX COLUMNS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470740</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors investigated the influences of filled-in concrete on the strength, ductility, and energy absorption capacity of the column.  Twelve concrete-filled steel box column specimens representing steel bridge piers were tested under a constant compressive axial load and cyclic lateral loads.  The main parameters in specimen design were the plate width-thickness ratio, slenderness ratio, and length of the filled-in concrete. Also, the effect of the diaphragm over the concrete on the column behavior was studied as well.  Collapse characteristics of tested specimens were presented in detail to provide some practical information for understanding their inelastic behavior under cyclic loading. Test results were discussed in light of the improvement of ductility and energy absorption capacity of steel bridge piers.  The authors conclude that concrete-filled steel box columns can be used effectively as bridge substructures in seismic regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 02 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470740</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NAILED TUBULAR CONNECTIONS UNDER AXIAL LOADING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/469790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Slip-jointed tubular poles are used to support traffic signals and are often nailed to ensure their integrity under uplift. The author conducted an experimental research program on nailed steel tubular connections.  The "nailing" of one tube to another coaxial tube within it is accomplished by a powder-actuated tool and very high strength driven pins.  Connections of combined steel thicknesses of up to 13 mm (1/2 in) are easily carried out. In addition, these structural connections are performed quickly and safely after minimal equipment training.  A range of tubes up to 406 mm (16 in) in diameter--with varying diameter-to-thickness ratios, tube wall thickness, and lack of fit--have been connected and 42 tube connections have been tested to failure under axial tension or compression loading.  The failure modes that were observed included nail shear failure, tube bearing failure, and tube shear out failure, for which simple prediction formulas are confirmed.  The author advocates a load and resistance factor design procedure for such axially loaded tube-in-tube connections.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/469790</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BEHAVIOR OF SHAFT-SAND INTERFACE FROM LOCAL MEASUREMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470058</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The load-displacement response of axially loaded structural inclusions in soil, which transfer the load to the soil along their shafts, is of growing interest in geotechnical engineering.  The load-displacement response of a shaft interface is characterized by nonlinear and inelastic behavior. Surface roughness of the inclusion and stresses and deformation characteristics (stress-strain response, dilation, or contraction) of the soil element surrounding the inclusion are significant aspects of the interface mechanism.  Localized shear displacement at the soil-shaft interface necessitates use of a constitutive model specifically developed for the interface.  To verify theoretical models and modify and improve them, laboratory tests are performed.  In recent years, there has been increasing emphasis in measurement of small-magnitude local strains to define stiffness at low strains similar to those encountered in the field in stress-path testing.  To verify the theoretical model of the shaft-soil interface, a special test rig was developed that uses a cylindrical soil specimen with an inclusion in its center.  The specimen represents a soil element surrounding a structural inclusion.  The shaft-sand interface was investigated by small-magnitude local measurement of interface strains and thereby interface stresses and displacements during axial loading of the inclusion.  The results are compared with those inferred from global measurements of interface variables.  The advantages of the small-magnitude local strain measurements in determining the interface model parameters are presented.  The use of the measured quantities in an elasto-plastic interface model is demonstrated by capturing the effects of confining stresses and boundary conditions of the soil specimen surrounding an axially loaded inclusion as well as the surface roughness of the inclusion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470058</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STRAIN HARDENING BEAMS UNDER SHEAR, BENDING, AND AXIAL FORCES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/383481</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, the influence of strain hardening on the behavior of a rectangular beam section under combined loading was investigated using Hencky's total strain theory.  The study derived a set of equations describing the interaction between axial force, shear and bending moment.  This method makes possible the determination of gradual deformation at different stages.  The equations are presented in the most general form and can be reduced to a simpler form for a particular combination of material properties and loading patterns.  The details of the study are described, and the results are presented and discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 24 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/383481</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FLEXURAL DUCTILITY OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE: ENHANCEMENT BY LATERAL CONFINEMENT: FIP STATE OF THE ART REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/461339</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report reviews research results on the axial loading behavior of concrete confined by circular or rectangular hoop reinforcement. Three stress-strain curve models for the confined concrete, and a number of test results on prestressed concrete beams, and column-beam assemblies are addressed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/461339</guid>
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