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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A parsimonious model for classifying the traffic state of urban road networks: A two-stage regression approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642455</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An effective method of traffic state classification is crucial for managing urban traffic congestion. Existing methods usually assume a given number of state categories, which is not flexible if real applications are required to define different state levels. In this study, a parsimonious statistical model is derived and validated for classifying urban traffic states. The model is developed on the basis of a large-scale empirical travel speed dataset from five cities in China. First, a hybrid clustering method that integrates DBSCAN and natural breaks is used to derive traffic state classification under various numbers of state categories. The classification results are then compiled to conduct the subsequent regression analysis. Second, a two-stage regression approach is proposed to investigate the correlation between the number of state categories and the classification criteria (i.e., state thresholds that separate one state level from another). In the first stage, a significant linear relationship between the classification criteria of adjacent traffic states is derived (𝑅²¯ ​= ​0.80, P ​< ​0.001). In the second stage, a significant correlation between the slope, intercept, and number of state categories is derived (𝑅²¯ ​= ​0.95, 𝘗 ​< ​0.001). On the basis of the two-stage regression analysis, a novel parsimonious statistical model is developed. Third, the developed model is evaluated with three performance indicators, namely, the mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean relative error (MRE). The claffication accuracy is further validated via a case study on the speed data of Foshan Avenue North road. We suggest that the model can be used to assist flexible decision-making support with different levels of detail.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2026 09:47:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642455</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Modeling Speed Distribution of Cars Moving on Two-lane Bidirectional Roads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647767</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two-lane bidirectional roads are prevalent in many countries. Further, trucks generally travel at significantly lower speeds than passenger cars. On a two-lane bidirectional road, trucks act as moving obstacles for cars due to the limited scope of the overtaking maneuver. A car traveling at its desirable speed on such roads essentially meets either a downstream-moving truck or a platoon of cars following a downstream-moving truck. In such a set-up, the cars that are immediate followers of a truck need to complete an overtaking maneuver to again travel at their desired speed. Therefore, first the car which is the immediate follower of a truck needs to overtake the truck. However, the traffic flow in the opposite lane may restrict the overtaking process. Further, once the car which is the immediate follower of a truck completes the overtaking maneuver, the car which was earlier in the second place in the platoon of followers becomes the immediate follower of the truck, and this process continues. We propose a mechanism to model such a process that helps in formulating the process mathematically. To the best of our knowledge, such mathematical formulation is proposed for the first time. The proposed model helps to estimate the distribution of speed of cars on a section of a two-lane bidirectional road. The proposed model incorporates the distribution of desirable speed of cars, the variation in the number of cars moving between two consecutive trucks, and the flow rate of vehicles in the opposite lane. We validate the speed distribution of cars obtained from the model using the field data that were collected from a suitable site in India. The average speed of cars on a road stretch is considered an indicator of the quality of the road infrastructure. Therefore, the outcome of this study can help the policy makers to decide the upgradation of a two-lane bidirectional road from the traffic flow perspective.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647767</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring spatio-temporal traffic performance variation through clustering of descriptive travel time statistics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572675</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Characterizing link-types and day-types in road networks is vital for understanding recurring traffic state patterns. Link-types and day-types in road networks describe road segments and days based on their specific characteristics. For long-term planning, clustering can be used to categorize links and days with similar characteristics and patterns that may indicate degraded performance in the road network in the future. In this paper, the authors apply cluster analysis to automate this process and identify similarities among links and days to find potential infrastructure deficiencies and recurring traffic states. The study uses k-means on descriptive statistics to reveal link-types and day-types. Applying the method to high-resolution travel speed data from a road in Sweden reveals distinct characteristics based on the link and day. The results indicate that the relative difference between the measured travel speed and the free-flow travel speed is negative on links with higher free-flow travel speeds. Additionally, the variability in travel speeds is greater on links with lower free-flow travel speeds.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Dec 2025 17:12:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572675</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Average travel speed and traffic accident risk: Evidence from nationwide data for trunk highways and expressways in Japan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608646</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study empirically analyzed the determinants of traffic accident risk, highlighting the average travel speed, using nationwide data for trunk highways and expressways in Japan. Negative binomial regression models were established using data describing traffic accidents on 86,835 trunk-highway links, 84,091 trunk-highway intersections, and 4322 expressway links occurring from 2019 to 2021. The results indicated that the average travel speed had a significantly negative association with the annual frequency and rates of traffic accidents regardless of the road type, road median presence, or area characteristics. Furthermore, the speed limit was positively associated with the traffic accident risk on trunk highways, while it was negatively associated with the traffic accident risk on expressways. Finally, the presence of road median reduced the traffic accident risk, and more urbanized areas exhibited a higher risk of traffic accidents than less urbanized areas. Policy implications of these findings include the mitigation of trunk-highway traffic congestion to reduce the traffic accident risk and the potential benefit of increasing the speed limit on traffic safety in expressways.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:56:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608646</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimation of Average Travel Speed on Urban Streets Based on Travel Time Distribution Characteristics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559578</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Estimating average travel speed (ATS) on urban streets is essential for travel planning, traffic guidance, and congestion control. Floating car data has been widely applied in estimating ATS on urban streets. The harmonic average of the floating car speed is mostly used as the true average speed in research and practice. However, the estimation accuracy of this practice is affected by the travel time distribution (TTD) and the sampling rate of floating cars, especially when facing the interrupted flow on urban streets. To address this problem, this work develops a framework for estimating ATS of urban streets based on TTD. We analyze the characteristics of TTD by using the fully sampled trajectory data observed on urban roads in Shanghai, China. It is found that the travel time of stopped and unstopped vehicles show different statistical distribution characteristics, which should be considered in estimating ATS. The focus of this method is to divide vehicles on urban roads into stopped vehicles and unstopped vehicles, and to study the distribution laws of their travel times. Based on these laws, we improve the existing ATS estimation method. In addition, this paper further discusses the sampling rate of floating cars for estimating ATS by the random sampling method. The results show that the recommended sampling rate is 5%–7%, which is slightly higher than the sampling rate of 3%–5% in the existing research. Finally, the experiment based on empirical data substantiates the superior performance of the proposed method in comparison to the harmonic average method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jun 2025 18:15:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559578</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hastigheter på kommunala gator i tätort : resultat från mätningar år 2023</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491202</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2020, the Swedish Parliament passed a resolution stating that between 2020 and 2030 the number of fatalities and seriously injured from road traffic crashes should be reduced by 50 per cent and 25 per cent, respectively. To monitor progress toward this goal, national follow-up studies are conducted to examine trends in the numbers of people killed and seriously injured, in conjunction with several other indicators. One of these indicators is speed limit compliance on municipality streets; the milestone here is to have at least 80 per cent of all traffic travelling within the speed limit. The aim of the present study is to report mean speeds and speed limit compliance for 2023 on the main municipality streets in Sweden. The measurements were carried out during the month of September 2021 in 23 different locations in Sweden and include the main municipality streets with speed limits of 40-70 km/h.  The results show that in 2023 the space-mean-speed for all vehicles on the studied main municipality roads was 46.7 km/h. When categorized by speed limit, the space-mean-speed was 38.6 km/h for the 40 km/h speed limit, 47.0 km/h for 50 km/h, 53.9 km/h for 60 km/h, and 62.5 km/h for the 70 km/h speed limit. With respect to speed violations, overall, 63 per cent of drivers obeyed the speed limit.  In conclusion, the lack of speed compliance remains a problem, especially on streets with speed limit 40 km/h. Primarily, the speed limit compliance on roads with lower speed limits must be improved to reach the goal of 80 per cent compliance by 2030.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:16:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491202</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Path-Based Progression Model for Long Arterial Signal Coordination Considering Partition Cost</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447275</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As one of the most important traffic signal coordination models, the multi-path progression model can provide dedicated green bands for multiple critical path-flows in an artery. However, as the number of intersections and critical paths in the system increases, the bandwidth often becomes narrower or even ineffective. In this paper, a multi-path progression model for long arterial signal coordination is proposed. The proposed method permits the progression bands to be broken if necessary and optimizes system partition and signal coordination within a unified framework. To ensure the continuity of the progression band, the bandwidth loss caused by partitioning is taken into consideration. Furthermore, to obtain a more feasible solution, we optimize offsets and phase sequences at each intersection simultaneously. The proposed model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program, which can be precisely solved by the standard branch-and-bound technique. A case study was conducted to prove the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed model. The results show that the proposed model can generate more ideal green bandwidths for critical paths compared with the benchmark. Further simulation demonstrates that the proposed model can outperform the benchmark model in reducing average path-flow delay and average number of stops, and improving average travel speed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Nov 2024 08:39:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447275</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Link Average Speed of Traffic Flow Estimation Method Based on Floating Car</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2203758</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In floating car data collection, the link average speed of floating cars is exported as link average speed of traffic flow. This results in low quality traffic information being shared with the public. This paper investigates the quantitative relationship between link average speed of floating cars and link average speed of traffic flow considering the traffic conditions, and verifies the research with simulated data based on a part road network in Changchun. The results show that the link average speed of floating cars can not be used instead of the link average speed of traffic flow, and that the link average speed of traffic flow can be estimated accurately using the method described in this paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jul 2024 10:49:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2203758</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Train separation at cruising speed, how it can improve current railway operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2382126</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper systematically reviewed the slipping operation, which is a train separation at cruising speed. For this, the authors describe the historical and operational background of the operation scenario practiced for over 100 years. Based on the concept of slipping, the authors discuss the holistic potential to improve current railway operations, considering travel time saving, energy saving, the increase of capacity utilization, station topology, driver requirements, and vehicle usage. Finally, a simulation of a theoretical urban railway line with several scenarios quantifies the magnitudes of the improvements. Based on the slipping test cases, one parameter can improve enormously, e.g., up to −65 % energy saving, −33 % capacity usage, and travel time reductions. Otherwise, slipping can slightly improve several parameters simultaneously.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jun 2024 10:26:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2382126</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ökad hastighetsefterlevnad och sänkta medelhastigheter på det statliga vägnätet : vilka faktorer kan ha påverkat?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389095</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reduced mean speeds for increased speed compliance are very important to achieve increased traffic safety. In Sweden, measurements in recent years show a reduction in mean speeds and speeding violations. The aim of this project is to investigate what factors may have contributed to this positive change in speed compliance. This includes both a detailed study of speed data and a survey of variables that may influence speed compliance. The results show that since 2015 the mean speed on the national road networks has decreased by 3 percent or 2 km/h according to the Swedish Transport Administration's speed index. The proportion of passenger cars that comply with the speed limit has increased by 19 percent during the same time (2015-2022). The changes are similar in different regions of Sweden. Our calculations show that the largest relative reductions of mean speeds and speed violations occurred on roads with speed limits of 90 km/h. Conversely, the smallest reductions were found on motorways with speed limit 120 km/h. Furthermore, the results show that reductions were larger on roads without median barriers. Multiple variables such as decreased travelling, increased police surveillance, and increased fuel prices show a change under the same time as the speed index changed the most. There have also been gradual changes in vehicle fleet composition, e.g., an increase in the number of electric cars and slow-moving cars. However, these changes are rather small in relation to the entire fleet and there is a lack of knowledge on how fuel type effects speed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:06:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389095</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Utvärdering av styrning med variabla hastighetsgränser med fokus på framkomlighet : en fallstudie på E4 vid Södertälje</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2388957</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is one of two reports that describe the results from the project Evaluation of improved motorway control - a case study (funded by the Swedish Transport Administration through Center for Traffic Research). The aim of the project is to develop a methodology for evaluation of before-after studies for ITS measures in a motorway environment and to apply the methodology to a use case on the E4 at Södertälje to evaluate the applicability of the method as well as effects on traffic efficiency, safety and the environment. When the goal is to study changes due to ITS measures on road sections with densely located sensors, there are good opportunities for evaluations by making use of data before and after the implementation of the ITS measure. Currently, such comprehensive studies with availability of data from densely located sensors are rare, and hence, knowledge about how such before and after studies should be designed to make fair comparisons are uncommon. The purpose of this report is to apply the methodology that has been developed in the project and evaluate effects on traffic efficiency, traffic safety and the environment through a case study at Södertälje. On the study area, a new control strategy for choosing variable speed limits has been implemented. Densely located sensors were installed at 150-300 meters also before the new control strategy was in place. Thereby there are good opportunities to measure the traffic conditions at the study area, which is giving a unique opportunity to compare traffic conditions before and after the control strategy is implemented. The results from the evaluation does, in addition to assessing the applicability of the methodology, contribute to knowledge about how before-after studies should be designed, as well as evaluation of variable speed limits impact on the traffic situation when the goal is to improve traffic conditions in the event of accessibility problems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:04:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2388957</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Travel Speed of 100 km∙h−1 as the Limit of Competitiveness of Railway Transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325502</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the authors address the issue of the competitiveness of conventional rail transport, especially in relation to individual car transport where a travel speed of 100 km∙h−1 can be achieved. The paper gives concrete examples of connections where this speed can be achieved, but also examples where it cannot be achieved, mainly due to insufficient infrastructure. Then, on the basis of the results obtained from the examples of such connections, appropriate conclusions and recommendations are drawn.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2024 10:45:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325502</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing the Accuracy of Average Travel Speeds from Floating Car Data on Urban Street Facilities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348320</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To improve traffic flow on regularly congested roads in a network, the performance of these roads has to be evaluated. The average travel speed is a crucial indicator of traffic quality and is used in several performance evaluation methods. Floating Car Data (FCD) obtained from vehicles equipped with GPS offers continuous and ubiquitous data acquisition, making it a potential alternative to conventional speed detection methods. However, the limited penetration and representativeness of detected vehicles pose challenges. This work investigates the suitability of commercially available FCD for determining accurate space-mean speeds. Ground truth data were collected using Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR), and a comparison analysis was performed with FCD-derived travel times and space-mean speeds. Different statistical measures were applied to evaluate the accuracy of FCD data. The results indicate a generally acceptable correlation between the two data sources, but deviations occur, especially for time intervals with a low number of detected FCD trajectories. Subsequent analyses suggest that a minimum number of five trajectories per hour are sufficient to derive valid space-mean speeds. Based on these findings, it is possible to accurately assess the performance of roads exclusively using commercially available FCD.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 11 May 2024 17:20:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348320</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Method for Evaluation of the Actual Utilisation of the Train Maximum Speed</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972703</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of the research is to establish method for evaluation of actual utilization of the maximum line speed. Another goal is to identify factors influencing utilization of the maximum line speed in case of long-distance passenger trains on the Polish railway network. The extensive database covering the infrastructure data and rolling stock data for long-distance train services in Poland has been compiled. On infrastructure side main factor seems to be differentiation of the maximum speed along the line, which is taken into account with the harmonic weighted mean. As far as rolling stock is concerned main factors are type of train formation (loco-hauled, EMU) and power-to-weight ratio. Also impact of track works on speed utilization has been studied. The best utilization of maximum line speed is in the case of long sections passed without intermediate stops, at which the influence of acceleration and braking is relatively minor. The utilization of maximum speed is negatively influenced by significant differentiation of the speed profile (frequent and large changes of speed along the line).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Nov 2023 14:45:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972703</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nonlinear model predictive control of large-scale urban road networks via average speed control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2250871</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Controlling traffic in large-scale urban road networks is a challenging problem. Aggregated dynamical models, based on the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) of urban traffic, enable model-based control design. As an alternative to perimeter control actuation commonly used in MFD-based control, in this paper, the authors propose actuation over regional space-mean speeds, which the authors name average speed control. The method involves manipulation of regional speeds via instrumentation similar to variable speed limits in freeways, or using vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. The authors develop nonlinear model predictive control schemes considering actuation over average speed and perimeter control. Their performances are compared using simulations on congested scenarios, the results of which suggest potential of the method as an alternative or complementary actuation to perimeter control.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Oct 2023 16:52:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2250871</guid>
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