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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Steel fibre reinforced concrete and its application as a load bearing corbel in West Gate Tunnel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563100</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the past few decades, steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) has increasingly been used in various engineering applications. The most common applications are slabs on ground, industrial floors, pavements, tunnel segmental linings and tunnel sprayed concrete linings. Despite the benefits of SFRC, the use of SFRC in conjunction with conventional reinforcement (hybrid SFRC) in structural elements with higher flexural or tensile demand is not common. This paper presents the novel application of hybrid SFRC on the design and construction of the load bearing corbel in a tunnel environment as part of the West Gate Tunnel Project in Melbourne, Australia. The computational modelling undertaken in analysing the behaviour of the hybrid SFRC corbel, and its in-situ construction approach are presented in detail. In addition, this paper discusses the key requirements from the design standards for the design of corbel and steel fibre reinforced concrete. Due to the hybrid nature of this application, the main structural load is resisted via conventional steel reinforcement and concrete, while SFRC is used to enhance the early age and short-term serviceability performance of the corbel. The adoption of this design approach successfully reduced the amount of conventional reinforcement by almost 40% and reduced the steel fixing construction time. Most of the reduction in conventional reinforcement is from the face longitudinal reinforcement, which is required by Australian Standard AS5100.5 and other relevant standards for crack control. In addition to the design challenges, this paper discusses the practical construction issues encountered by the construction team and how they were managed. Moreover, results from the site trial and the actual construction are discussed. It is found that when the hybrid SFRC is utilised appropriately, it can effectively reduce conventional reinforcement and the total steel to concrete ratio, leading to a more sustainable design, in addition to considerable reduction in the construction time and cost. Reduced handling of heavier and bulkier conventional reinforcement also translated to better health and safety outcomes for the project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2025 14:50:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563100</guid>
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      <title>Fibre reinforced tunnel structural lining fire design, verification and numerical modelling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563057</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Consideration of the impacts of a fire on a tunnel structural lining is an important Ultimate Limit State (ULS) load case, critical to survivability and tunnel ground support. Based on performance expectations outlined in AS 4825:2011 and the Austroads Guide to Road Tunnels Part 2 (2021), in a fire event, tunnels are expected to experience some degree of damage, but should maintain structural adequacy to support the ground. AS 5100.5 provides 'deemed to comply' clauses for fire design for bar reinforced concrete, however where no bar reinforcement is used in the lining, more detailed analysis is required. Additionally, it is common in recent tunnel design projects for the fire design of tunnel structural linings to be required to comply with both AS 5100.5 and Eurocode EN 1992-1-2. Both standards outline factors to account for the impacts of elevated temperatures on material properties, however, past that, the overlap between the two standards is less direct, with the potential to 'mix and match' clauses from the different standards. This can lead to subjectivity in the development of a design methodology that complies with both standards and potentially adoption of approaches that do not align with the design intent of either standard.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2025 14:50:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563057</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Safety of couplings on high productivity vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475133</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This field testing and simulation project seeks to understand road train coupling forces for gross combination masses (GCM) up to 160 tonne. Findings are critical for the safe selection and use of heavy vehicle fifth wheel and automatic pin couplings on increasingly heavy road train combinations. The D-Value formulae that prescribe the minimum dynamic strength of couplings in the existing Standards are based on a real world force measurements on triple road train combinations up to 125 tonne. This project seeks to advance the evidence base by measuring the magnitude and character of the forces on quad road train couplings, with GCM up to 160 tonne. A key hypothesis that motivated this project was to measure whether the forces through the couplings tend to plateau as the GCM increases, instead of increasing linearly with mass as predicted by the D-Value formulae in the Australian Standards. If so, this finding would have significant benefits in cost and convenience, allowing commonplace coupling types and sizes to be used throughout an increasingly heavy road train fleet. Quad road train combinations up to 160 tonne were tested on Northern Territory roads, with coupling forces measured via an instrumented dolly trailer. This novel approach allowed the test dolly to be moved to the three dolly positions to collect measurements on separate journeys. Force vectors, acceleration, GPS and other data was logged while underway in order to determine the nature and magnitude of forces on mechanical couplings. The test dolly incorporated onboard data acquisition equipment and local power supply in order to measure the coupling forces on the heavy vehicle combination in routine use. Results from this testing were used to calibrate and adjust the parameters of a proprietary software model that was used to simulate road train forces at higher combination masses]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Dec 2024 19:05:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475133</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Harmonisation of rail standards</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2452449</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project sought to do the following: 1. Undertake a desktop overview of the Australian rail standards ecosystem; 2. Assess the advantages and disadvantages of harmonising rail standards: 3. Quantify the benefits and costs of harmonising standards; 4. Assess the barriers and risks to harmonising standards and identify opportunities to address these barriers; 5. Undertake a categorisation of standards; 6. Develop options for harmonising standards.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Nov 2024 14:17:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2452449</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CLOCS-A: road safety standard for construction infrastructure projects</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Construction Logistics and Community Safety-Australia (CLOCS-A) is a national voluntary Standard developed with the primary aim of better managing potential hazards created by the road transport and logistics activities associated with large construction projects. The standard has been collaboratively developed by representatives from industry, government, researchers and community associations. The aim of CLOCS-A is to reduce the risk of road trauma involving construction vehicles whilst improving the efficiency and productivity of logistics. With Australian governments committed to an expected $290 billion in public infrastructure investment over the next 10 years, most of which will be in urban highly populated areas these present hazards for the public — particularly Vulnerable Road Users. This paper outlines the process in developing the CLOCS-A standard, how its inclusion in construction contracts will promote safer heavy vehicles usage, improved driver standards, more effective logistics planning and greater community engagement on road safety initiatives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Sep 2024 14:46:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431376</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Uncertainty modelling and assessment of shear resistance in reinforced concrete beams without shear reinforcement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2417155</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Aug 2024 16:50:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2417155</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>New Vehicle Efficiency Standard (NVES) design options and estimated impacts on lifetime CO2 exhaust emissions from new Australian light-duty vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389417</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study has quantified the CO2 emission impacts of the introduction of two versions of the NVES, the originally preferred option by the Federal Government (Option B) and the latest version (Draft Bill), which is based on Option B, but with a number of changes, namely a shift of specific large SUVs to the more lenient LCV standard, as well as reducing the overall stringency of the standard for LCVs. The Federal Government estimated a total NVES emissions abatement in 2050 of 369 Mt (million metric tonnes) in 2050 (Option B) and 321 Mt (Draft Bill). The abated emissions predicted in this study are substantially lower with 103 Mt (Option B) and 87 Mt (Draft Bill), 27-28% of the estimates made by the Federal Government. In a relative sense, the predictions are more similar. The Federal Government estimates that the change from Option B to the Draft Bill reduced the total abated emissions with 13%, whereas this study estimates a total emission abatement loss of 16%. Without a clear understanding how the Federal Government modelled the NVES impacts, it is not possible to explore the reasons for these differences, but Section 5.3 suggests a number of possible reasons.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Jun 2024 08:59:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389417</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Development of new evaluation live load models for the Waka Kotahi Bridge manual</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306877</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The previous New Zealand Bridge manual evaluation live loadings for normal traffic were based on multiples of the HN (normal) loading established in 1972, with 0.85HN intended to represent the unfactored effects of general access vehicles. Evaluation loadings for HPMV (high productivity motor vehicles) were set at 0.90HN (L<=25m) or 0.95HN (L> 25m) in the 2013 update. A study on future design live loadings (NZTA research report 539) recommended that new evaluation loadings be based on multiples of SM1600 loading from AS 5100.2 or alternatively on higher multiples of HN loading. However, we found that neither option could provide consistent fits to effects of conforming vehicles at all span lengths. For HN loadings there are significant shortfalls for negative moment effects in continuous spans and scaled down SM1600 design loadings have a generally poor fit to single vehicle effects. A goal for the development was to achieve closer harmonisation between the Bridge manual and AS 5100 if possible. Adopting the nominated rating vehicle approach from AS 5100.7 provided the opportunity to realise that goal. The paper shows that maximum load effects for the full ranges of conforming HPMV and general access vehicles allowed by regulations can be fully represented by small sets of conforming vehicles. The new loadings provide dependable representation of the effects of conforming vehicles, without substantial overall increases across the full range of span lengths except where the significant shortfall in continuous span effects has been addressed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 14:55:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306877</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicle dynamic load effects on buried arch structures (dynamic load allowance discussion)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306874</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Australian Standard for Bridge Design Part 2 (AS 5100.2) specifies requirements for the dynamic load allowance to be applied to vehicle loads to account for the interaction of moving loads with the structure. The code makes specific provision for the application of this factor to buried structures, but does not differentiate between rectangular and arch structures, or take account of the relative differences in stiffness of structures, such as between concrete and soil-steel structures. In addition, buried arch structures are often subject to very high vehicle loads in non-highway situations such as mine haul roads where typical axle loads are much higher, but vehicle speeds are significantly lower than for highway bridges, and vary for different vehicle types. The behaviour of typical concrete buried arch structures has been analysed using a non-linear dynamic finite element analysis taking account of soil-structure interaction effects and the non-linear flexural behaviour of the concrete section. The analysis was carried out for two different arch spans with typical minimum depth of fill over the arch and varying vehicle speeds. For the vehicle speeds resulting in the greatest dynamic loads, the effect of increased fill height and increased fill elastic modulus was also investigated. Each analysis considered the AS 5100.2 standard M1600 vehicle, and a typical fully loaded mine truck. The paper compares the critical design actions from the dynamic analyses with static analyses under the same conditions and provides recommendations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 14:55:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306874</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison of internal and external prestressing for full span precast segmental bridge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The full span construction method is one of the most commonly used methods in the construction of precast segmental bridges in recent years. In this method the precast segments are first lifted into place and then stressed together by prestressing tendons to form a complete bridge span. Generally, the internally bonded tendons are more structurally efficient because these tendons will elongate together with the surrounding concrete due to strain compatibility when the bridge span is under external loading. However, the use of internally bonded tendons requires careful localised reinforcement detailing, in particulars in the anchorage zones, which will translate into additional construction efforts. In addition, if the internal tendons are subjected to durability problems during the bridge service life, they would be difficult to be repaired or replaced. The aforementioned challenges have led to an increasing interest in the use of externally unbonded tendons, which will make the inspection, restressing and replacing of tendons feasible and easier. This paper presents a parametric study which compares of the amount of prestressing required for two similar precast segmental bridge spans, one with internally bonded tendons and the other with externally unbonded tendons. Through the comparison of the prestressing tendon quantity, this study aims to determine a range of span-to-depth ratio, where the use of external tendons will become more cost effective and does not significantly increase the cost of the structure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 14:55:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306867</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integral bridge with full height abutment requirement and design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306866</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many level crossings have been removed in Victoria. Typically, they are single span or two span bridges over existing rail tracks and without batter in front of abutment to allow rail maintenance access. AS5100-2017 & BTN010 requires integral bridge to avoid any joints. AS5100.1-2017 requires minimum 800mm thick for abutment wall including RSS wall abutment for rail collision load. 800mm thick wall of 3.6m and 2.0m above rail height is to be provided when abutment face is less than 4m from the rail centre line to abutment face and more than 4m respectively. MTM standards requires 800mm thick wall when abutment is located within 10m from near or future track, but it allowed to use 900mm diameter piles at 2.0m spacing with reinforced concrete infill pile walls subject to MTM approval. However, infill wall to be designed for the collision load and the reinforced soil strap (RSS) wall system should protect abutment piles from collision load. DoT Section 682 also requires abutment piles to be independent of RSS wall to avoid any load transfer to abutment piles from RSS walls. RSS wall will require 800mm thick for almost half the height and piled foundation for rail collision load. Abutment piles independent of RSS walls will need to be large enough. In order to satisfy all requirements, full height abutment walls have been used to support bridge structure as well as to retain soil for an economical design and to reduce rail occupation over existing rail tracks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 14:55:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306866</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>High strength steel for composite bridge structures: benefits and issues</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306859</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Limiting carbon footprint by reducing the amount of construction materials is one of the main actions that contributes to sustainable construction practice. This applies to composite bridge superstructure designed to AS5100.6. The revised version of the Standard issued in 2017 allowed steel plate to AS 3597 with grade ranging from 500 to 700 (yield stress 500, 600, 620, 650 and 690 MPa) to be used, these are quenched and tempered plates manufactured in compliance with this Standard. This constituted a significant difference to the previous version of the Standard (2004) in which Cl 1.1.1 (Scope) limited its applicability to steel members for which the value of the yield stress (fy) does not exceed 450 MPa. Furthermore, the revised AS 5100.5 has extended its application to concrete characteristic compressive strength at 28 days up to 100 MPa. Lighter superstructure may now be able to be designed to AS/NZS 5100.6 (and AS 5100.5) implying significant material savings. However, some technical issues may limit the benefits of using high strength steel plate and concrete. This paper aims to provide design comparison between steel composite trough girders already designed and built using grade 350 steel plate and the same trough girders had they been designed using high strength steel plate (grade 700 to AS 3579) with yield strength of 690 MPa. Issues found such as deflection limits, fatigue stress compliance and plate elements slenderness are investigated and their effects compared.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 14:54:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306859</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue evaluation of ageing steel railway bridges on current rail network in Victoria</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306851</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although many of the existing railway bridges are structurally adequate to carry the increased rail loading, they still be expected to suffer from fatigue related to the cyclical application of modern freight axle loads. Rail authorities are paying attention to extend the service life of existing ageing railway bridges to manage a cost-effective solution for the rehabilitation. Most bridges in the Victorian railway networks are steel made and have been built during the late 19th to early 20th century, mostly still in service.  Increasing volume of traffic and axle weight of trains mean that current loads are much higher than envisaged from original design. In this context, issues as maintenance, assessment, rehabilitation and strengthening assume a significant importance. Fatigue life prediction of existing bridges is still a debated topic. Railway bridges may be exposed to high fatigue stress ranges and number of stress cycles that may lead to fatigue damage. AS5100.6 is based on traditional S-N curve method with fatigue parameters typically meant for the design of new bridges to achieve 100 years life. Constant amplitude stress range is assumed. However, when applied to assess the decades old bridges, it leads to conservatism that encourages a deficient structure demanding great economic impact. Due to the variability of past and present loadings, variable amplitude stress ranges are found to be more appropriate with fatigue damage calculated based on Palmgren-Miner Rule.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 14:54:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306851</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue Design Methodology for highway sign support structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306850</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Highway sign support structures are fatigue sensitive structures which require careful structural assessment, particularly in reference to their connections. AS5100 provides ultimate and serviceability limit state design requirements and refers to AASHTO for all aspects of the fatigue limit state design. AASHTO provides nominal stress-based fatigue detail categories for circular hollow sections and multisided sections, however, fatigue detail categories for rectangular or square sections are not available in AASHTO. Instead, AASHTO suggested an alternate local stress-based and/or experimental based methodology as provided in Appendix C. In Australia, it is common practice to use SHS, RHS and plate fabricated box sections as sign support structures. The fatigue design of connections associated with these sections using nominal stress-based method is not possible as connection detail categories are not covered in AS5100 or AASHTO. Based on the literature review there are various gaps and inconsistencies exists with current design guidelines and there is no consistent, nor suitable singular method is available for the typical gantry design scenarios, particularly those that use square and rectangular sections. To address these gaps and inconsistencies, three different fatigue design methodologies are presented, varying in complexity from nominal and geometric stress methods to the modified notch stress method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 14:54:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306850</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Existing ballasted rail bridge assessment: benefits of a Rail Structure Interaction analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306848</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A load rating was undertaken as part of the asset owners regular periodic load rating on a 139 m total length, 12-span bridge carrying a single ballasted rail track on curved horizontal and vertical alignment originally constructed in 1996. The bridge superstructure comprised simply supported prestressed concrete through-girders of up to 17 m length with precast concrete planks spanning between main girders. The bridge is a rail-over-rail flyover which also crosses a road necessitating a variety of substructure arrangements including, cantilever, portal, tee and blade-wall piers supported on piles. AS5100.2 allows determination of braking and traction forces through either the empirical or rational method. The empirical method utilises formulas to allow a simplified loading of the bridge, whereas the rational method relies on rail vehicle specifications such as vehicle lengths, loading and traction and braking characteristics to be incorporated into a Rail-Structure Interaction (RSI) analysis considering the bridge and approach embankments. For this bridge’s assessment, braking and traction forces applied significant longitudinal loading to the substructure, with the determination of these loads being critical for an accurate rating of the structure. The Rational Method of determination of these forces, determined through an RSI analysis, was utilised in lieu of the Empirical Method to refine the loading of the bridge. This paper discusses the methodology, rolling stock considered by various rail authorities, benefits achieved for the project and compares the Rational and Empirical Methods in AS5100 to outline the potential benefits of an RSI analysis for rail bridge design and analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 14:54:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306848</guid>
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