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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Pedestrian Response to Leading Pedestrian Intervals: The Role of Visual and Audible Cues in Start-Up Time and Walking Speed</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724610</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pedestrian fatalities in traffic crashes have increased steadily since 2009, highlighting the urgent need for improved pedestrian safety measures. Among various engineering interventions, the Leading Pedestrian Interval (LPI) has been introduced at signalized intersections to enhance pedestrian safety by activating the pedestrian walk signal before the start of the vehicular phase. While there is widespread agreement regarding the potential safety benefits of LPIs, researchers and practitioners have yet to reach a consensus on their optimal duration, with recommendations typically ranging from 3 to 7 s. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a 3-s LPI on pedestrian behavior at seven intersections managed by the Sacramento County Department of Transportation. The analysis examines the influence of visual and audible signal configurations on pedestrian start-up times and walking speeds. Data were collected before and after the implementation of the LPI, revealing that the majority of pedestrians did not reach the midpoint of the initial travel lane until 1–2 s after the vehicular green signal. Our findings indicate that the inclusion of audio cues significantly reduced pedestrian start-up times, whereas countdown signals detracted from LPI effectiveness by reducing pedestrian walking speeds. These results offer valuable insights for transportation agencies considering the implementation of LPIs and emphasize the necessity of integrating both visual and audible signals to enhance pedestrian safety at signalized intersections.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:56:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724610</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of the Cognitive Structure of Engine Noise Perception Based on Cabin Noise and Vehicle Parameters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706132</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In hybrid vehicles, the acoustic contrast between engine-off and engine-on states increases annoyance from engine noise. This study analyzes the cognitive structure of engine noise perception using synchronized in-cabin sound and vehicle signals under real driving conditions. A random forest classifier using five psychoacoustic metrics achieved 57% accuracy in predicting subjective ratings, while a model using only vehicle parameters (engine speed, driveshaft torque, and vehicle speed) achieved 65%. Integrating psychoacoustic metrics and vehicle parameters slightly improved accuracy to 67%, comparable to the vehicle-parameter-only model. These results indicate that engine noise perception is influenced by vehicle state and driving intent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 09:03:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706132</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on Psychoacoustic Indices for Evaluating Annoyance Caused by Wind Noise Perceived as Fluctuating</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706130</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, a large-scale auditory evaluation test was conducted to investigate the characteristics of fluctuating wind noise, identifying psychoacoustic metrics that strongly correlate with discomfort experienced by general drivers. First, a large-scale sound quality evaluation experiment was conducted using a web-based survey application, and subjective evaluation results for sounds perceived as unpleasant by general drivers were extracted. Next, psychoacoustic metrics such as loudness and sharpness of the sample sounds used in the evaluation, as well as modulation power spectrum analysis, were examined to identify psychoacoustic indices that show strong correlation with the subjective evaluation results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 09:03:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706130</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seeing Is Believing: Detecting the Sybil Attacks in FANETS by Mapping Visual and Auditory Domains</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2727754</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the derivative of the vehicular ad hoc network, the flying ad hoc network (FANET) will play a crucial role in the B5G/6 G era since it provides wide coverage and on-demand deployment services in a distributed manner. The detection of Sybil attacks is essential to ensure trusted communication in FANET. Nevertheless, the conventional methods only utilize the untrusted information that UAV nodes passively “heard” from the “auditory” domain (AD), resulting in severe communication disruptions and even collision accidents. In this paper, we present a novel VA-mapping solution that matches the neighbors observed from AD and “visual” domain (VD), which is the first solution that enables UAVs to accurately correlate what they “see” from and “hear” to detect the Sybil attacks. The overhead in AD is reduced by the proposed topology-aware beacon interval. Relative entropy is utilized to describe the similarity of observed characteristics from dual domains. The dynamic weight algorithm is proposed to distinguish neighbors according to the characteristics' popularity. The matching model of AD and VD is established and solved by the proposed vampire bat optimizer. Experiment results show that the proposed VA-mapping solution removes the unreliability of individual characteristics and single domains. It reduces the overhead without sacrificing the accuracy of the neighbor list. Furthermore, it outperforms the conventional RSSI-based and mobility-based methods in Sybil detection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 09:46:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2727754</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pilots gaze more outside while performing an auditory cognitive task</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694467</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Data from two simulator experiments were examined to investigate whether performing an auditory task influences pilots’ gaze behaviour. Gaze behaviour was measured while participants performed a manual flying task with an auditory task (dual-task condition) or without (single-task condition). Experiment 1 took place in a fixed-base, fixed-wing simulator with 15 novice military pilots. Experiment 2 took place in a moving-base, rotary-wing simulator with 13 experienced military helicopter pilots. Percentage dwell time outside significantly increased in the dual-task condition compared to the single-task condition in both experiments, by a factor of 1.2 and 1.5 respectively. Mean duration of fixations outside significantly increased for pilots, while it decreased for novices. In novices, altitude control performance was also significantly reduced when performing the auditory task, whereas bank angle control performance significantly increased in experienced pilots. The impact on gaze behaviour may potentially serve as a behavioural indicator of pilot auditory workload.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:50:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694467</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of sound quality indices for vehicle acoustic comfort based on the correlation between customer perception and objective NVH measurements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679082</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The acoustic comfort in vehicle cabins significantly affects customer satisfaction and purchasing decisions. Tests and jury evaluations conducted during the vehicle development process show that traditional Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH) measurement metrics such as A-weighted sound pressure level or Articulation Index level often fail to reflect subjective customer perceptions. This creates the risk of a mismatch between NVH design and user expectations. This can lead to costly solutions being implemented to meet customer expectations at later stages of the vehicle development process. In this study, the Sound Quality (SQ) parameters that better reflect the customer’s perception and preference regarding vehicle acoustic comfort were determined under representative driving maneuvers reflecting the driving characteristics of customers. A third gear full throttle acceleration maneuver was conducted to replicate engine noise, as this maneuver is representative of typical city driving conditions. The interior noise of six vehicles was objectively measured and then, the sound samples were subjectively evaluated by 50 jurors in a listening room using high precision audio system and headphones with a specially designed user interface. Psychoacoustic parameters with high correlation to subjective ratings were used to develop a new sound quality metric via multivariable regression analysis. The validity of this new metric was also proven by studies conducted on nine different vehicles not included in the study pool.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 14:43:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679082</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Augmenting Highway Workers’ Hearing of Backup Alarm Sounds in a Noisy Workplace Using Speech Enhancement Generative Adversarial Network (SEGAN)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640360</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Backup alarm signals are crucial to alert nearby workers of the potential dangers of reversing mobile equipment at construction sites. However, due to the loud ambient noise on construction sites, workers may wear hearing protection devices (HPD), potentially impacting their ability to detect these alarms. There is a lack of an existing framework that can protect workers from loud and complex noise but preserve the audibility of reverse signal alarms. This study addresses the gap by developing a novel framework using Speech Enhancement Generative Adversarial Network (SEGAN) to augment the audibility of backup alarm signals for construction workers exposed to loud noises. The SEGAN model was trained on a large-scale equipment sound data set incorporating 4 types of backup alarms and 26 background noise conditions. We performed evaluations on an independent, unseen test set with varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) using objective metrics such as PESQ, CSIG, CBAK, COVL, and SSNR. This model can be utilized to develop a new noise-canceling device, which will have great potential to improve the safety of work zones.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 17:09:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640360</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hearing acceleration: Enhancing vehicle sound for earlier detection of acceleration in pedestrians</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698821</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Acceleration serves as both an implicit cue of a vehicle’s non-yielding intention and a necessary maneuver following a yielding action in autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, vehicle acceleration is difficult for pedestrians to accurately perceive. This study proposed and evaluated an auditory external interface for AVs that enhances the vehicle’s engine sound to facilitate pedestrians’ perception of acceleration. In a virtual reality environment, the authors measured pedestrians’ time delay in detecting vehicle acceleration under four sound conditions: untreated, amplitude-enhanced, frequency-enhanced, and combined amplitude-frequency enhancement. Results indicated that all three enhancement methods could speed up acceleration perception compared to the untreated condition, with amplitude enhancement producing the weakest effect. The combined enhancement proved most effective, offering a slight advantage over frequency enhancement. These findings provide insights into effectively enhancing auditory characteristics that may inform future research on vehicle–pedestrian interaction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 09:03:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698821</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multitasking While Walking: How Green Noise and Texting Alter Gait</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647414</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the combined effects of green noise and texting on gait to understand how multitasking and auditory stimuli affect walking stability. Green noise, associated with relaxation, was the environmental stimulus; texting the cognitive distractor. We hypothesized texting would reduce cadence and stride length, with green noise either stabilizing or disrupting gait. Ten participants walked on a treadmill under five conditions: normal walking (NW), no texting/sound (WNTNS), sound only (WNTS), texting only (WTNS), and texting with sound (WTS). Gait parameters—step length, step width, single support time, and terminal double support time—were analyzed. Step length decreased in WNTS (p?=?.0106) and WTS (p?=?.0115) versus NW; step width increased in WTNS (p?<?.0001). Single support time was prolonged in WTS; terminal double support time increased in all conditions vs. NW (p?=?.0435). Cognitive and environmental distractions alter gait, potentially increasing fall risk. Further research should explore how green noise and texting influence walking stability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 08:41:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647414</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Time-to-Collision Estimation With Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using Visual and Auditory Cues: Which Cues are Most Important?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647176</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We measured time-to-collision (TTC) judgments from participants with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and normal vision (NV) controls, with an audiovisual virtual reality system that simulated vehicles approaching in a 3D traffic environment. The vehicle was presented visually only, aurally only, or both simultaneously, allowing us to determine the relative importance of visual and auditory cues with psychophysical reverse correlation. Results indicated that TTC judgments were based on both auditory and visual cues in the AMD and NV groups; the AMD group relied, at least in part, on their residual vision. A multimodal advantage was not observed in either group. TTC estimation in the AMD group was surprisingly similar to that in the NV group. However, the AMD group showed a higher relative importance of “heuristic” cues compared to more reliably accurate cues favored by the NV group, suggesting that similar performance may be achieved through different cue-weighting strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 08:41:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647176</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence analysis of soundscape design for street activities in the virtual environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613516</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, urban street improvements have focused on creating people-centered walkable environments to encourage diverse activities. However, these designs emphasize visual elements, with limited attention to soundscapes. This study explores the impact of street soundscapes in activity spaces on walkability evaluations. First, according to a literature review, soundscape scenarios for street activities were made with 3DCG street models. Then, a survey was conducted to evaluate the virtual streets in terms of perceptions and behavioral willingness. Finally, the impacts of the street soundscapes on the walkability evaluation were analyzed. The results showed that, while the visual impacts of street design are greater than the sound impact, the street soundscapes for excitement and relaxation differently affect behavioral willingness to walk around and stay through their multi-dimensional impacts on perceived walkability of impression and functions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 10:17:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613516</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Underpinning the impact of in-vehicle distractions on driving performance in Australia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640767</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Give the significant and diverse impact of in-vehicle distractions on road crashes, this study examines the comparative impact of four inside-vehicle distractions (auditory, visual, behavioral/manual and cognitive) on driving performance.  A lab-based driving simulator study was conducted with Australian drivers (n = 103) to examine the impact of four types of distractions on driving performance.  Simulator-based study results confirmed that behavioral/manual and auditory distractions were the largest inside-vehicle distractions affecting driving performance adversely. The study’s findings offer valuable insights for developing safe driving awareness campaigns, particularly by addressing auditory and behavioral distractions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2026 14:31:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640767</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing Auditory Safety Warnings in Highway Construction Zones with Loud Noise Using Generative Artificial Intelligence</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651422</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Safety-critical sounds are crucial to alert nearby workers of potential dangers such as reversing mobile equipment at construction sites. However, due to the loud ambient noise on highway construction sites, workers may wear hearing protection devices (HPDs), potentially impacting their ability to detect these alarms. There is a lack of existing frameworks that can protect workers from loud and complex noise but preserve the audibility of safety cues. This study addressed this gap by developing a novel framework using a conformed-based metric generative adversarial network (CMGAN) to augment the audibility of safety-critical signals for construction workers exposed to loud noises. The CMGAN-based signal enhancement model was trained on a large-scale synthetic data set of noisy warning signals, covering two types of safety-critical sounds—backup alarms, and work zone intrusion alarms—across 38 background noise conditions such as construction equipment, hand tool operation, and passing traffic. The models were evaluated using different test sets with varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and objective metrics such as perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ), composite measure for signal distortion (CSIG), composite measure for noise distortion (CBAK), composite measure for overall speech quality (COVL), and segmental signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR). Furthermore, the authors assessed the real-time performance of the proposed models by measuring the real-time factor (RTF). The proposed model shows promise for developing an innovative noise-cancelling device, which could significantly enhance worker safety in construction zones and other high-noise environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 16:59:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651422</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Exploratory Study on Auditory Experience in Electric Vehicles: Understanding User Characteristics and Driving Contexts Through Real-Driving Experiments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610808</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Objective: This study investigated how user characteristics and driving context influence auditory experiences (AX) in electric vehicles (EVs), identifying distinct user types and their specific auditory needs and evaluation. Background: Electric vehicles (EVs) present unique opportunities for designing auditory experiences (AX) due to their quiet operation characteristics and acoustic vehicle alert systems (AVAS). Method: Forty participants conducted real-driving experiments with an EV, experiencing sounds at low, medium, and high speeds. We applied systematic analysis combining topic modeling (BERTopic) and qualitative coding of think-aloud interviews and statistical analysis of questionnaire responses. Results: Four user types were segmented by attitude (Dynamic vs. Conservative) and car type (EV vs. ICV owners). Text analysis revealed varying frequencies of concerns across user types regarding driving contexts, functional aspects, and affective aspects of AX. Statistical analysis showed significant differences among user types in sporty preferences and perceptions of affective properties (Sporty, Stylish, Comfort, and Calm). Driving contexts significantly influenced perceived Stylish and Calm characteristics. Conclusion: This study provides empirical evidence and design implications for customized AX in EVs design based on user characteristics and driving contexts. Application: The findings can guide the development of personalized AX systems in EVs, enhancing both user satisfaction and safety through context-aware and user-centered design approaches.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 2025 10:56:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610808</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of External Audio on Driving Task Performance in Simulated under Armor Environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604475</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As part of technology maturation efforts, the COAT Lab evaluated the impact of external audio on driving performance in simulated under armor environments. To do so, we conducted an Engineering Evaluation Test (EET) wherein participants were asked to drive a simulated military vehicle through a Slalom course (primary task) while monitoring for aerial threats (secondary task). Using a combination of objective and subjective metrics, this evaluation quantified participants’ ability to maneuver and detect threats while using external audio as an enabling technology. Evaluation results indicated external audio positively benefited driving performance and situation awareness. However, evaluation results also indicated that external audio was not sufficient in and of itself for detecting time-sensitive aerial threats. Together, these results suggest a development path forward in which external audio is combined with visual information to enhance crew situation awareness under armor.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:25:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604475</guid>
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