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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Field Data Study of the Effect of Knee Airbags on Lower Extremity Injury in Frontal Crashes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856361</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Knee airbags (KABs) are one countermeasure in newer vehicles that could influence lower extremity (LEX) injury, the most frequently injured body region in frontal crashes. To determine the effect of KABs on LEX injury for drivers in frontal crashes, the analysis examined moderate or greater LEX injury (AIS 2+) in two datasets. Logistic regression considered six main effect factors (KAB deployment, BMI, age, sex, belt status, driver compartment intrusion). Eighty-five cases with KAB deployment from the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) database were supplemented with 8 cases from the International Center for Automotive Medicine (ICAM) database and compared to 289 CIREN non-KAB cases. All cases evaluated drivers in frontal impacts (11 to 1 o’clock Principal Direction of Force) with known belt use in 2004 and newer model year vehicles. Results of the CIREN/ICAM dataset were compared to analysis of a similar dataset from NASS-CDS (5441 total cases, 418 KAB-deployed). KABs were associated with a reduced rate of LEX injury in the CIREN/ICAM dataset (OR = 0.612, p=0.065), but were inconclusive in the NASS-CDS dataset (OR=0.946, p=0.761). KABs were associated with a reduced rate of knee/thigh/hip injury in CIREN/ICAM (OR = 0.555, p = 0.035) but had no measurable effect on below knee injury in CIREN/ICAM (OR = 0.928, p = 0.765) or NASS-CDS (OR=1.102, p=0.641). In conclusion, KABs were associated with reduced rates of LEX and knee/thigh/hip injury in the CIREN/ICAM dataset and had no measurable effect on below knee injury for drivers in frontal crashes in either dataset.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Oct 2021 14:30:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856361</guid>
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      <title>A Study of Age-Related Thoracic Injury in Frontal Crashes using Analytic Morphomics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1560948</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to use detailed medical information to evaluate thoracic injuries in elderly patients in real world frontal crashes. In this study, we used analytic morphomics to predict the effect of torso geometry on rib fracture, a major source of injury for the elderly. Analytic morphomics extracts body features from computed tomography (CT) scans of patients in a semi-automated fashion. Thoracic injuries were examined in front row occupants involved in frontal crashes from the International Center for Automotive Medicine (ICAM) database. Among these occupants, two age groups (age < 60 yr. [Nonelderly] and age = 60 yr. [Elderly]) who suffered severe thoracic injury were analyzed. Regression analyses were conducted to investigate injury outcomes using variables for vehicle, demographics, and morphomics. Compared to the nonelderly group, the elderly group sustained more rib fractures. Logistic regression models were fitted with different configurations of variables predictive of the Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale of the thoracic region (MAISthx 3+). The performance of models was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). AUC is a widely-used “rating” method to describe the accuracy of prediction models. It represents the probability that a randomly chosen positive subject with higher predicted risk than a randomly chosen negative subject. An area of 1 represents a perfect model; an area of 0.5 represents a worthless model. The model developed based solely on vehicle data had an AUC of 0.58. When demographic data was combined with vehicle data, the model prediction improved to an AUC of 0.66. The AUC associated with vehicle and morphomics data increased to 0.72 and increased again to 0.79 when combining vehicle, demographic, and morphomics variables. The important morphomics variables were the rib’s in-plane shape, rib angle, and spine-to-back skin, which represents fat thickness in the posterior trunk. Morphomics variables such as skeletal geometry and fat distribution can be precisely adjusted in a finite element human body model or anthropomorphic testing device to represent occupants of different body shapes and sizes and are thus more valuable in assessing injury during vehicle crashes.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Nov 2019 14:10:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1560948</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Proceedings of the 24th World International Traffic Medicine Association Congress, Qatar 2015</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1408755</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The International Traffic Medicine Association (ITMA) organizes world congresses covering all areas of Traffic Medicine and its associated disciplines. The motto of the 24th international congress was Traffic Medicine and Road Safety in Fast Developing Countries.  This congress focused on the progress in traffic safety and traffic injury prevention and treatment in recent years, and brought traffic medicine experts together to share the most advanced traffic medicine concepts, theories and techniques in order to promote traffic crash prevention, traffic safety, first-aid, medical treatment, and accordingly reduce the mortality and disability resulting from traffic injury in the world, to raise the road user's health standard and the quality of life.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Jun 2016 10:27:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1408755</guid>
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      <title>Impact of New Guidelines and Educational Program on Awareness of Medical Fitness to Drive Among General Practitioners in Ireland</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1347231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Objective: To investigate changes in attitudes, resources, and practices of general practitioners (GPs) toward evaluating medical fitness to drive (MFTD) following the publication of national guidelines and an extensive educational programme in traffic medicine.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Apr 2015 09:02:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1347231</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Physicians' knowledge and continuing medical education regarding fitness to drive: a questionnaire-based survey in Southeast Switzerland</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1148407</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Valid information is not available for physicians in Switzerland concerning knowledge and continuing education in traffic medicine. Attitudes toward the legally prescribed periodic driving fitness examinations is also unclear. To gain more information about these topics, 635 resident physicians in Southeast Switzerland were sent a questionnaire. In a self-estimation, 79% of the queried physicians claimed to know the minimal medical requirements for drivers which are important in their specialty. Statistically significant differences existed between the specialties, whereby general practitioners most frequently claimed to know the minimal medical requirements (90%). It appears that the minimal medical requirements for drivers are well known to the queried physicians. Fifty-two percent of the physicians favored an expansion of continuing education in traffic medicine. Such an expansion was desired to a lesser extent by physicians without knowledge of the minimal requirements. A clear majority of the medical professionals considered the legally prescribed periodic driving fitness examinations as being an expedient means to identify unfit drivers. 68% of the responding physicians supported a national standardized form for reporting potentially unfit drivers to the licensing authorities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Aug 2012 09:07:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1148407</guid>
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      <title>Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 50th Annual Proceedings, Chicago, Illinois, October 16-18, 2006</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/793794</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This volume includes papers from the 50th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, held in Chicago, Illinois, on October 16-18, 2006.  The 25 peer-reviewed papers are grouped according to the following subjects: computer modeling; epidemiology – crashes and injuries; epidemiology – frontals and rollovers; side impacts; trauma and outcome; aging and child restraints.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Nov 2006 14:51:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/793794</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 49th Annual Proceedings, Boston, Massachusetts, September 12-14, 2005</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/781209</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This volume includes papers from the 49th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, held in Boston, Massachusetts, on September 12-14, 2005. The 25 peer-reviewed papers are grouped according to the following subjects: crash avoidance; post-crash outcomes; rollovers; side impact and vehicle compatibility; youth and child restraints; incompatibility and vulnerable road users; alcohol and drug impairment; and aging drivers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 May 2006 09:30:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/781209</guid>
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      <title>INJURY BIOMECHANICS OF C2 DENS FRACTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748474</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study is to analyze the biomechanics of dens fractures of the second cervical vertebra in the adult population due to motor vehicle crashes.  Case-by-case records from the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) and National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) databases were used.  Variables such as change in velocity, impact direction and body habitus were extracted.  Results indicated that similarities exist in the two databases despite differences in sampling methods between the two sources (e.g., CIREN is not population based).  Trauma is predominantly associated with the frontal mode of impact. The majority of injuries occur with change in velocities below current federal guideline thresholds. No specific bias exists with respect to variables such as age, height, weight, and gender.  Because similar conclusions can be drawn with regard to vehicle model years, design changes during these years may have had little effect on this injury.  To ameliorate trauma, emphasis should be placed on the frontal impact mode and entire adult population.  Because of clinical implications in the fracture type (II being most critical) and lack of specific coding, CIREN data demonstrates the need to improve injury coding in the AIS and application in the NASS to enhance occupant safety and treatment in the field of automotive medicine.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748474</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE 48TH ANNUAL PROCEEDINGS, BISCAYNE, FLORIDA, SEPTEMBER 13-15, 2004</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748375</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Included in this volume are the papers from the 48th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, held in Key Biscayne, Florida, on September13-15, 2004.  The 21 papers are grouped according to the following subjects: improving vehicle performance; child occupants; other occupants and drivers; injuries to the head, face and neck; injuries to lower extremities; cost of injuries; and Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748375</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A REVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MEDICAL CARE AND TECHNOLOGY IN REDUCING TRAFFIC FATALITIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/744924</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article first presents a review of the literature examining the impact of medical care and technology in reducing traffic fatalities. This review then leads to the understanding that medical interventions, either though technology improvements or improvements in medical care such as trauma care systems, have significantly contributed to reductions in motor vehicle crash fatalities. An analysis of recent empirical research examining these issues follows. The paper concludes with the suggestion that perhaps continued funding and incentives for developing and improving technology and disseminating new knowledge may be more effective in reducing fatalities than other crash reduction programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Dec 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/744924</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MEDICAL SELECTION AMONG PUPILS ENROLLING IN SCHOOL FOR PROFESSIONAL DRIVERS OR SIMILAR VOCATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269942</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The author claims that pupils preparing to become professional drivers or to work as planners of operation scheduling in a transportation firm should be medically examined before enrolling in such a school. The examination should be carried out according to the principles and medical standards applied in examinations for professional drivers on entry to the profession. It is recommended that doctors of school medicine should consult institutions where there are experts who regularly perform examinations for drivers (centres for traffic medicine and psychology). Otherwise, it might happen that a pupil, having finished his education and training for professional driver is found to be unfit to drive when he takes his medical examinations on entry to the profession, due to some health disorder or disease.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 21:57:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269942</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASSESSING FITNESS TO DRIVE FOR COMMERCIAL AND PRIVATE VEHICLE DRIVERS: MEDICAL STANDARDS FOR LICENSING AND CLINICAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/678891</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Driving a motor vehicle requires perception, judgment, adequate response time and reasonable physical capability.  Many medical conditions, as well as certain treatments, may impair any of these factors and thus affect driving ability.  This publication seeks to improve road safety in Australia by assisting health professionals to:  assess the fitness to drive of their patients in a consistent and appropriate manner; promote the responsible behavior of their patients with regard to their medical fitness; conduct medical examinations for the licensing of drivers; make recommendations regarding conditional licenses; and recognize the extent and limits of their professional and legal obligations with respect to reporting fitness to drive. This report outlines clear medical criteria for driver capability based on available evidence and expert medical opinion, differentiates national minimum standards for drivers of commercial and private vehicles, provides general guidelines for managing patients with respect to their fitness to drive, provides a primary source of criteria for state and territory driver licensing authorities in assessing fitness to drive, provides links to supporting and substantiating information, provides a reporting template to guide reporting to the driver licensing authority if required, provides medical examination proformas to help guide the assessment process, and outlines the legal obligations for medical practitioners and drivers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/678891</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BOOSTER SEATS FOR CHILDREN: CLOSING THE GAP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/734528</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) sponsored an international conference, April 23-24, 2001, in Washington, D.C., to promote scientifically sound public policy on child booster seats in motor vehicles. This commentary lists 12 recommendations drafted by the conference planning committee, and also includes a brief summary of relevant scientific evidence presented at the conference related to each recommendation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Mar 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/734528</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>43RD ANNUAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/639762</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This publication contains papers presented at the conference proceedings from the 43rd Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) held in Barcelona, Spain, in September 1999. AAAM provides an internationally recognized forum for the presentation and discussion of research and issues on crash injury control and all papers contained in this bound volume are peer reviewed. Papers contained herein represent a wide body of research in such areas as: Injury Severity Assessment and Data Linkage; Evaluation of Vehicle and Roadway Interventions; Epidemiological Studies of Crash Injuries; Field Data of Crash Injury Studies; Age as a Risk Factor in Driving; Fatality Risk Studies; Alcohol and Driving; Pedestrian and Bicyclist Studies; Sleep Disorders and Driving; Biomechanics; Occupant Restraint Effectiveness; and other scientifically relevant areas of automotive medicine/safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Feb 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/639762</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROCEEDINGS OF THE 42ND ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA, OCTOBER 5-6, 1998</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/505581</link>
      <description><![CDATA[These proceedings of the 42 Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine were peer reviewed and contain papers on the following topics: child restraint and pediatric injuries; evaluating vehicle crashworthiness; pediatric biomechanics; biomechanical issues; airbag and safety belt issues; injury risk and implications for care; field studies - vehicle and roadway design issues; alcohol and driving - risks, costs and countermeasures; and scientific posters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Aug 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/505581</guid>
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