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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Coasting advice based on the analytical solutions of the train motion model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2260121</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Supervision, data analysis and communication algorithms monitor trains, exploiting most of their available computational power. On-board eco-driving algorithms such as Driver Advisory Systems (DAS) are no exception, as the computational power available limits their complexity and features. This was the case of Roltijd, the in-house developed DAS based on coasting advice of NS, the main Dutch passenger railway undertaking. This platform calculated the coasting curves at every second by integrating the equations of motion numerically, assuming that the track is flat. However, generating more complex driving advice required replacing this coasting curve calculation by a more computationally-efficient algorithm. In this article, the authors propose a new coasting advice algorithm based on the analytical solutions of the train motion model, assuming that gradients and speed limits are piecewise constant functions of the train location. The authors analyse the qualitative properties of these solutions using bifurcation theory, showing that bifurcations arise depending on the value of the gradient and the applied tractive effort. The authors validate the proposed algorithm, finding that their algorithm is accurate and can be 15 times faster than the previous method. This allowed NS to implement the authors' algorithm on their trains, contributing daily to the sustainable mobility of 1.3 million passengers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Oct 2023 16:52:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2260121</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Development of Automatic Train Operation System Based on Intermittent Type ATP with Continuous Speed Checks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2008856</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ATO (Automatic Train Operation) systems which are equipment for automated driving control under protection of ATC (Automatic Train Control), continuous type of ATP, is introduced in specific types of line, such as AGT (Automated Guideway Transit ) systems or subway systems in Japan.  There is a growing need for new type ATO system which is operated by a staff who is not required driver's license in order to reduce operating costs further.  The authors have developed an ATO system based on ATS (Automatic Train Stop) -DK which is intermittent type ATP and equipped continuous speed check.  In this paper, they show the concept of the ATS-based ATO system and report on the specifications of this system and functional field test results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Oct 2022 13:47:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2008856</guid>
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      <title>Development of Train Positioning System Using Track Curvature Collation Applied with Spatial Filtering</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1736579</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The train positioning systems using of the ATS (Automatic Train Stop) beacons on tilting train requires ATS beacon position and the on-board database to be updated continuously in accordance with each new ATS beacon location. Under the method proposed, track curvature data calculated by dividing the yaw rate of the carbody by the running speed are held in the on-board database, and the position of the train is detected on the basis of comparison of track curvature data during running. In this case, applying a spatial filter improves detection accuracy and reduces database update frequency. This paper presents the outline of the system and its detection accuracy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Sep 2020 11:05:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1736579</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Online Learning Algorithms for Train Automatic Stop Control Using Precise Location Data of Balises</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1287169</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For urban metro systems with platform screen doors, train automatic stop control (TASC) has recently attracted significant attention from both industry and academia. Existing solutions to TASC are challenged by uncertain stopping errors and the fast decrease in service life of braking systems. In this paper, the authors try to solve the TASC problem using a new machine learning technique and propose a novel online learning control strategy with the help of the precise location data of balises installed at stations. By modeling and analysis, it is found that the learning-based TASC is a challenging problem, having characteristics of small sample sizes and online learning. The authors then propose three algorithms for TASC by referring to heuristics, gradient descent, and reinforcement learning (RL), which are called heuristic online learning algorithm (HOA), gradient-descent-based online learning algorithm (GOA), and RL-based online learning algorithm (RLA), respectively. An extensive comparison study on a real-world data set collected in the Beijing subway is performed. The experimental results show that these approaches control all stopping errors in the range of ±0.30 m under various disturbances. In addition, these approaches can greatly increase the service life of braking systems by only changing the deceleration rate a few times, which is similar to experienced drivers. Among the three algorithms, RLA achieves the best results, and GOA is a little better than HOA. As online learning algorithms can dynamically reduce stopping errors by using the precise location data from balises, it is a promising technique in solving real-world problems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 May 2014 16:36:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1287169</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Trial Test for ATP On-Board Equipment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1240258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents results on the running test for Automatic Train Protection (ATP) on-board equipment, a research project to ensure the safety and operational efficiency of electrical multiple unit (EMU) type trains. At the Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), EMU type trains have been developed for the speed-up of existing lines and for passenger service improvement where the Korea Train Express (KTX) is not available. Progress has also been made on the operation trial test of 120,000 km with the use of Automatic Train Stop (ATS) equipment in existing lines, for the reliability assessment of the developed EMU type trains. The Ministry of Land, Transportation and Maritime Affairs (MLTM) has decided to accelerate the speed to more than 200km/h for the 6 existing lines including Jungang-line and Chungbuk-line where KTX has not operated. Because of this decision, the train control system is to be changed from ATS to ATP. An ATP on-board unit should be installed in EMU type trains and the operational suitability verified. Therefore, the authors have trial tested the same ATP on-board unit on EMU type trains that were used in the ATP construction project on Gyeongbu-line and Honam-line.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Feb 2013 09:49:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1240258</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Train Stop Deployment Planning Algorithm Using a Petri-net-based Modellilng Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/902131</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the authors address the decision-making problem related to train stoppages. They propose a train stop deployment planning method that involves staging the problem as an integer programming problem. An algorithm using a Petri net-based modeling approach is used to solve the problem. Results from experiments reveal that the algorithm is capable of finding a practical solution to the problem within a reasonable amount of computation time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 08:39:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/902131</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An International Comparison of Urban Rail Boarding and Alighting Rates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/849953</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper looks at station stop times in the development of urban railway systems worldwide. Station stop times are seen as key to the operation of metro and high frequency passenger rail services. Building on previous research examining the London Underground, the authors apply their findings to urban railway operations around the world. They note that Weston's formula for estimating station stop time, appears to be valid at metro stations worldwide. While boarding and alighting rates (or passenger flow) can differ, they can be fundamentally explained as variations of platform design, train design, and the general 'busyness' of the trains. The authors recommend that urban railways adopt an approach to estimate probable station stop times within their systems that consider at least one of two distinct scenarios: 1) existing urban railway systems that currently experience poor performance due to insufficient time allocation for station stops; 2) new urban railway systems or new metro rail lines, especially at busy stations, where station design needs to be evaluated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2008 08:47:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/849953</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Basic System on ATS-X with Continuous Surveillance Pattern</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Automatic Train Stop (ATS) system is an automatic train control system that issues and alarm for a stop signal and automatically applies the emergency brake if the engineer fails to activate the brake after an alarm is issued. However, once the automatic emergency brake function has been released, the ATS can not successfully operate again. This paper describes an improved system known as the ATS-X which features a continuous surveillance pattern. The surveillance pattern is generated in an on board device using digital data that is transmitted by beacons. The paper describes the basic functional specifications of the ATS-X system as well as results from field tests confirming the successful beacon transmissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jul 2007 08:30:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DOUBLE Your Pleasure, DOUBLE Your Run: Solving Baltimore's Light Rail Challenges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/781259</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes the challenges of adding nearly 10 miles of double track to Maryland Transit Association’s light rail system in Baltimore, and the ensuing results leading to safer and more efficient operations. The author describes the reason for integrating the functional requirements of three separate systems into a single system that includes an automatic train stopping feature, automatic speed supervision and control. This approach saved time and streamlined the design of the vehicle control system. The author also describes how the decision to use train stop emulation technology, equipment that had never used before, required a leap of faith by the administration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 May 2006 07:55:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/781259</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Toward Innovation of Signal Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/780556</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper first presents an historical review of railway signal systems, describing how signal equipment evolved with the development of electronic technologies. It then describes innovative systems, such as the Autonomous Decentralized Transport Operation Control System (ATOS), the Computerized Safety, Maintenance and Operation Systems of Shinkansen (COSMOS), and digital automatic train control (D-ATC. Despite these advancements, signal control was still relying on outdated wiring technologies, ultimately leading to disruptions and system failures. The paper concludes with a discussion on the development of a new network signal control system using optical cables.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Apr 2006 08:08:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/780556</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ADAPTATION OF THE KINEMATIC TRAIN MODEL USING THE INTERACTING MULTIPLE MODEL ESTIMATOR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/741337</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) estimator that performs a reliable train location based on soft-switching between two kinematic train models:  one assuming constant velocity and the other assuming constant acceleration. Two sensors provide input to the system, namely an eddy current sensors device measuring the velocity and a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensor unit delivering absolute position information.   Simulations show that the presented location system offers robust and accurate position information, even in case of sensor failures or GNSS signal discontinuances.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Sep 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/741337</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OVERVIEW OF RECENT SIGNALLING AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/733782</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As part of its effort to promote research and development of low-cost and high-performance signaling and telecommunications technologies for railway operations, the Signaling and Telecommunications Technology Division of the Railway Technical Research Institute conducted a survey of recent developments in signaling and telecommunications. The survey is part of a series of reports centered around the potential use of the computer and microwave balise aided train control system (COMBAT) that uses radio for detecting trains and overall centralized traffic control as well as other software and maintenance systems.  A one-stage brake control system for automated trains is a digital system that permits trains to perform most of the processing, reducing the time needed to actuate brakes. A new automatic train stop system superimposes digital signals on the legacy systems enabling multiple, simultaneous operation of different types of systems used by different types of trains. A new system to detect obstacles in railroad crossings won't be as adversely affected by weather and climate as the old ones. Finally, there is the promise of wireless Bluetooth service using xDSL for radio access to in-cabin networks and transmission between the ground and trains in stations, ticket issuing machines, control circuits and others. Issues remain about the quality of service and the integrity of communications security over such networks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Mar 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/733782</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF COMPACT MAINTENANCE SYSTEM FOR RAILWAY SIGNALING EQUIPMENT USING MULTIPLEX SYSTEM AND FFT ANALYSIS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/692706</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new device to carry out regular inspections of railway signaling equipment for Automatic Train Stop (ATS) systems can be mounted on a conventional commercial train and produce data that are easy to analyze. This would replace the dedicated train which runs infrequently and generates data that require a great deal of skill to analyze. The article describes the measuring system, placement and other elements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Sep 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/692706</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MIGRATION PATH TO TOTAL TRAIN CONTROL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/688482</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Modular Total Train Control system, called MASTRIA, has been successfully demonstrated at the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC).  The paper provides details of the system that tackles the concern of upgradability by providing a base with which present and future train control requirements can be satisfied. It describes the various levels through which the system can proceed from a simple train stop and speed restriction enforcement system to a full communication based train control system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Jul 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/688482</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED AUTOMATIC TRAIN STOP WITH PATTERNS (ATS-P) ON-BOARD SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/670157</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The East Japan Railway Company has been introducing the automatic train stop with patterns (ATS-P) system, which has a high safety record in train operations in preventing serious train accidents since 1989.  As the existing ATS-P onboard system has been used for 10 years, the number of problems for the onboard system are increasing.  Investigation into the causes of these problems are difficult with the existing system, which has no appropriate recording devices.  In order to improve the cost-effectiveness, reliability, and maintenance of the system, the ATS-P onboard system needs to be completely redesigned.  The authors have developed the integrated ATS-P onboard system.  This system has the benefits of both a reduction in costs and an improvement in reliability, as well as a reduction in the number of devices constituting the onboard system.  The existing ATS-P onboard system is composed of several devices, but the integrated ATS-P onboard system is composed of only one main device and a smaller relay block.  This system costs 70% of the existing onboard system, while experiencing 133% reliability in relation to the existing system.  Moreover, the integrated onboard system has an automatic self-testing function and a communication function to the outer equipment.  The integrated ATS-P onboard system has been installed in newly built E 231 Series 350 trains since 1999.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Nov 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/670157</guid>
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