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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Dynamic deployment and service pricing of upstream check-in counters in competitive multi-airport region</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709595</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the deployment and pricing strategies of upstream check-in counters (UCICs) in a competitive multi-airport region (MAR). By optimizing location and pricing decisions, airports can enhance profits while improving passenger accessibility under both competitive and cooperative interactions within the MAR. We formulate a dynamic program to represent the sequential UCIC deployment and pricing game, which is solved using a best-response algorithm to achieve a Nash equilibrium, with passenger route choice modeled under stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) conditions. The UCIC deployment game involving three international airports in the Greater Bay Area reveals that first-mover advantages are short-lived, aggressive fare subsidization intensifies competition, and airports ultimately converge toward direct confrontation in high-value zones. In contrast, cooperative strategies substantially improve profits and network efficiency by reducing redundant deployments and mitigating destructive price competition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2026 10:31:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709595</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>eGates in airports: A systematic literature review and future research directions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569525</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper offers the first systematic literature review of eGates in airports. It does so in the context of air transport research’s need to engage with wider debates concerning the design, implementation and use of digital work at airports. Moreover, it demonstrates the key contextual, methodological and thematic trends and provides future research directions. It is based on a thorough search of publications in earlier literature reviews, the Scopus database, and Google Scholar, using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The search revealed 258 records, with 40 publications meeting the inclusion criteria. The identified literature spans across two decades 2004-2025 and represents a multi-cultural stream of research. It includes multi-disciplinary contributions from three actors: the machine, passengers and human operators (guards). Bringing together insights from these different actors helps connect different views and fosters understanding across disciplines. Future research should strive to implement mixed method research designs, adopt extended technology acceptance conceptualisations and acknowledge the importance of the human factor in eGates design, implementation, operation and development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jul 2025 16:21:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569525</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Decision Support Facilitating the Check-in Service at the Chopin Airport with the Use of Computational Experiments in Simio</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475213</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airlines strive to minimize the waiting time for passenger service at the airport. Modification of the passenger service process at check-in stands can be carried out by modelling and then simulating various scenarios in order to obtain time benefits. The organization of service for departing passengers is the most complex system, which includes numerous maintenance activities aimed at preparing them and their luggage for transport by aircraft. Therefore, this article aims to present a few scenarios to improve the passenger service process. Based on the research, assumptions were made for each check-in scenario. Then, the models were implemented in the SIMIO simulation program. In the next step, the passenger distribution for individual desks was modified and a comparison was made with the level of passenger service defined by International Air Transport Association (IATA). The simulation results for individual scenarios are presented and the benefits to be achieved after introducing the proposed changes are indicated. The simulations carried out showed two important elements in the current and proposed layout of the ticket and luggage service stations and the introduction of changes to the baggage desks. Article presents the specification of the time spent in the system and waiting in the queue. The conducted analyses have shown that the proposed concept will allow for taking over 40% of passengers using the adjacent Fast Bag Drop (FBD) stands. Research has shown that adding more machines for use will fully cover the demand for FBD. The conclusions presented in the article are valuable when introducing modernization of the passenger and baggage handling process. For future researches, it would be beneficial to test other simulation tools and other scenarios to compare these results with those presented in this article.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Dec 2024 09:14:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475213</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Factors Affecting The User Acceptance's Level of Self-Service Technologies at Indonesian Airport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398564</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 had a huge impact on the airport industry. Problem faced by airport industry shows that the use of Self Service Technologies is still below 25% of the total passenger movement. The result of this study is a conceptual model developed from the UTAUT2 and Technology Readiness model and adding three variables namely Perceived Trust, Perceived Enjoyment and Reduce Wasting Time to the conceptual model. The result shows that Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Habit, Optimism, Innovativeness, Reduce Wasting Times, Perceived Trust and Perceived Enjoyment that significantly affect the level of acceptance of Self Service Technologies. Another result of this study shows that Hedonic Motivation is not influenced the acceptance level of Self Service Technologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Aug 2024 15:11:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398564</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimation of the innovative technologies influence on passengers processing procedures at the airport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1897953</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the period of coronavirus pandemic, a particularly important tasks of the airport are to reduce the time of passengers processing at check-in counters, baggage drop-off points and passport control counters, as well as to minimize contacts between people. All this can be achieved due to the implementation of the self-service check-in systems for passengers and their baggage, automatic boarding, self-service kiosks for reporting about lost baggage, etc. Insufficient number of processing points leads to forced delays, formation of passengers congestion at restricted areas. The article demonstrates how to use the queuing theory models to estimate the impact of the newest technologies on passengers processing at the airport. The automatic passengers check-in system has been considered as an example of the innovative technology for air passengers processing. Efficiency of the automatic passengers check-in system with self-service bag drop points implementation at the largest international airport of Western Ukraine Danylo Halytskyi International Airport Lviv has been proved, using queuing systems models.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jan 2022 17:24:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1897953</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Passengers intentions towards self-services check-in, Kuwait airport as a case study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1853866</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The expansion of the air transportation field has prompted significant air traffic congestion around the world. The management of airport demand intends to moderate air traffic congestion by restricting the uneven aspects among demand and capacity at occupied airport terminals through managerial measures (e.g., slot controls) or financial motivating forces. Kuwait International Airport faced congestion problem which leaded to a noticeable decrease in its performance. In this study, a questionnaire was made to explore the satisfaction level of customers of Kuwait International Airport services and facilities. In order to solve the crisis, a self-check-in kiosk is proposed to be used in the current airport for departure and transit flights. Furthermore, a new eco-friendly building with energy efficient lighting and lifecycle management of electronics from procurement to disposal, which serves arrival flights with full facilities, was proposed. The designed building was feasibly studied and assumed to be a BOT project. A total construction cost of 19,863,157.5 KD, a total revenue for all floors of 6,876,000 KD/year and IRR of 10.56% were estimated that made the building a successful project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Nov 2021 10:18:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1853866</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Monitoring an airport check-in process by using Bayesian networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1488895</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Enterprises oriented to continuous improvement optimizes its activities for enhancing performance of processes and of the entire organization. Monitoring a process involves the responsibility to manage the quality both in terms of efficiency, by conforming goods/services to given standards, and efficacy, by meeting customer requirements. As a consequence, internal and external quality should be treated as being on an equal footing and should be monitored simultaneously. The paper discusses how to jointly analyze perceived and provided quality through Bayesian networks. The authors show, by an application to an airport check-in process, the advantages in evaluating improving actions that can be achieved when perceived and provided quality are properly combined in a unique statistical tool.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2017 17:09:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1488895</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Kano Analysis on the Adoption of Self-Service Bag Drops at Singapore Changi Airport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1436922</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Self-service technology has allowed air travelers to check-in without having to queue at operated counters. Baggage is identified as the biggest obstacle to achieving full self-service check-in. Research was conducted on a sample of 157 randomly selected passengers at Singapore Changi Airport. A Kano analysis (Kano, 1984; Zultner and Mazur, 2006) was used to analyze the customer satisfaction and customer value attributes for adoption of self-service bag drop (SSBD). The result showed passengers' higher satisfaction on SSBD than other baggage check-in methods while preference varied depending on age, travel purpose, etc. 'Reduce waiting time at check-in area' was answered as the primary reason for potential use of SSBD. Familiarity in using existing self-service channels was found to play a part in level of acceptance. This research can be used as a guideline for airlines and airports to rethink technology infrastructure with the growth of the Asian market.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Aug 2017 16:18:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1436922</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Newly Computerized System for Seamless Management of Enrolment and Access in the Port of Taranto</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1414155</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Within the MEDNET project “Mediterranean Network for Custom Procedures and Simplification of Clearance in Ports” funded by the MED programme (2007–2013), Taranto Port Authority (TPA) in Italy has designed and developed a newly automatic system (prototype) for an effective and seamless management of port operators enrolment and access in the port area. Taranto Port Authority developed and tested an effective Information Technologies (IT) based on a multi-user management tool with a single interface for all port operators. The interface is based on functionalities coming from the integration and re-engineering of two different procedures managed by TPA: 1) enrolment in the TPA's Register foreseen in art. 68 of the Italian Navigation Law, mandatory for all private companies and individuals operating in the port; 2) the procedure of issuing of passes for vehicles and people to enter in the port area.  The scope of this initiative was to re-engineer the two aforementioned procedures into a single IT based procedure with a single management interface. It enables to accelerate the process for passes release as well as to improve port accessibility by reducing the number of potential errors and transforming the nature of the procedure from “preventive” to “fact-finding”. In this way, the port community of Taranto will be able to provide relevant services in less time. The prototype is able to speed up the issuing of passes for persons and vehicles entering in the port area by reducing the time needed to check documents provided by companies as well as informing relevant authorities. The developed prototype enables to automatically manage different categories of passes for entering in the port of Taranto: annual passes, provisional passes as well as visitors passes.  The combined effect of the new local regulation (TPA's Ordinance no. 04/14 of April 28th 2014) and the prototype enables to issue passes in 7–8 days against the previous 60 days required to complete (annual) pass request procedure. The benefits in terms of time saving have been also achieved for the other categories of passes (provisional and visitors). The prototype leads to seamless procedures management as well as to simplification of checks in entering in the port area. Streamlining procedures enables not only a reduction in terms of needed time for regular control of requests, but also a real-time control of the handled requests in parallel with the traditional ways (paper protocols). Taranto Port Authority as well as the other competent bodies are now able to check each single person and vehicle accessing in the port of Taranto, improving actual procedure and related controls, through an efficient check-in/check-out reporting. Seamless administrative formalities related of both companies’ enrolment and passes requests enable to reach an overall improvement of port accessibility and transit of vehicles and goods in the area, positively affecting its competitiveness as well as quality of provided added-value services. The prototype is able to significantly reduce relevant administrative and bureaucratic aspects. Simplification of the procedures is expected to positively influence the door-to-door transport time and costs for businesses accessing and circulating in the port area and beyond.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Aug 2016 16:53:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1414155</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulation of Optimal Allocation of Self- Service Check-in Kiosks at the Airport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1369469</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Passengers usually chose the traditional manual check-in or self-service check-in provided by the airport. Then, to confirm the optimal allocation of self-service check-in kiosks, the paper briefly introduced the current situation of self-service check-in and offered literature review of the research method of self-service check-in. Second, based on the method called ExtendSim simulation, the paper put forward assumptions, simulated process and the quantitatively allocated ways of appropriate number of self-CUSS. Third, taking some airport for example, the paper carried out a study on the passengers’ arrival on some day and poached the passengers by adopting traditional ways and self-service ways. Finally, the article arrived at the conclusion which contained the briefly average queuing time in the different period of time, the most adaptive numbers of self-service kiosks on the highly utilized rate as well as the appropriate number of self-service kiosks in this airport. And the average value could be regarded as the proper number of self-service kiosks that should be equipped in the airport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Oct 2015 09:28:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1369469</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Airline passengers’ continuance intention towards online check-in services: The role of personal innovativeness and subjective knowledge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1363955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study integrates the individual psychology constructs (personal innovativeness and subjective knowledge) with the Technology Acceptance Model to develop and test a model of airline passengers’ continuance intention towards online flight check-in services. Predictions were tested with data from a sample of airline passengers in China who have experienced the online check-in service. The findings of this study demonstrate that airline passengers’ innovativeness and subjective knowledge have a direct effect on continuance intention, and an indirect effect through partial mediation of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2015 14:00:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1363955</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Implementing Integrated Self-Service at Airports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360767</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report provides guidelines for considering, evaluating, and making strategic decisions for implementing and optimizing a comprehensive passenger self service experience for a variety of sizes of U.S. airports and their stakeholders. These guidelines include an inventory of self service applications and technologies with their respective benefits; establishment of a decision making roadmap to  implement self service; identification of associated infrastructure and airport/airline/other stakeholder integration requirements of multiple self service applications; guidance for developing business cases for various stakeholders; determination of operational requirements to include staffing and maintenance; consideration of regulatory requirements and industry standards; identification of potential integrations of other non passenger self service applications to facilitate employee and tenant services; and demonstration of how various stakeholder technologies can combine into one cohesive system. Bound into the report is a CD-ROM (CRP-CD-168), which provides tools to assist the user in developing an integrated passenger self service program. The tools include the Business Case Development Guide, the Passenger Self Service Inventory, the Passenger Self Service Environment Map, and Summary Descriptions of Enabling Technologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2015 11:49:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360767</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fitting facilities to self-service technology usage: Evidence from kiosks in Taiwan airport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263559</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The goal of this research was to investigate how service process fit and facilitating conditions affect usage behavior of self-service technologies (SSTs). In this study, the authors formulated a technology usage model from the perspective of the TAM and customer value, and they collected check-in kiosk usage samples from the Taiwan airport by administering a face-to-face questionnaire to willing respondents, of which 429 were returned completed.  Check-in kiosks can provide a service experience that defines how passengers is to be boundary when dealing with airline companies. To achieve a higher intention to use check-in kiosks, there should be a clear service process communication between SSTs and passengers, and facilitating conditions provide specialized instruction to passengers who need help in using check-in kiosks. Enjoyment is an important moderating factor between intention to use and actual usage of check-in kiosks. The authors' findings suggest that when check-in kiosks display visually pleasing designs, passengers are attracted to use them. In turn, airline companies can create a process that could function as a model for their high-quality service, such as meeting with a professional advisory board to discuss problems and find solutions to meet customers' needs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Oct 2013 09:34:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263559</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Airport Check–in Counter Assignment: A Proposed Solution</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1244382</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The recent global economic recession and adverse environmental impact have seriously shocked the airline industry. An important task for many airlines is to increase competitiveness. An extremely time–consuming check–in process, especially during peak hours, can significantly degrade passenger perceptions of service quality. Thus, improving the efficiency of check–in counters at airport passenger terminals is a major concern of airport operators and airlines. For example, improving the efficiency of counter assignments by airline reservation systems would reduce manpower needs and enhance operational efficiency. The objective of this study was to establish the operating pattern for airport check–in counter assignments by minimising the operational cost from incurred by the airline and maximising passenger service level with considering the use of kiosk machine and full/part–time duty counter staff. According to the experimental results and sensitivity analyses of actual airline operations data, employing part–time counter staff and using kiosk machines would significantly reduce counter operation cost and improve passenger service quality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2013 11:43:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1244382</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Valuation of airport facilities and airline service quality</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1238932</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This work was undertaken to explore consumer information requirements. However, it has some very interesting additional findings. These have been drawn out of the stated preference work which formed a fundamental component of the research programme. With the introduction of cheap/low cost air services, travel times between major cities have reduced significantly and more and more people are making air trips for both business and leisure. Additionally a number of airports have been upgraded or are in the process of being upgraded in an attempt to cater to the increased demand. Similarly, airlines are also working hard to maintain/improve their service quality in order to attract passengers. On the other hand, increased passenger demand can lead to delays at check-in queues and security queues at airports. And the expansion of airports is leading to increased walking distances between check-in/security points and boarding points. Though there are concerns amongst passengers about the facilities at airports and service quality, there seems to be little evidence of attempts made to measure passengers’ perceptions about the airport facilities (such as shops in the lounges and the number and locations of check in and security gates) or about airline service qualities. This paper looks at these issues. The paper presents valuations of time spent at check-in queues, security queues and in walking to the departure gates alongside the value of shopping facilities at airports. It also presents the values of several airline services such as punctuality, baggage allowance, baggage handling represented as the number of bags lost, onboard catering, and cancellation policies. The authors are not aware of any values being reported on these parameters in the UK context.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2013 09:03:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1238932</guid>
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