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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Regional Reference Network Enhanced Tropospheric Modeling and Non-Nominal Troposphere Monitoring for GBAS in Air Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591195</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The non-nominal troposphere induced by climate extremes poses a threat to the precision approach and landing of the civil aircraft in ground-based augmentation system (GBAS). However, there is currently no effective non-nominal troposphere monitoring method at both GBAS stations and aircrafts, which increases the integrity risk. This study proposes a novel approach for simultaneously modelling and monitoring ground station and aircraft non-nominal troposphere using precision point positioning (PPP) technology based on a regional reference network. The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and meteorological data from the Hong Kong satellite positioning reference station network and numerical weather models from the European centre for medium-range weather forecasts are processed in all the year of 2017. A tropospheric correction (TC) model is used to correct station height-induced biases in zenith total delay (ZTD) obtained from PPP. By comparing the performance of 6 typical spatial interpolation algorithms in tropospheric delay interpolating, the universal Kriging algorithm is found to be the most suitable one which achieves a minimum mean absolute error (MAE) of 8.24 mm. The non-nominal troposphere is monitored using the constructed corrected ZTD map using universal Kriging method. A non-nominal troposphere up to 50 mm is observed, which can affect the integrity of the air navigation. Furthermore, the relationship between non-nominal troposphere and the rainfall is investigated. The study integrates widely distributed GNSS and meteorological data into a seamless non-nominal tropospheric monitoring service, enhancing the integrity of GBAS in air transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 14:10:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591195</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Radar-Based Detection and Recognition Methodology of Autonomous Surface Vehicles in Challenging Marine Environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2364628</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a methodology that combines radar polarization selection and recognition techniques for navigating objects in atmospheric formations, with a special focus on unmanned surface vehicles (ASVs). The proposed technique utilizes the concept of an energy dissipation matrix to represent these objects as characteristic “shiny dots”. By strategically changing the polarization of the emitted and received electromagnetic waves, the resulting echo energy dissipation matrix is determined. This approach allows the formation of an intensity-based repository of atmospheric formations, which gives SRPC a complete set of tools to account for atmospheric conditions in radar identification of remote objects, including ASVs. The practical application of this technique extends to the improvement of a distinct class of shipborne radar systems optimized for ASVs and their specific navigation requirements. Ultimately, this technology bridges the gap between advanced radar technology and the emerging field of unmanned ground vehicles, providing safer and more proficient navigation in challenging weather conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2024 15:18:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2364628</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis and Correction of Atmospheric Refraction Effects on MLAT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325743</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The non-uniformity of the atmospheric medium induces the refraction effect in signal propagation, causing the bending of propagation paths and a propagation velocity slower than the speed of light. Consequently, it affects the time of arrival and, in turn, influences the performance of Multilateration systems (MLAT). This research analyzes the influencing factors of atmospheric refraction and employs Innsbruck sounding data to fit a refractive index profile. The proposed model demonstrates superior performance in predicting the refractive index for the Innsbruck region compared to the three traditional models: the three-segment model, the exponential model, and the double exponential model. Furthermore, this study unveils the impact of atmospheric refraction on time difference observations and the mechanism leading to positioning errors. To address this, a novel atmospheric refraction correction algorithm based on the Taylor method is introduced and its effectiveness is verified.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jan 2024 11:08:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325743</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Space Weather on Autonomous Vehicle Navigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1701230</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Autonomous vehicle systems integrate multiple information systems. Navigation is reliant on Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) such as the global positioning systems (GPS) which are supported by a satellite network. However, satellites and radio signals are subject to interference from sunspots. Sunspots happen on regular cycles at varying strengths but their occurrence can’t be exactly predicted. The likelihood of a severe solar event is roughly twelve percent per decade; consequently, solar events are likely to impair navigation. Results will show the probability of each event and its impact on autonomous vehicle navigation. In the worst case scenario, satellites could even be permanently damaged by severe sunspots. As autonomous vehicles become a more significant portion of the economy, it is necessary that they have resilience to operate in extreme conditions. Alternative navigation procedures are proposed to enhance the resiliency of autonomous vehicles. Artificial intelligence related to place identification with relative geographic navigation and storage of most common routes is an option.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2020 17:40:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1701230</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How to prevent loss of satellite navigation continuity caused by nimbostratus? Concept for Polish ATM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1678709</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2018, the Polish project concerned on operational implementation of instrumental approach procedures for landing using satellite signal with the support of SBAS (Satellite Based Augmentation System) - EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) was completed. This made Poland one of a few countries in which such an approach procedures were applied at the majority of controlled airports occurring in FIR (Flight Information Region) Warsaw. In the adopted procedures, minima comparable to those from the precision landing approach ILS (Instrument Landing System) cat. I were used. Satellite systems and signals provided by them are therefore a key element of the strategy for the development of communication, navigation and surveillance systems in civil aviation. What is more, positioning in various branches of transport (rail, road, and air) is often carried out thanks to satellite navigation systems, and therefore their correct functioning has a significant impact on the safety of vehicle traffic. It cannot be overlooked that the limited operational use of satellite systems in air transport is caused by various errors that are inherent to the work of these systems. The satellite system, in all its complexity, can be treated as a measurement system. This is why the research problem of the article concerns on the use of information about atmospheric factors interfering with the satellite signal for forecasting the continuity value of this signal. The rationale for choosing this problem is, among others, the fact that failure to meet the requirements for signals prevents their operational use. A review of literature made for the purposes of this article points to a number of studies conducted in the field of modeling and prediction of signal parameters through artificial neural networks. However, no detailed research that would include the use of ionospheric & tropospheric factors, as well as historical data on the accuracy, continuity, availability and integrity of satellite signal forecasting in air transport navigation has been found so far. Their implementation will therefore have a significant impact on the development of science in this area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Feb 2020 10:11:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1678709</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sound advice for pilots</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1248886</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Atmospheric soundings are an important tool in understanding the behavior of the atmosphere.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Apr 2013 13:49:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1248886</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Single-frequency GPS positioning performance around the time of the Chilean 2010 earthquake</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1135075</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to the fact that earthquakes are a known source of geomagnetic and ionospheric disturbances that affect radio wave propagation, it is expected that earthquakes impact the performance of satellite navigation systems. This paper reports the results of single-frequency global positioning system (GPS) performance analyses at various locations around the globe at the time of the Chilean 2010 earthquake. This study shows that there was considerable short-term GPS performance disturbance observed at every location taken into consideration. The impact of various GPS positioning error sources is mitigated by the GPS observables process, with the exception of the GPS ionospheric delay and the reference frame shift. Negligible effects of the reference frame shift on the GPS positioning performance have been shown by a theoretical analysis, which leaves the probable cause of the earthquake-induced short-term single-frequency GPS performance degradation around the world as the ionospheric effects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Mar 2012 07:14:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1135075</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF PHOTOLYTIC PARAMETERS FOR FORMALDEHYDE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/162933</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The photodecomposition of formaldehyde has been studied experimentally under simulated atmospheric conditions at temperatures 220 and 300 K. Quantum yields for H2 and CO formation are reported for the spectral region 270 - 355 nm and are used to derive quantum yields for the two primary photolytic pathways. Absorption cross sections are also reported for a number of different temperatures. The data have been used to calculate CH2O photodissociation coefficients in the atmosphere as a function of altitude. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Jun 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/162933</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SIMULTANEOUS CABIN AND AMBIENT OZONE MEASUREMENTS ON TWO BOEING 747 AIRPLANES. VOLUME I</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/144193</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Measurements of ozone concentrations both outside and in the cabin of an airline operated Boeing 747SP and Boeing 747-100 airliner are presented. Plotted data and the corresponding tables of observations taken at altitude between the departure and destination airports of each flight are arranged chronologically for the two aircraft. Data were taken at five or ten minute intervals by automated instrumentation used in the NASA Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP). All ozone data obtained in the cabin from March through December 1977 are presented. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/144193</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REGENERATION OF WHETLERITE FOR ADSORBING TOXIC POLLUTANTS FROM AIR; PATENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/406043</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Whetlerite degraded by exposure to atmospheric contaminants is treated to restore its ability to adsorb toxic air pollutants by passing through it a flow of an oxygen-containing gas further containing from 500 to 2000 ppm of carbon monoxide and water vapor corresponding to 60 to 90 percent relative humidity at 60 to 80 degrees C.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Oct 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/406043</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HIGHWAY POLLUTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/367491</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This volume addresses the major issues of the causes, effects and control of pollution of the highway environment.  Included are the following chapters:  (1) The Influence of Highway-Related Pollutants on Environmental Quality, D.J. Ball, R.S. Hamilton and R.M. Harrison; (2) Highway Pollutant Monitoring, R.S. Hamilton, R.M. Harrison, I.S. McCrae and N.I. Ward; (3) Atmospheric Dispersion and Deposition Modelling, B.E.A. Fisher; (4) Highway Runoff Transport Modelling, M.J. Hall and R.S. Hamilton; (5) Highway Runoff Quality, Environmental Impacts and Control, T. Hvitved-Jacobson and Y.A. Yousef; (6) Quantitative Determination of Highway Emissions in the Air Using Receptor Models, P.K. Hopke; (7) Human Health Effects of Highway-Related Pollutants, D.R. Lynam and G.D. Pfeifer; (8) Effects of Highway Pollutants upon Terrestrial Ecosystems, P.F. Scanlon; (9) Noise Pollution, K. Attenborough; (10) The Development of Emission Control Technology for Motor Vehicles, G.J.K. Acres; (11) Highway Runoff Quality Management by Real Time Control, W. Schilling; and (12) Legislation Relating to Highway Pollution, D. Hughes.  An appendix lists various environmental quality standards.  A subject index is provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/367491</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MECOSCALE ACID DEPOSITION MODELING STUDIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/310117</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The work performed in support of the EPA/DOE MADS (Mecoscale Acid Deposition) Project included the development of meteorological data bases for the initialization of chemistry models, the testing and implementation of new planetary boundary layer parameterization schemes in the MASS model, the simulation of transport and precipitation for MADS case studies employing the MASS model, and the use of the TASS model in the simulation of cloud statistics and the complex transport of conservative tracers within simulated cumuloform clouds. The work peformed in support of NASA/FAA wind shear program included the use of the TASS model in the simulation of the dynamic processes within convective cloud systems, the analyses of the sensitivity of microburst intensity and general characteristics as a function of the atmospheric environment within which they are formed, comparisons of TASS model microburst simulation results to observed data sets, and the generation of simulated wind shear data bases for use by the aviation meteorological community in the evaluation of flight hazards caused by microbursts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Aug 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/310117</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SURFACE ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF WEATHERING STEELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/208987</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article presents results of electrochemical and surface analytical investigations concerning the properties and behavior of interfaces on weathering steels the surfaces of which have been enriched with alloy components and structures more noble than the steel matrix in order to simulate the initial stages of atmospheric corrosion processes.  The electrochemical behavior of Cu, Cu-P, Fe-P and Fe-Cu alloys has also been studied.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/208987</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ATMOSPHERIC ICING ON SEA STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/205034</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Atmospheric icing (icing due to fog, precipitation and water vapor in air) as a physical process and the problems it causes for ships and stationary offshore structures ar reviewed.  Estimation of the probability and severity of atmospheric icing based on climatological and geographical factors is discussed, and theoretical methods for calculating the intensity of atmospheric icing at sea are suggested.  Existing data on the dependence of the atmospheric icing rate and the properties of the accreted ice on the meteorological conditions are analyzed.  The methods of measuring the icing rate and ice prevention methods are discussed.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Oct 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/205034</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DIFFRACTION OF SOUND BY A NOISE BARRIER IN THE PRESENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/186473</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic noise attenuated by a barrier alongside a highway has been measured with microphones positioned above an asphalt surface behind the barrier.  The sound levels are analyzed and compared with certain aspects of diffraction theory to reveal discrepancies.  To investigate these discrepancies, an idealized experiment was performed using a point source and a barrier erected on a flat asphalt surface.  Because important discrepancies between theories were found, especially at shorter distances from the barrier, these more precise measurements are first compared with various diffraction theories.  When subsequently compared with the diffraction theory that shows the best agreement with the measured points, another discrepancy in sound levels is observed that occurs at the higher frequencies.  A calculation is provided to estimate the amount of sound energy scattered by atmospheric turbulence above the barrier edge.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Dec 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/186473</guid>
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