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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>WEATHERING STEEL - FIVE-YEAR ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION PERFORMANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/460473</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 1984, the Ministry of Transportation initiated a research study to quantify the corrosion rates of weathering steel coupons. This report presents the results of long-term outdoor corrosion tests performed on A588 weathering steel in a variety of environments representative of those in which bridges are situated. Data were obtained over a five-year period, from approximately 50 coupons exposed at five separate sites in southern Ontario. The data are compared to findings from other jurisdictions. The coupon corrosion rates were quite variable. Although the corrosion rates varied with time, after 5 years the rates of corrosion ranged from 4.7 micrometers/year in an open exposure to 65.9 micrometers/year in a busy freeway environment. The major factors influencing the corrosion rate were the effect of sheltering and the presence of chlorides.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Aug 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/460473</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION TESTS OF UNPAINTED STEELS FOR USE IN CONSTRUCTION OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/110300</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A 1967 PAPER ON ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION TESTS OF LOW-ALLOY STEELS AND THE APPLICABILITY OF THE TEST RESULTS TO HIGHWAY BRIDGES CONCLUDED THAT FURTHER TESTING AND RESEARCH WERE NECESSARY IN ORDER TO CLARIFY CERTAIN CONCEPTS. SINCE THEN, THE NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND THE BETHLEHEM STEEL CORPORATION HAVE JOINTLY UNDERTAKEN THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CORROSION TESTS OF UNPAINTED STEELS. THIS PAPER IS A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE CORROSION TESTS AND INCLUDES NO DATA RESULTS, AND THEREFORE NO FORMAL CONCLUSIONS, AS YET. THESE TESTS, CONDUCTED IN THE INDUSTRIAL ATMOSPHERE OF NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, ARE INTENDED TO PROVIDE DATA THAT WILL AID IN DETERMINING THE EFFECT OF ROAD SALT SPRAY AND LOCAL CORROSION FACTORS, AS WELL AS IN ESTABLISHING TIME-CORROSION CURVES. RUST-STAINING OF ADJACENT MATERIALS (I.E., CONCRETE BRIDGE ABUTMENTS AND COLUMNS) IS ALSO ACCOUNTED FOR IN THE TEST PROGRAM. BECAUSE OF THE MANY DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED IN THE PROCEDURE SUCH CONCEPTS AS STRESS CORROSION EFFECTS, CYCLIC LOAD ON CORROSION RATE, REDUCTION IN FATIGUE STRENGTH, AND LOSS OF TENSILE STRENGTH DUE TO CORROSION. DETAILS OF THE COMPLETE TEST PROGRAM IN PROGRESS ARE GIVEN. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/110300</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CORROSION AND CORROSIVITY SENSORS. PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE CORROSION/94 SYMPOSIUM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/411152</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This publication contains the following papers:  Chemical Process Control with Corrosion Sensors, D.R. Bergstrom; Microsensor for Corrosion Control, S.K. Chawla, T. Anguish, and J.H. Payer; Electrochemical Sensors to Monitor the Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete, S.A. White; Electrochemical Measurements and Modeling Predictions in BWRs Under Various Operating Conditions, M.E. Indig, J.L. Nelson, and G. Taylor; Microclimate Monitoring for Corrosion Evaluation of Precoated Steel Sheets in Running Cars, S. Alota, B. Bazzoni, M. Bonotto, and M. Memmi; Evaluation of an Atmospheric Corrosion Rate Monitor as a Time-of-Wetness Meter, F.H. Haynie and D.C. Stiles; Dual Mode Corrosion Monitors, F. Ansuini; Corrosion Inspection by a Robotic Crawler, J. Carpenter, D. Stanton, and A. Kumar; Electrochemical Techniques for Laboratory and Field Studies of Corrosion Phenomena, F. Mansfeld; Corrosion Sensors for Condensate Corrosivity in Heat Exchangers, K. Fink, J.H. Payer; The Use of Fluorescent Compounds and Complexes of Metals as Early Warning Detectors for Corrosion, R.E. Johnson and V.S. Agarwala; Determination of Time-of-Wetness and Corrosion Rates with Atmospheric Corrosion Rate Monitors, F. Mansfeld; A Novel Method for On-Line Determination of Underdeposit Corrosion Rates in Cooling Water Systems, B. Yang; Corrosion and Corrosion Product Transport Monitoring in Boiler Condensate Systems, T.Y. Chen, M.R. Godfrey, and S.C. Avallone; Detection of Corrosion On-Set by Optical Second Harmonic Generation, J.H. Hunt; Thin Film Microsensors for Integrity of Coatings, Composites, and Hidden Structures, V.S. Agarwala and A. Fabiszewski; Effect of Applied Potential on Changes in Solution Chemistry Inside Crevices on Type 304L Stainless Steel and Alloy 825, N. Sridhar and D.S. Dunn; Corrosion and Deposition Monitoring -- Recent Developments, P.R. Puckorius, G.J. Licina, and G. Nekoksa; Experience in High Sensitivity Corrosion Monitoring of Filtered Environments to ISA Classifications, C.G. Moore; Using Electromagnetic Sensors (Magnetometers and Dielectrometers) to Detect Corrosion Beneath and Moisture within Paint Coatings on Aircraft, N. Goldfine and N.A. Greig; and Corrosion Monitoring as a Means to Increase Maintenance Efficiency in Aircraft, G.H. Koch and N.G. Thompson.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/411152</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CORROSION OF AUTO-BODY STEEL AND THE EFFECTS OF INHIBITED DEICING SALTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/110228</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CORROSION OF AUTO-BODY STEEL WAS MEASURED IN EIGHT REPRESENTATIVE AREAS OF CANADA. THESE AREAS VARIED FROM COLD, DRY TO HUMID CLIMATES, AND FROM LOW TO HIGH INDUSTRIAL CONCENTRATIONS. ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION WAS MEASURED BY EXPOSING TEST PANELS OF STANDARD AUTOBODY STEEL IN EACH SELECTED AREA. CORROSION DUE TO DEICING SALT WAS MEASURED BY MOUNTING TEST COUPONS OF THE SAME STEEL ON VEHICLES OPERATING IN THE TEST AREA AND BY THE USE OF TRAFFIC SIMULATORS IN ONE TEST LOCATION. THE TRAFFIC SIMULATORS WERE CONSTRUCTED AND OPERATED OUTDOORS UNDER COMPLETELY NATURAL CONDITIONS. CUMULATIVE CORROSION CURVES WERE OBTAINED USING STANDARD AUTOBODY STEEL TEST COUPONS FOR UNSALTED, SALTED AND SALTED WITH INHIBITOR CONDITIONS. THIS GAVE A COMPARATIVE MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF CORROSION OCCURRING DUE TO NATURAL CONDITIONS, THE INCREASE DUE TO THE USE OF SALT, AND THE EFFECT OF THREE DIFFERENT INHIBITORS IN RETARDING THE SALT INDUCED CORROSION. A LABORATORY TEST FOR EVALUATING INHIBITOR PERFORMANCE, CARRIED OUT AT BOTH ROOM TEMPERATURE AND AT 32 F, IS ALSO DESCRIBED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/110228</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CORROSION OF METALS IN THE TROPICS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/106709</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION OF A FEW COMMON METALS HAS BEEN STUDIED AT MORE THAN TWENTY SITES IN NIGERIA AND AT SOME OTHERS UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY AND SALINITY. CONTRARY TO GENERAL BELIEF, CORROSION IS NOT GENERALLY HIGHER UNDER TROPICAL CONDITIONS THAN IN TEMPERATURE CLIMATES. WHERE THERE IS NO INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION, THE GOVERNING FACTOR IS AIRBORNE SALT AND WHILE IN VERY SALINE ATMOSPHERES STEEL MAY CORRODE AS MUCH AS 8 G/DM SQUARED/MONTH, IN VERY HUMID AREAS FREE FROM HIGH SALINITY THE RATE MAY BE LESS THAN 0.1. THE RATE OF CORROSION OF FERROUS METALS VARIES LITTLE BETWEEN WET AND DRY SEASONS OR BETWEEN DAY AND NIGHT. ATMOSPHERIC SALINITY HAS BEEN MEASURED BY VARIOUS METHODS AND AT MANY PLACES. THE CORROSION OF FERROUS METALS AND ZINC IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE RATE OF DEPOSIT OF SALT ON A DAMP TEXTILE SURFACE. THE CORROSION OF STEEL IN TROPICAL TIDAL WATERS IS TWICE AS FAST IN TIDAL AS IN CONTINUOUS IMMERSION, AND IN THE FORMER CASE CAN BE AS HIGH AS 12 G/DM SQUARED/MONTH. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 21 May 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/106709</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RESISTANCE OF ALUMINUM-BASE ALLOYS TO 20-YEAR ATMOSPHERIC EXPOSURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/106712</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE PERTINENT DATA OBTAINED ON WROUGHT ALUMINUM-BASE ALLOYS AFTER ATMOSPHERIC WEATHERING EXPOSURE PERIODS OF 1, 3, 6, 10 AND 20 YEARS HAVE BEEN TABULATED AND ALSO ARRANGED GRAPHICALLY TO ILLUSTRATE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIFIC INTEREST, SUCH AS (1) EFFECT OF NATURAL AGING ON THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF SPECIMENS STORED INDOORS FOR 20 YEARS, (2) RATING OF THE CORROSIVITY OF THE SEVEN ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS EMPLOYED, AND (3) THE RATE OF WEATHERING OF THE FIVE ALUMINUM ALLOYS. THESE IMPORTANT DATA HAVE BEEN FURTHER ENHANCED BY CORRELATING THEM WITH EQUALLY LONG-TIME DATA OBTAINED BY THE ALUMINUM RESEARCH LABORATORIES ON SIMILAR ALLOYS IN OTHER ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENTS, AND ON NEWER ALUMINUM ALLOYS WHICH NOW COMPLEMENT OR SUPERSEDE THE ALLOYS WHICH HAD BEEN IN THE ASTM INVESTIGATION. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 May 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/106712</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION TESTS ON LOW-ALLOY STEEL-APPLICABILITY OF TEST RESULTS TO HIGHWAY BRIDGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/110079</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A LITERATURE SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED TO GATHER INFORMATION FOR USE IN EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF UNPAINTED, LOW- ALLOY STEEL BRIDGES WHICH WILL BE CONSTRUCTED BY THE NEW JERSEY STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT SOON. SOME PROBLEMS RELATED TO MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION TESTING ARE DISCUSSED. THE DATA CONTAINED IN SEVERAL REPORTS ON THE ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION OF MANY LOW-ALLOY STEELS ARE EXAMINED. ESTIMATES OF THE AMOUNT OF CORROSION WHICH WILL OCCUR TO UNSTRESSED SAMPLE PANELS CAN BE MADE BY COMPARING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF A GIVEN STEEL WITH SEVERAL TESTED CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS TO WHICH IT IS SIMILAR IN PERCENTAGES OF THE MAJOR CORROSION-REDUCING ALLOYING ELEMENTS. TEST RESULTS FROM THREE DIFFERENT REPORTS ARE COMPARED FOR STEELS WHICH WERE GROUPED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PERCENTAGES OF THE MAJOR CORROSION-REDUCING ALLOYING ELEMENTS CONTAINED. AN EMPIRICAL METHOD IS PROPOSED FOR PREDICTING THE DEPTH OF PENETRATION OF CORROSION FOR BRIDGE MEMBERS. THIS METHOD ASSUMES A LINEAR LONG-TERM CORROSION RATE AND INCLUDES AN EXPOSURE FACTOR, PITTING FACTOR AND A SAFETY FACTOR. THE REDUCTIONS IN SEVERAL CROSS-SECTIONAL PROPERTIES OF TWO WIDE-FLANGE BEAMS AND VARIOUS SIZES OF PLATE ARE COMPUTED AND IT IS SUGGESTED THAT FURTHER STUDY OF THIS PROBLEM SHOULD BE MADE. THE POSSIBLE EFFECT OF LOADS ON CORROSION AND OF CORROSION ON STATIC AND FATIGUE LOAD RESISTANCE ARE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED. A PROPOSED TEST PROGRAM FOR AN EXPERIMENTAL NEW JERSEY BRIDGE IS OUTLINED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Feb 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/110079</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION MECHANISMS OF PAINTED STEEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/197267</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electron microscopy and microprobe analysis were used to study the spread of corrosion beneath an acrylic paint film on steel. Corrosion initiates beneath the paint film in crevices formed by scribing. Corrosion spreads as the build up of corrosion products beneath the paint film drives a crack along the paint/substrate interface. The buildup of corrosion products cause defects to form in the paint film. Phosphating reduces the corrosion rate by increasing the polymer/substrate adhesion and slowing down crack growth at the interface. The improved adhesion can be explained in terms of acid-base interactions between the polymer and substrate. Sulfur was identified in the corrosion products of the one sample which was studied. The sulfur is presumed to be from atmospheric pollutants.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Jul 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/197267</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ATTITUDE AND COMMUNICATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/148243</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A number of management strategies can be implemented in underground construction projects to benefit all parties by reducing delays and cost overruns.  Though discussed here in terms of mass-transit projects, these management strategies are applicable to all underground construction projects. Citizen participation should be encouraged during the planning stage of the project.  Because communication among all parties (government, designers, contractors, suppliers, etc) is essential during planning, design, and construction, a typical hierarchical management team might not be appropriate: one alternative is matrix management, in which specific tasks are performed by identified subgroups.  Many problems in underground construction projects can be overcome by encouraging a win-win attitude, in which participants concentrate on actions that benefit all parties involved, instead of the prevailing win-lose attitude, in which each party attempts to gain at the other's expense. Advisory panels of recognized experts can be useful in evaluating changed conditions or other problems that may occur during the project.  Professional liability litigation is costly and time-consuming, and can often be avoided through risk management, communication, and equitable contract documents. If, however, a dispute does arise, mediation/arbitration, a new concept of conflict resolution, offers several advantages over litigation or conventional arbitration, and can effectively reduce costs and risks to the parties involved. (a) (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/148243</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CARPOOLING: TWO SURVEYS INVESTIGATING FOUNDATIONS FOR ITS APPLICATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/80914</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Questionnaires and results relating to two surveys dealing with the potential application of carpooling are presented. The first survey was concerned with the potential interest in carpooling among employees at a major factory in Leicester.  The results indicate that carpooling potential with respect to a major work site would be approximately double that obtained for access to city centre zones (17% for this study as opposed to 7-8% for the analysis of the Sheffield-Rotherham land use transportation study).  In practice, rates of carpool usage substantially below the potential figures would be expected, assuming no untoward external factors which prompt a sudden upsurge in interest. The second survey dealing with the attitudes of bus operators to defined policies encouraging carpooling led to the perhaps not surprising conclusion that the operators approached did not apparently favour any policy promoting carpooling.  They are clearly more in favour of other approaches towards traffic restraint.  The present survey was concerned solely with general policies.  If bus operators can see that a scheme for carpooling will have advantages of a positive nature for bus operations (e.g. allowing an extension of bus lanes) they may be prepared to show a little acquiescence.  Certainly, bus operators appeared aware of the potential use of data collected for carpool matching as a means of monitoring the suitability of public transport services in relation to the potential market of users.  /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 14 Mar 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/80914</guid>
    </item>
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      <title>EFFECTS OF CORROSION ON MILITARY FACILITIES OF THE PRESIDIO OF SAN FRANCISCO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/78338</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effects of atmospheric corrosion on military facilities at the Presidio of San Francisco induced by airborne salt fall are described.  Problem areas include deterioration of galvanized sheet metal, building hardware, refrigeration and air conditioning components, and exterior electrical distribution lines.  Recommendations to decrease deterioration rates are made, along with suggested revisions to Technical Manuals 5-551K and 5-680C.  An information exchange mechanism between design engineers (Corps of Engineers Districts) and maintenance engineers (Facility Engineers) to improve facility longevity is proposed.  Other measures to decrease life-cycle costs, consistent with military priorities, are also recommeded. /Author/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Mar 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/78338</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRAFFIC SAFETY RESEARCH SEMINAR - SESSION A - ALCOHOL AND DRUGS, SESSION B - ALCOHOL AND DRUGS, SESSION C - EDUCATION, ENFORCEMENT AND ATTITUDES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/61279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The following papers were presented at Sessions A, B, and C of the Conference on Traffic Safety;--Session A--Alcohol and drugs--alcohol and drugs in New Zealand, Johnston,R; Cognitive impairment in chronic alcoholics: Implications for risky driving; Gregson, RAM; Driver re-education course, Manson, NC; Minimal effects of long-term medication on driving skills of psychiatric patients, Savage,PPE; Session B--Alcohol and drugs--relationship between alcohol intake and blood alcohol levels, Batt,RD and Couchman, KG; Intoxicants, McDonald,IRC and Stone,HM; Effects of Alcohol and Connabis on the Driving Task, Casswell,S; Christchurch traffic trauma survey: Driver characteristics, Hart, DNJ; Session C--Education, enforcement and attitudes--attitudes toward road safety amongst male studies, Whittaker,TQ; Driver training, driver assessment and driving test performance, Shouksmith,Q; An evaluation of the defensive driver course in New Zealand, Hill, PS; Evaluation of traffic enforcement and publicity programmes, Toomath,JB. /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Dec 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/61279</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT FACTORS ON AUTOMOBILE BODIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/50769</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The service life of an automobile body is dependent upon several atmospheric environmental factors.  Through surveys and data interpretation, a comparison of these factors in various areas of the country is shown.  Problems indigenous to each area and others commonly shared are described. /GMRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Oct 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/50769</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE 'SPEEDAWAY' COST BENEFIT STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/52542</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study, commissioned by the Transport and Road Research Laboratory, investigated the role of the Dunlop 'Speedaway' high-speed passenger conveyor as a public transport system in the U.K. A limited number of attitudinal and behavioural surveys were undertaken to provide a basis for the development of a short-distance travel model.  The physical characteristics, performance and costs of 'speedaway' were examined in comparison with other modes to determine its broad potential.  This work suggested that 'speedaway' was suited as a high-capacity, point-to-point facility for distances up to about one kilometre, thus more likely to be in competion with walk and low-speed conveyors.  The study considered a range of locations for the application of 'speedaway' which led to the selection of four case-studies for sketch design and evaluation.  In three of the case-studies the quantifiable benefits from 'speedaway' matched the capital expenditure, but provided a low rate-of-return: in the fourth example 'speedaway' generated land-use benefits, which overshadowed any possible travel benefits.  The study concluded that the application of 'speedaway' in urban situations would be limited by the requirement for a straight alignment and the severance and visual effects.  Furthermore, if 'speedaway' is to rely on travel benefits for its economic viability, it will require a very high level of demand, normally associated with high-activity land uses.  (A) /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Sep 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/52542</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CORROSION TESTING OF CHROMIUM PLATED ALUMINUM BUMPER BAR STOCK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/61809</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper describes the behavior of Cu-Ni-Cr plated aluminum bumper bar stock of Alloy X7046 in a number of accelerated and atmospheric corrosion tests.  Three different pre-plate procedures with several combinations of Cu-Ni-Cr were tested.  The preferred combinations of pre- plate and top coating showed results equal to steel plated bumpers of commercial quality.  /GMRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Apr 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/61809</guid>
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